Voiced retroflex affricate

The voiced retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ͡ʐ, sometimes simplified to or . It occurs in such languages as Polish (the laminal affricate ) and Northwest Caucasian languages (apical).

Voiced retroflex affricate
ɖʐ
IPA Number106 (137)
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɖ͡ʐ
Unicode (hex)U+0256U+0361U+0290
X-SAMPAdz`

Features

Features of the voiced retroflex affricate:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Asturian Some dialects ḷḷuna ['ɖ͡ʐunä] 'moon' Corresponds to /ʎ/ in other dialects. See Che Vaqueira
Belarusianджаз[ɖ͡ʐas]'jazz'Laminal. See Belarusian phonology
ChineseWu[ɖ͡ʐaŋ]'to grow'Only found in a few Wu dialects.
Some Mandarin speakers广州[kwaŋ˨˩ ɖ͡ʐoʊ˥˥]'Guangzhou'
Khowar[1]ݮـنـݮـیر[ɖ͡ʐanɖ͡ʐer]'chain'-
PolishStandard[2][3]em[ɖ͡ʐɛm]'jam'Laminal; it's transcribed /d͡ʒ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[4]dzwon[ɖ͡ʐvɔn̪]'bell'Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡z/ into [d͡z].
Suwałki dialect[5]
Northern Qiangvvdhe[ʁɖ͡ʐə]'star'
Serbo-Croatian[6][7]џеп/ep[ɖ͡ʐê̞p]'pocket'Apical. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak[8]ús[ɖ͡ʐu̞ːs]'juice'Laminal.
Torwali[9]حؕـىگ[ɖ͡ʐiɡ̥]'long'Contrasts with a palatal affricate.
Yi / rry[ɖ͡ʐɪ˧]'tooth'

Voiced retroflex non-sibilant affricate

Voiced retroflex non-sibilant affricate
͡ɻ̝

Features

  • Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Malagasy[10] Also described as regular plosives, trilled affricates and sibilant affricates.

See also

  • Index of phonetics articles

Notes

  1. Farid Ahmad Raza Booni Chitral. "Preliminary Grapheme to Phoneme Khowar Alphabet Chart" (PDF).
  2. Jassem (2003:103)
  3. Hamann (2004:65)
  4. "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
  5. "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
  6. Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  7. Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  8. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
  9. Lunsford (2001:16–20)
  10. Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 131. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.

References

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