Commercial broadcasting

Commercial broadcasting (also called private broadcasting) is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship, for example. It was the United States' first model of radio (and later television) during the 1920s, in contrast with the public television model during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, which prevailed worldwide, except in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil, until the 1980s.

"Commercial radio" redirects here. For the radio broadcasting company in Hong Kong, see Commercial Radio Hong Kong.

Features

Advertising

Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and television advertisements for profit. This is in contrast to public broadcasting, which receives government subsidies and usually does not have paid advertising interrupting the show. During pledge drives, some public broadcasters will interrupt shows to ask for donations.

In the United States, non-commercial educational (NCE) television and radio exists in the form of community radio; however, premium cable services such as HBO and Showtime generally operate solely on subscriber fees and do not sell advertising. This is also the case for the portions of the two major satellite radio systems that are produced in-house (mainly music programming).

Radio broadcasting originally began without paid commercials. As time went on, however, advertisements seemed less objectionable to both the public and government regulators and became more common. While commercial broadcasting was unexpected in radio, in television it was planned due to commercial radio's success. Television began with commercial sponsorship and later transformed to paid commercial time. When problems arose over patents and corporate marketing strategies, regulatory decisions were made by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to control commercial broadcasting.[1]

Commercial broadcasting overlaps with paid services such as cable television, radio and satellite television. Such services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers and is known as leased access. Other programming (particularly on cable television) is produced by companies operating in much the same manner as advertising-funded commercial broadcasters, and they (and often the local cable provider) sell commercial time in a similar manner.

The FCC's interest in program control began with the chain-broadcasting investigation of the late 1930s, culminating in the "Blue Book" of 1946, Public Service Responsibility For Broadcast Licensees. The Blue Book differentiated between mass-appeal sponsored programs and unsponsored "sustaining" programs offered by the radio networks. This sustained programming, according to the Blue Book, had five features serving the public interest:

  • Sustaining programs balanced the broadcast schedule, supplementing the soap operas and popular-music programs receiving the highest ratings and most commercial sponsors
  • They allowed for the broadcast of programs which, by their controversial or sensitive nature, were unsuitable for sponsorship
  • They supplied cultural programming for smaller audiences
  • They provided limited broadcast access for non-profit and civic organizations
  • They made possible artistic and dramatic experimentation, shielded from the pressures of short-run rating and commercial considerations of a sponsor.[1]

Commercial time has increased 31 seconds per hour for all prime time television shows. For example, ABC has increased from 9 minutes and 26 seconds to 11 minutes and 26 seconds.[2]

Ratings

Programming on commercial stations is more ratings-driven—particularly during periods such as sweeps in the US and some Latin American countries.

Global commercial broadcasting

Americas

Commercial broadcasting is the dominant type of broadcasting in the United States and most of Latin America. "The US commercial system resulted from a carefully crafted cooperation endeavor by national corporations and federal regulators."[3]

The best-known commercial broadcasters in the United States today are the ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC television networks, based in the United States. Major cable television in the United States operators include Comcast, Charter Communications and Cox Communications. Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) services include DirecTV and Dish Network.

In an hour of broadcast time on a commercial broadcasting station, 10 to 20 minutes are typically devoted to advertising. Advertisers pay a certain amount of money to air their commercials, usually based upon program ratings or the audience measurement of a station or network. This makes commercial broadcasters more accountable to advertisers than public broadcasting, a disadvantage of commercial radio and television.

Europe

In Europe, commercial broadcasting coexists with public broadcasting (where programming is largely funded by broadcast receiver licences, public donations or government grants).

In the UK, Sky UK is available and WorldSpace Satellite Radio was available.

Asia

The best-known commercial services in Asia are a South Korean radio and television network SBS along with Hong Kong television network, TVB.

List of major commercial broadcasters

Contemporary hit radio in bold.

Argentina

Bolivia
  • ATB
  • Canal 11
  • Bolivisión
  • Red UNO

Brazil
English language
French language

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica
  • Teletica
  • Repretel

Ecuador

El Salvador
  • Telecorporación Salvadoreña
  • Canal 12
  • Megavisión

Guatemala
  • Canal 3

Honduras
  • Televicentro

Mexico

Panama
  • Telemetro
  • TVN

Paraguay
  • Paravisión
  • SNT
  • Trece
  • Unicanal

Peru
English language
Spanish language

Uruguay

Venezuela

Hong Kong

India

Indonesia
  • PT Global Mediacom Tbk (MNC Media & Entertainment)
  • PT Elang Mahkota Teknologi Tbk (Emtek)
    • PT Omni Intivision (Moji)
    • PT Surya Citra Media Tbk (SCM)
      • PT Surya Citra Televisi (SCTV)
      • PT Indosiar Visual Mandiri (Indosiar)
      • PT Mediatama Televisi (Nex Parabola)
      • PT Indonesia Entertainment Grup (IEG)
  • PT Media Group
    • PT Media Televisi Indonesia (MetroTV)
    • PT Mitra Media Digital (Magna Channel)
    • PT Mitra Siaran Digital (BN Channel)
    • PT Radio Agustina Junior (MG Radio Network)
    • PT Citra Media Nusa Purnama (Media Indonesia)
    • PT Masa Kini Mandiri (Lampung Post)
    • PT Citra Multimedia Indonesia (Medcom)
    • Dadali.id
    • Clicks.id
    • Suma.id
    • Apakareba.id
    • RuangJurnalistik.id
    • Gaya.id
    • Oase.id
    • Autogear.id
    • PT Inibaru Media (Inibaru.id)
    • Media Indonesia
    • PT Citra Multimedia Indonesia Lampung (Lampung Post)
    • MetroXtend
    • Podme.id
    • Mego.id
    • PT Media Nuwo Kreatif Nusantara (Toko108.com)
    • PT Citra Media Kreatifindo (iD.M)
  • PT Trans Media Corpora (Trans Media)
    • PT Televisi Transformasi Indonesia (Trans TV)
    • PT Duta Visual Nusantara Tivi Tujuh (Trans7)
    • PT Trans News Corpora (CNN Indonesia) (license from Warner Bros. Discovery)
    • PT Trans Berita Bisnis (CNBC Indonesia) (license from NBCUniversal)
    • PT Trans Digital Media (detik Network)
      • Detik
      • CNN Indonesia (lisensi nama dari Warner Bros. Discovery)
      • CNBC Indonesia (lisensi nama dari NBCUniversal)
      • HaiBunda
      • InsertLive
      • Beautynesia
      • Female Daily
      • Mommies Daily
      • Girls Beyond
      • CXO Media
      • Trans Media Sosial
      • PT Indonusa Telemedia (Transvision)
        • Jendela
        • T-Music
        • Musik Indonesia
        • Nusantara
        • Dunia Anak
        • Lingua Channel
        • Bioskop Indonesia
        • Seru! Channel
        • Insert
        • Dunia Lain
        • Eat & Go
        • Khazanah
        • Golf+
        • Historical Sports
        • ID.Cyclist
        • BALAP
        • PT Radio Transuara Indonesia (Vision Radio1)
        • CubMu
  • PT Visi Media Asia Tbk (VIVA)
    • PT Intermedia Capital Tbk (IMDA)
      • PT Cakrawala Andalas Televisi (ANTV)
    • PT Lativi Media Karya (tvOne)
    • PT Viva Televisi Olahraga Indonesia (VTV)
    • PT Vidi Vici Inovasi (VDVC)
    • PT Merah Putih Berkibar (One Pride)
      • PT Oneprix Motorsport Manajemen (Oneprix)
    • Yayasan Satu Untuk Negeri tvOne (Satu Untuk Negeri)
    • PT Viva Media Baru (VIVA Networks)
      • VIVA.co.id
      • IntipSeleb.com
      • tvOnenews.com
      • antvklik.com
      • JagoDangdut
      • Sahijab
      • 100KPJ.com
      • VLIX
      • OnePride.net
      • Oneprix.id
  • PT Indika Inti Mandiri (Indika Group)
    • PT Net Visi Media Tbk (NET.)
      • PT Net Mediatama Televisi (NET.)
      • PT Net Media Berita
      • PT Net Media Digital (Netverse)
      • PT Kreatif Inti Korpora (Creative Inc.)
    • PT Indika Multimedia
  • PT KG Media
    • PT Cipta Megaswara Televisi (Kompas TV)
    • PT Kompas Media Nusantara (Harian Kompas)
    • PT Grahanusa Mediatama (Kontan)
    • Tribun Network
    • Grid Network
      • Otomotif
      • Intisari
      • National Geographic Indonesia
      • Bobo
      • m&c!
      • Elex Media Komputindo
      • Gramedia Pustaka Utama
      • Grid.id
      • BeautyDate
      • Bobo.id
      • CewekBanget.id
      • Nextren
      • SajianSedap
      • GridKids
      • Hai-Online
      • GridPop.id
      • GridGames.id
      • GridHot.id
      • GridHype.id
      • GridVideo
      • XY-Kids! Online
      • GridKids.id
      • GridStar
      • Parapuan.id
      • Foto Kita
      • GridHealth.id
      • GridGames.id
      • OtoSeken.id
      • OtoFemale.id
      • Suar.id
      • Nakita.id
      • Idea
      • Sosok.id
      • Stylo.id
      • Wiken.id
      • Kitchenesia
      • BolaSport.com
      • Bolanas.com
      • BolaStylo.com
      • Juara.net
      • SuperBall.id
      • GridOto.com
      • Otomotifnet.com
      • Otomania.com
      • Otobursa.com
      • Otomania.com
      • Otomontir
      • OtoRace.id
      • Motor Plus
      • Gridmotor.id
      • Grid Story Factory
      • PT Magentic Network Indonesia (KG Radio Network)
        • PT Radio Sonora (Sonora FM)
        • PT Radio Safari Bina Budaya (Motion Radio)
        • PT Radio Smart Media Utama (Smart FM)
  • PT Rajawali Corpora
    • PT Metropolitan Televisindo (RTV)
  • PT NT Corp
    • PT Nusantara Media Mandiri (Nusantara TV)
    • PT Harum Terang Sehati (Harum TV)
    • PT Gold Media Mandiri (Gold TV)
    • PT Reeuters Mandiri Global (Reeuters TV)
    • PT Bhinneka Berjuang Sejahtera (Bhineka TV)
    • PT Nusantara Digital Mandiri (Sahabat.com)
    • NusantaraTV.com
    • Celebtale
    • Healthpedia
    • Virtupop
    • Kamutau
    • Okedeh
    • NNIN
    • Arah
    • Fesionista
    • Teknospace
    • Jurnalmu
    • Otomu
    • Neonews
    • Sahabat.com
  • PT Digdaya Media Nusantara
    • Garuda TV
  • PT Bersatu Universe Digital Indonesia (B Universe)
    • PT First Media News (BTV)
    • PT Investor Televisi Indonesia (IDTV)
    • PT Koran Media Investor Indonesia (Investor Daily)
    • PT Media Investor Indonesia (Investor)
    • PT Beritasatu Media (BeritaSatu.com)
    • PT Jakarta Globe Media (JakartaGlobe.id)
    • PT Digital Media Investor Indonesia (Investor.id)
  • Jawa Pos Group
    • PT Jawa Pos Multimedia (JPM)
  • PT Tempo Inti Media Tbk
    • Tempo.co
    • Cantika
    • GoOto
    • Foodizz
    • Teras.id
    • Suaraindo.id
    • Indonesiana
    • Rombak Media
    • Ziliun
    • Kok Bisa?
    • TelusuRI
    • Koran Tempo
    • Tempo
    • Tempo English
  • PT MRA Media
    • PT Media Network Wahana (MNI)
      • PT Radio Antarnusa Djaja (Hard Rock FM)
      • PT Radio Tiara Victoria (Trax FM)
      • PT Radio Mustika Abadi (I-Radio)
      • PT Radio Muara Abdinusa (Cosmopolitan FM)
      • PT Pesona Gita Anindita (Brava Radio)
  • PT Mahaka Media (MahakaX)
    • Mahaka Radio Integra
      • PT Radio Attahiriyah (Gen FM)
      • PT Radio Suara Irama Indah (Jak FM)
      • PT Radio Merpati Darmawangsa (Hot FM)
      • PT Radio Ramako Jaya Raya (Most FM)
      • PT Radio Mustang Utama (Mustang FM)
      • PT Radio Kirana Insan Suara (Kis FM)
      • Noice
      • Rayya Channel
  • PT Masima Radio Network
    • Prambors FM
      • Prambors Radio Jakarta 102.2 FM (officially open took place on 18 March 1971 (1971-03-18))
      • Prambors Radio Bandung 98.4 FM (officially open took place on 18 March 2002 (2002-03-18))
      • Prambors Radio Semarang 102.0 FM (officially open took place on 18 March 2001 (2001-03-18))
      • Prambors Radio Yogyakarta 95.8 FM (officially open took place on 18 March 2003 (2003-03-18))
      • Prambors Radio Solo 99.2 FM (officially open took place on 18 March 2001 (2001-03-18))
      • Prambors Radio Surabaya 89.3 FM (officially open took place on 18 March 2002 (2002-03-18))
      • Prambors Radio Medan 97.5 FM (officially open took place on 18 March 2005 (2005-03-18))
      • Prambors Radio Manado 103.6 FM (officially open took place on 1 May 2016 (2016-05-01))
      • Prambors Radio Makassar 105.1 FM (officially open took place on 18 March 2003 (2003-03-18))
    • PT Radio Kayu Manis (FeMale Radio)
    • PT Radio Delta Insani (Delta FM)
    • PT Radio Terik Matahari Bahana Pembangunan (Bahana FM)
  • PT Elshinta Media Group
    • PT Radio Elshinta (Elshinta Radio Network)
    • Fit Radio
  • Kiss Network
    • PT Radio Kidung Indah Selaras Suara (Kiss FM Medan)

Japan (key stations)

Malaysia

ABS-CBN Corporation

GMA Network Inc.
  • GMA
    • GMA Manila
    • GMA Ilocos Norte
    • GMA Ilocos Sur
    • GMA Abra
    • GMA Mt. Province
    • GMA Batanes
    • GMA Tuguegarao
    • GMA Aparri
    • GMA Isabela
    • GMA Benguet/Dagupan
    • GMA Baler
    • GMA Olongapo
    • GMA Batangas
    • GMA Rizal
    • GMA Occidental Mindoro
    • GMA Puerto Princesa, Palawan
    • GMA Coron, Palawan
    • GMA Brooke's Point, Palawan
    • GMA Romblon
    • GMA Naga
    • GMA Legazpi
    • GMA Masbate
    • GMA Catanduanes
    • GMA Sorsogon
    • GMA Daet
    • GMA Kalibo
    • GMA Roxas
    • GMA Ilo-ilo
    • GMA Murcia
    • GMA Bacolod
    • GMA Negros Occidental
    • GMA Sipalay
    • GMA Cebu
    • GMA Bohol
    • GMA Dumaguete
    • GMA Calbayog
    • GMA Borongan
    • GMA Tacloban
    • GMA Ormoc
    • GMA Zamboanga
    • GMA Dipolog
    • GMA Pagadian
    • GMA Cagayan de Oro
    • GMA Bukidnon
    • GMA Ozamiz
    • GMA Iligan
    • GMA Davao
    • GMA General Santos
    • GMA Kidapawan
    • GMA Butuan
    • GMA Surigao
    • GMA Tandag
    • GMA Cotabato
    • GMA Jolo
  • GTV
  • Heart of Asia
  • Hallypop
  • I Heart Movies
  • Pinoy Hits
  • Super Radyo

TV5 Network, Inc.
  • TV5
  • TV5 HD
    • TV5 Manila
    • TV5 Ilocos Norte
    • TV5 Baguio
    • TV5 Bacolod
    • TV5 Cebu
    • TV5 Cagayan de Oro
    • TV5 Davao
    • TV5 General Santos
    • TV5 Tuguegarao
    • TV5 Olongapo
    • TV5 Tarlac
    • TV5 Batangas
    • TV5 Occidental Mindoro
    • TV5 Puerto Princesa
    • TV5 Naga
    • TV5 Kalibo
    • TV5 Roxas City
    • TV5 Ilo-ilo
    • TV5 Zamboanga
    • TV5 Leyte
  • RPTV
  • RPTV HD
  • One Sports
  • One Sports HD

Minor Broadcast Networks
  • Aliw 23
  • ALLTV
  • IBC
    • IBC Manila
    • IBC Laoag
    • IBC Ilo-ilo
    • IBC Cebu
    • IBC Palo
    • IBC Cagayan de Oro
    • IBC Davao
  • NET 25
    • Net 25 Manila
    • Net 25 Baguio
    • Net 25 Lucena
    • Net 25 Naga
    • Net 25 Davao
  • SMNI
    • SMNI TV-43 Davao
    • SMNI TV-35 Laoag
    • SMNI TV-38 Vigan
    • SMNI TV-37 Isabela
    • SMNI TV-39 Roxas
    • SMNI TV-39 Butuan
  • SMNI News Channel
  • TV Maria
  • UNTV
    • UNTV SD
    • UNTV HD
      • UNTV Manila
      • UNTV Vigan
      • UNTV Laoag
      • UNTV Tuguegarao
      • UNTV Angeles
      • UNTV San Carlos
      • UNTV Cebu

International

Singapore

South Korea
  • Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC)
    • MBC TV
    • MBC Drama
    • MBC Sports+
    • MBC every1
    • MBC M
    • MBC On
    • Channel M
    • MBC FM4U
    • MBC Standard FM
    • MBC C&I
    • MBC Plus
    • MBC Voice Acting Division
    • Vlending (joint venture with SBS)
  • Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS)
    • SBS TV
    • SBS Plus
    • SBS Sports
    • SBS Biz
    • SBS F!L
    • SBS funE
    • SBS Golf
    • SBS M
    • SBS Love FM
    • SBS Power FM
    • SBS V-Radio
    • Korea New Network (KNN)
    • Taegu Broadcasting Corporation (TBC)
    • Kwangju Broadcasting Corporation (KBC)
    • Taejon Broadcasting Corporation (TJB)
    • Ulsan Broadcasting Corporation (UBC)
    • Jeonju Television (JTV)
    • Cheongju Broadcasting (CJB)
    • Gangwon No.1 Broadcasting (G1)
    • Jeju Free International City Broadcasting System (JIBS)
  • Joongang Tongyang Broadcasting Company (JTBC)
    • JTBC
    • JTBC2
    • JTBC Golf&Sports
    • JTBC4
    • JTBC Golf
  • CJ E&M
  • OBS Gyeongin TV

Taiwan

Thailand

Norway

Denmark
  • Viaplay Group
    • TV3 Denmark
    • TV3+
    • TV3 Puls
    • TV3 Max
    • TV3 Sport
    • See
  • Warner Bros. Discovery Denmark

Sweden

Finland

Republic of Ireland

United Kingdom

France

Italy

Germany

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Spain

Portugal

Poland
  • Telewizja Polsat
    • Polsat
    • Polsat 1
    • Polsat 2
    • Super Polsat
    • TV4
    • TV6
    • Polsat Comedy Central Extra
    • Polsat X
    • Polsat Rodzina
    • Polsat News
      • Polsat News 2
      • Polsat News Polityka
      • Wydarzenia 24
    • Polsat Sport
      • Polsat Sport 1
      • Polsat Sport 2
      • Polsat Sport 3
      • Polsat Sport Fight
      • Polsat Sport Premium
      • Polsat Sport Premium PPV
    • Polsat Games
    • Eleven Sports
    • Polsat Film
      • Polsat Film 2
    • Polsat Café
    • Polsat Play
    • Nowa TV
    • Polsat Reality
    • Polsat JimJam
    • Polsat Doku
    • Fokus TV
    • Polsat Viasat Nature
    • Polsat Viasat History
    • Polsat Viasat Explore
    • Crime+Investigation Polsat
    • 4FUN TV
      • 4FUN Dance
      • 4FUN Kids
    • Polsat Music
    • Disco Polo Music
    • Eska TV
      • Eska TV Extra
      • Eska Rock TV
    • Polo TV
    • Vox Music TV
    • TV Okazje
  • TVN Warner Bros. Discovery
    • TVN
    • TVN 7
    • TVN24
    • TVN Fabuła
    • TVN Meteo
    • TVN Style
    • TVN Turbo
    • iTVN
      • iTVN Extra
    • Metro
    • TTV
    • Animal Planet
    • Cartoon Network
    • Cartoonito
    • Cinemax
      • Cinemax 2
    • Discovery Channel
    • Discovery Science
    • Discovery Historia
    • Discovery Life
    • DTX
    • Eurosport
      • Eurosport 1
      • Eurosport 2
    • Food Network
    • HBO
      • HBO 2
      • HBO 3
    • HGTV
    • Investigation Discovery
    • TLC
    • Travel Channel
    • WarnerTV

Australia

New Zealand

See also

References
  1. Boddy, William. Fifties Television: the Industry and Its Critics. University of Illinois Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-252-06299-5
  2. Fleming, Heather (31 March 1997). "PSA slice shrinks as commercial pie grows". Broadcasting & Cable. 127 (13). New York: 19–22. ProQuest 225346067.
  3. Hilmes, Michele (2004). "The Origins of the Commercial Broadcasting System of the United States". Jahrbuch Medien und Geschichte. 4: 73–81.
  • Video (audio) interview with Ray Fitzwalter on commercial TV in Britain, The rise and fall of ITV, Frontline Club, London, May 2008.
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