Satyrini

The Satyrini is one of the tribes of the subfamily Satyrinae. It includes about 2200 species and is therefore the largest tribe in the subfamily which comprises 2500 species.[2]

Satyrini
Satyrus actaea,
Languedoc-Roussillon, France
Lethe appalachia (syn. Satyrodes appalachia), Virginia, United States
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Subfamily: Satyrinae
Tribe: Satyrini
Boisduval, 1833
Subtribes[1]
Diversity[2]
approximately 220 genera, 2200 species
Toothed satyr
Praepronophila petronius, Colombia

Distribution

Satyrini butterflies have a worldwide distribution, but the distribution pattern differs between subtribes. Some subtribes are almost restricted to a single biogeographic region, such as the Pronophilina, which is found only in Andean cloud forests from Venezuela to Bolivia.[2]

Biology

The larval food plants of many species in this tribe are grasses, i.e. Poaceae. It is considered that the Satyrini diversified at about the same time as the grasses did, and that the radiation of the tribe is therefore closely related to the evolution of the grasses.[2][3]

In contrast, the tribe has a few genera which show uncommon feeding preferences.[3] Three genera, Euptychia, Ragadia and Acrophtalmia, feed on Lycopsida, and moreover, some species of Euptychia have been reported to feed on mosses of Neckeraceae. This is interesting cases as these genera are not considered to be very closely related to each other.[4]

Taxonomy

Lethe europa pavida, Taiwan
Mycalesis francisca formosana, Taiwan
Coelites epiminthia, Malaysia
Ragadia makuta, Malaysia
Coenonympha oedippus, Japan
Euptychia westwoodi, Panama
Maniola telmessia, Turkey
Lasiophila sp., Peru
Calisto herophile, Cuba

The taxonomy of the subfamily Satyrinae has recently undergone a significant revision. Peña et al. (2006) showed that most of the traditionally well known group are paraphyletic or polyphyletic and developed a new taxonomy, based on molecular phylogenetic. The classification scheme transferred many genera traditionally placed in the Elymniini to the Satyrini,[5] and later studies have largely followed this classification.[6][7] Thus, the Satyrini is now considered to include the genera previously placed in the Elymniini, such as Lethe, Pararge and Mycalesis.[1] However, the phylogenetic statuses of some subtribes within the tribe are still unclear and the revision of the classification is likely to continue.[7]


According to Wahlberg (2019), the Satyrini includes the following subtribes and genera:

Parargina Moore, 1893
  • Chonala Moore, 1893
  • Kirinia Westwood, 1841
  • Lasiommata Tutt, 1896
  • Lopinga Moore, 1893
  • Orinoma Gray, 1846
  • Pararge Hübner, 1819
  • Rhaphicera Butler, 1867
  • Tatinga Moore, 1893
  • Nosea Moore, 1893
Lethina Reuter, 1896
  • Aphysoneura Karsch, 1894
  • Lethe Hübner, 1819
  • Neope Moore, 1866
  • Ninguta Moore, 1892
  • Ptychandra Felder & Felder, 1861
  • Mandarinia Leech, 1892
Mycalesina Reuter, 1896
  • Lohora Moore, 1880
  • Brakefieldia Aduse-Poku, Lees & Wahlberg, 2016
  • Telinga Moore, 1880
  • Heteropsis Westwood, 1850
  • Culapa Moore, 1879
  • Mydosama Moore, 1880
  • Mycalesis Hübner, 1818
  • Devyatkinia Monastyrskii & Uémura, 2016
  • Hallelesis Condamin, 1961
  • Bicyclus Kirby, 1871
Eritina Miller, 1968
  • Coelites Westwood, 1850
  • Erites Westwood, 1851
  • Orsotriaena Wallengren, 1858
  • Zipaetis Hewitson, 1863
Ragadiina Herrich-Schäffer, 1864
  • Acrophtalmia Felder & Felder, 1861
  • Acropolis Hemming, 1934
  • Ragadia Westwood, 1851
Coenonymphina Tutt, 1896
  • Coenonympha Hübner, 1819
  • Sinonympha Lee, 1994
  • Oressinoma Doubleday, 1849
  • Altiapa Parsons, 1986
  • Argynnina Butler, 1867
  • Argyronympha Mathew, 1886
  • Argyrophenga Doubleday, 1845
  • Dodonidia Butler, 1884
  • Erebiola Fereday, 1879
  • Erycinidia Rothschild & Jordan, 1905
  • Geitoneura Butler, 1867
  • Harsiesis Fruhstorfer, 1911
  • Heteronympha Wallengren, 1858
  • Hyalodia Jordan, 1924
  • Hypocysta Westwood, 1851
  • Lamprolenis Godman & Salvin, 1881
  • Nesoxenica Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914
  • Oreixenica Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914
  • Paratisiphone Watkins, 1928
  • Percnodaimon Butler, 1876
  • Platypthima Rothschild & Jordan, 1905
  • Tisiphone Hübner, 1819
Euptychiina Reuter, 1896
  • Euptychia Hübner, 1818
  • Palaeonympha Butler, 1871
  • Amphidecta Butler, 1867
  • Archeuptychia Forster, 1964
  • Amiga Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland, 2019
  • Caeruleuptychia Forster, 1964
  • Capronnieria Forster, 1964
  • Cepheuptychia Forster, 1964
  • Chloreuptychia Forster, 1964
  • Cissia Doubleday, 1848
  • Coeruleotaygetis Forster, 1964
  • Cyllopsis Felder, 1869
  • Erichthodes Forster, 1964
  • Euptychoides Forster, 1964
  • Forsterinaria Gray, 1973
  • Graphita Nakahara, Marín & Barbosa 2016
  • Godartiana Forster, 1964
  • Harjesia Forster, 1964
  • Hermeuptychia Forster, 1964
  • Huberonympha Viloria & Costa, 2016
  • Inbio Nakahara & Espeland, 2015
  • Magneuptychia Forster, 1964
  • Megeuptychia Forster, 1964
  • Megisto Hübner, 1819
  • Moneuptychia Forsterm, 1964
  • Neonympha Hübner 1818
  • Nhambikuara Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca, 2018
  • Optimandes Marín, Nakahara & Willmott, 2019
  • Orotaygetis Nakahara & Zacca, 2018
  • Paramacera Butler, 1868
  • Parataygetis Forster, 1964
  • Pareuptychia Forster, 1964
  • Paryphthimoides Forster, 1964
  • Pharneuptychia Forster, 1964
  • Pindis Felder, 1869
  • Posttaygetis Forster, 1964
  • Prenda Freitas & Mielke, 2011
  • Pseudeuptychia Forster, 1964
  • Pseudodebis Forster, 1964
  • Rareuptychia Forster, 1964
  • Satyrotaygetis Forster, 1964
  • Sepona Freitas & Barbosa, 2016
  • Splendeuptychia Forster, 1964
  • Stegosatyrus Zacca, Mielke & Pyrcz, 2013
  • Stevenaria Viloria, Costa, Neild & Nakahara, 2016
  • Taydebis Freitas, 2003
  • Taygetina Forster, 1964
  • Taygetis Hübner, 1819
  • Taygetomorpha Miller, 2004
  • Yphthimoides Forster, 1964
  • Zischkaia Forster, 1964
Erebiina Tutt, 1896
Maniolina Grote, 1897
  • Aphantopus Wallengren, 1853
  • Cercyonis Scudder, 1875
  • Hyponephele Muschamp, 1915
  • Maniola Schrank, 1801
  • Pyronia Hübner, 1819
Melanargiina Wheeler, 1903
  • Melanargia Meigen, 1828
Pronophilina Reuter, 1896
  • Altopedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Antopedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Apexacuta Pyrcz, 2004
  • Arhuaco Adams & Bernard, 1977
  • Cheimas Thieme, 1907
  • Corades Doubleday, 1849
  • Corderopedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Daedalma Hewitson, 1858
  • Dangond Adams & Bernard, 1979
  • Drucina Butler, 1872
  • Druphila Pyrcz, 2004
  • Eretris Thieme, 1905
  • Eteona Doubleday, 1848
  • Foetterleia Viloria, 2004
  • Junea Hemming, 1964
  • Lasiophila Felder & Felder, 1859
  • Lymanopoda Westwood, 1851
  • Mygona Thieme, 1907
  • Neopedaliodes Viloria, Miller & Miller 2004
  • Oxeoschistus Butler, 1867
  • Panyapedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Paramo Adams & Bernard, 1977
  • Parapedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Pedaliodes Butler, 1867
  • Pherepedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Physcopedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Praepedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Praepronophila Forster, 1964
  • Proboscis Thieme, 1907
  • Pronophila Doubleday, 1849
  • Protopedaliodes Viloria & Pyrcz, 1994
  • Pseudomaniola Röber, 1889
  • Punapedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Steremnia Thieme, 1905
  • Steroma Westwood, 1850
  • Steromapedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Thiemeia Weymer, 1912
  • Diaphanos Adams & Bernard, 1981
  • Ianussiusa Pyrcz & Viloria, 2004
  • Idioneurula Strand, 1932
  • Manerebia Staudinger, 1897
  • Neomaniola Hayward, 1949
  • Argyrophorus Blanchard, 1852
  • Auca Hayward, 1953
  • Chillanella Herrera, 1966
  • Cosmosatyrus Felder & Felder, 1867
  • Elina Blanchard, 1852
  • Faunula Felder & Felder, 1867
  • Haywardella Herrera, 1966
  • Homoeonympha Felder & Felder, 1867
  • Nelia Hayward, 1953
  • Neomaenas Wallengren, 1858
  • Neosatyrus Wallengren, 1858
  • Pampasatyrus Hayward, 1953
  • Quilaphoestosus Herrera, 1966
  • Spinantenna Hayward, 1953
  • Tetraphlebia Felder & Felder, 1867
  • Gyrocheilus Butler, 1867
Satyrina Boisduval, 1833
  • Argestina Riley, 1923
  • Davidina Oberthür, 1879
  • Berberia de Lesse, 1951
  • Hipparchia Fabricius, 1807
  • Kanetisa Moore, 1893
  • Aulocera Butler, 1867
  • Karanasa Moore, 1893
  • Oeneis Hübner, 1819
  • Paroeneis Moore, 1893
  • Arethusana de Lesse, 1951
  • Brintesia Fruhstorfer, 1911
  • Minois Hübner, 1819
  • Chazara Moore, 1893
  • Pseudochazara de Lesse, 1951
  • Satyrus Latreille, 1810
Ypthimina Reuter, 1896
  • Cassionympha van Son, 1955
  • Coenyra Hewitson, 1865
  • Coenyropsis van Son, 1958
  • Mashuna van Son, 1955
  • Mashunoides Mendes & Bivar de Sousa, 2009
  • Melampias Hübner, 1819
  • Neita van Son, 1955
  • Neocoenyra Butler, 1886
  • Pseudonympha Wallengren, 1857
  • Paternympha Henning & Henning, 1997
  • Physcaeneura Wallengren, 1857
  • Strabena Mabille, 1877
  • Stygionympha van Son, 1955
  • Ypthima Hübner, 1818
  • Austroypthima Holloway, 1974
  • Ypthimomorpha van Son, 1955
subtribe uncertain
  • Calisto Hübner, 1823
  • Paralasa Moore, 1893
  • Callerebia Butler, 1867
  • Proterebia Roos & Amschied, 1980
  • Loxerebia Watkins, 1925
  • Dyndirus Capronnier, 1874
Table for representative higher level classifications of satyrines in Peña et al. (2006)
(excerpts with some modifications[lower-alpha 1])
Miller (1968) Harvey (1991) Peña et al. (2006)
Family Satyridae Subfamily Satyrinae Satyrinae
Subfamily Elymniinae Tribe Elymniini Elymniini
Tribe Elymniini Subtribe Elymniiti
  • Elymnias
  • Genera
  • Elymnias
  • Elymniopsis
  • Genera
  • Elymnias
  • Elymniopsis
Tribe Lethini Subtribe Lethiti
  • Genera
  • Aeropetes
  • Paralethe
  • Enodia
  • Lethe
  • Neope
  • Satyrodes
  • Kirinia
  • Lasiommata
  • Lopinga
  • Pararge
  • Ethope
  • Neorina
  • Genera
  • Aeropetes
  • Paralethe
  • Enodia
  • Lethe
  • Neope
  • Satyrodes
  • Kirinia
  • Lasiommata
  • Lopinga
  • Pararge
  • Ethope
  • Neorina
Tribe Mycalesini Subtribe Mycalesiti
  • Genera
  • Bicyclus
  • Hallelesis
  • Henotesia
  • Mycalesis
  • Orsotriaena
  • Genera
  • Bicyclus
  • Hallelesis
  • Henotesia
  • Mycalesis
  • Orsotriaena
Tribe Zetherini Subtribe Zetheriti
  • Genus
  • Zethera
  • Zethera
Tribe Zetherini
  • Genera
  • Neorina
  • Penthema
  • Ethope
  • Zethera
Subfamily Biinae Tribe Biini Melanitini
Tribe Melanitini Subtribe Melanititi
  • Aeropetes
  • Paralethe
  • Manataria
  • Gnophodes
  • Melanitis
  • Genera
  • Gnophodes
  • Melanitis
  • Genera
  • Gnophodes
  • Melanitis
Tribe tribe uncertain Tribe tribe uncertain
  • Genus
  • Manataria
  • Genera
  • Manataria
Subfamily Haeterinae Tribe Haeterini Haeterini
Tribe Haeterini
  • Genera
  • Cithaerias
  • Haetera
  • Pierella
  • Pseudohaetera
  • Cithaerias
  • Haetera
  • Pierella
  • Pseudohaetera
  • Genera
  • Cithaerias
  • Haetera
  • Pierella
  • Pseudohaetera
Subfamily Satyrinae Tribe Satyrini Satyrini
Subtribe Parargina
  • Genera
  • Kirinia
  • Lopinga
  • Lasiommata
  • Pararge
Subtribe Lethina
  • Genera
  • Lethe
  • Enodia
  • Satyrodes
  • Neope
Subtribe Mycalesina
  • Genera
  • Bicyclus
  • Hallelesis
  • Henotesia
  • Mycalesis
Tribe Coenonymphini Subtribe Coenonymphiti Coenonymphina
  • Genera
  • Coenonympha
  • Aphantopus
  • Genera
  • Coenonympha
  • Aphantopus
  • Oreixenica
  • Tisiphone
  • Nesoxenica
  • Hypocysta
  • Lamprolenis
  • Dodonidia
  • Argyrophenga
  • Erebiola
  • Percnodaimon
  • Heteronympha
  • Geitoneura
  • Oressinoma
  • Coenonympha
  • Orsotriaena
  • Zipaetis
  • Argyronympha
Tribe Hypocystini Subtribe Hypocystiti
  • Genera
  • Argyrophenga
  • Dodonidia
  • Erebiola
  • Geitoneura
  • Heteronympha
  • Hypocysta
  • Lamprolenis
  • Nesoxenica
  • Oreixenica
  • Percnodaimon
  • Tisiphone
  • Zipaetis
  • Genera
  • Argyrophenga
  • Dodonidia
  • Erebiola
  • Geitoneura
  • Heteronympha
  • Hypocysta
  • Lamprolenis
  • Nesoxenica
  • Oreixenica
  • Percnodaimon
  • Tisiphone
  • Zipaetis
Tribe Euptychiini Subtribe Euptychiiti Euptychiina
  • Genera
  • Caeruleuptychia
  • Cepheuptychia
  • Chloreuptychia
  • Cissia
  • Cyllopsis
  • Erichthodes
  • Euptychia
  • Euptychoides
  • Forsterinaria
  • Godartiana
  • Harjesia
  • Hermeuptychia
  • Moneuptychia
  • Neonympha
  • Oressinoma
  • Paramacera
  • Parataygetis
  • Pareuptychia
  • Paryphthimoides
  • Pharneuptychia
  • Pindis
  • Posttaygetis
  • Oressinoma
  • Rareuptychia
  • Splendeuptychia
  • Taygetis
  • Yphthimoides
  • Genera
  • Caeruleuptychia
  • Cepheuptychia
  • Chloreuptychia
  • Cissia
  • Cyllopsis
  • Erichthodes
  • Euptychia
  • Euptychoides
  • Forsterinaria
  • Godartiana
  • Harjesia
  • Hermeuptychia
  • Moneuptychia
  • Neonympha
  • Oressinoma
  • Paramacera
  • Parataygetis
  • Pareuptychia
  • Paryphthimoides
  • Pharneuptychia
  • Pindis
  • Posttaygetis
  • Oressinoma
  • Rareuptychia
  • Splendeuptychia
  • Taygetis
  • Yphthimoides
  • Euptychia
  • Cyllopsis
  • Paramacera
  • Palaeonympha
  • Pharneuptychia
  • Euptychoides
  • Yphthimoides
  • Moneuptychia
  • Paryphthimoides
  • Amphidecta
  • Rareuptychia
  • Godartiana
  • Hermeuptychia
  • Splendeuptychia
  • Pindis
  • Cepheuptychia
  • Cissia
  • Caeruleuptychia
  • Magneuptychia
  • Chloreuptychia
  • Neonympha
  • Erichthodes
  • Pareuptychia
  • Taygetis
  • Harjesia
  • Parataygetis
  • Posttaygetis
  • Forsterinaria
Tribe tribe uncertain Subtribe subtribe uncertain subtribe uncertain
  • Genus
  • Palaeonympha
  • Genera
  • Palaeonympha
  • Cercyonis
  • Hyponephele
  • Neocoenyra
Tribe Ypthimini Subtribe Ypthimiti Ypthimina
  • Genera
  • Neocoenyra
  • Ypthima
  • Ypthimomorpha
  • Genera
  • Neocoenyra
  • Ypthima
  • Ypthimomorpha
  • Paralasa
  • Ypthima
  • Ypthimomorpha
Tribe Melanargiini Subtribe Melanargiiti Melanargiina
  • Genus
  • Melanargia
  • Genus
  • Melanargia
  • Melanargia
Tribe Maniolini Subtribe Manioliti Maniolina
  • Genera
  • Cercyonis
  • Hyponephele
  • Maniola
  • Pyronia
  • Genera
  • Cercyonis
  • Hyponephele
  • Maniola
  • Pyronia
  • Pyronia
  • Maniola
  • Aphantopus
Tribe Pronophilini Subtribe Pronophiliti Pronophilina
  • Genera
  • Amphidecta
  • Corades
  • Daedalma
  • Eteona
  • Junea
  • Lasiophila
  • Lymanopoda
  • Oxeoschistus
  • Panyapedaliodes
  • Parapedaliodes
  • Pedaliodes
  • Praepedaliodes
  • Proboscis
  • Pronophila
  • Pseudomaniola
  • Punapedaliodes
  • Steremnia
  • Steroma
  • Idioneurula
  • Manerebia
  • Argyrophorus
  • Quilaphoetosus
  • Auca
  • Chillanella
  • Cosmosatyrus
  • Elina
  • Etcheverrius
  • Nelia
  • Pampasatyrus
  • Genera
  • Amphidecta
  • Corades
  • Daedalma
  • Eteona
  • Junea
  • Lasiophila
  • Lymanopoda
  • Oxeoschistus
  • Panyapedaliodes
  • Parapedaliodes
  • Pedaliodes
  • Praepedaliodes
  • Proboscis
  • Pronophila
  • Pseudomaniola
  • Punapedaliodes
  • Steremnia
  • Steroma
  • Idioneurula
  • Manerebia
  • Argyrophorus
  • Quilaphoetosus
  • Auca
  • Chillanella
  • Cosmosatyrus
  • Elina
  • Etcheverrius
  • Nelia
  • Pampasatyrus
  • Nelia
  • Steremnia
  • Steroma
  • Manerebia
  • Idioneurula
  • Tamania
  • Ianussiusa
  • Lymanopoda
  • Argyrophorus
  • Etcheverrius
  • Pampasatyrus
  • Elina
  • Quilaphoetosus
  • Cosmosatyrus
  • Chillanella
  • Auca
  • Panyapedaliodes
  • Pedaliodes
  • Punapedaliodes
  • Praepedaliodes
  • Corades
  • Junea
  • Pronophila
  • Eteona
  • Foetterleia
  • Daedalma
  • Oxeoschistus
  • Proboscis
  • Lasiophila
  • Apexacuta
  • Pseudomaniola
Tribe Erebiini Subtribe Erebiiti Erebiina
  • Genus
  • Erebia
  • Genus
  • Erebia
Tribe Satyrini Subtribe Satyriti Satyrina
  • Genera
  • Arethusana
  • Berberia
  • Brintesia
  • Chazara
  • Hipparchia
  • Karanasa
  • Neominois
  • Oeneis
  • Paralasa
  • Pseudochazara
  • Satyrus
  • Genera
  • Arethusana
  • Berberia
  • Brintesia
  • Chazara
  • Hipparchia
  • Karanasa
  • Neominois
  • Oeneis
  • Paralasa
  • Pseudochazara
  • Satyrus
  • Berberia
  • Hipparchia
  • Chazara
  • Pseudochazara
  • Satyrus
  • Arethusana
  • Brintesia
  • Karanasa
  • Neominois
  • Oeneis
Tribe tribe uncertain
  • Genera
  • Penthema

Notes

  1. Lamas (2004) was excluded because it only listed genera distributed in the Neotropics. Also, note that the table does not include all subtribes of this tribe (e.g. there are not subtribes Eritina, Ragadiina and tribe Dirini), and some genera have been further reclassified (e.g. Aeropetes and Paralethe from Melanitini to Dirini, Orsotriaena and Zipaetis from Coenonymphina to Eritina) or synonymized (e.g. Satyrodes was synonymized with Lethe), since Peña et al. (2006).[1]

References

Citations

Sources

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