Expansion team

An expansion team is a new team in a sports league, usually from a city that has not hosted a team in that league before, formed with the intention of satisfying the demand for a local team from a population in a new area. Sporting leagues also hope that the expansion of their competition will grow the popularity of the sport generally. The term is most commonly used in reference to the North American major professional sports leagues but is applied to sports leagues in other countries with a closed franchise system of league membership. The term refers to the expansion of the sport into new areas. The addition of an expansion team sometimes results in the payment of an expansion fee to the league by the new team and an expansion draft to populate the new roster.

See also: Relocation of professional sports teams

Reasons for expansion

In North America, expansion often takes place in response to population growth and geographic shifts of population. Such demographic change results in financial opportunities to engage with the new market as consumers of sports demand local teams to support. Major League Baseball (MLB) was limited to 16 teams located north and east of St. Louis, Missouri for the first half of the 20th century. During that time, the United States population doubled and expanded to the south and west. Rival interests explored the possibility of forming a rival league in the untapped markets. To forestall that possibility, one of the measures that MLB took was to expand by four teams in 1961 and 1962. Over the past four decades, MLB expanded further, to its current 30-team membership. In the context of MLB, the term "expansion team" is also used to refer to any of the 14 teams enfranchised in the second half of the 20th century.

Leagues that are new and/or financially struggling may also admit large numbers of expansion teams so that the existing franchises can pocket more revenue from expansion fees. Indoor American football leagues are notorious for doing so: the leagues can double the number of teams and have many new teams fail within a year or two. Major League Soccer, after spending most of its first decade of existence with relatively stable membership and struggling finances, adopted a policy of continuous expansion beginning in 2005, a policy that the league as of 2017 has no intention of stopping.[1]

When an expansion team begins play, it is generally stocked with less talented free agents, inexperienced players, and veterans nearing retirement. Additionally, prospective owners may face expensive fees to the league as well as high startup costs such as stadiums and facilities. The team is also at a disadvantage in that it has not been together as a team as long as its opponents and thus lacks the cohesiveness other teams have built over years. As a result, most expansion teams are known for their poor play during their first seasons. Expansion teams must also compete with any expansion rivals for available talent, a common problem since leagues often expand by two or four teams in one season.

Expansion teams are not necessarily doomed to mediocrity, however, as most leagues have policies which promote parity, such as drafts and salary caps, which give some expansion teams the opportunity to win championships only a few years after their first season. In Major League Baseball (MLB) The Arizona Diamondbacks won the 2001 World Series in their fourth season, and the Florida Marlins won the 1997 World Series in their fifth season. In the NBA, The Milwaukee Bucks won the 1971 NBA Finals in their third year of existence, greatly helped by drafting Kareem Abdul-Jabbar in the 1969 draft and acquiring Oscar Robertson from the Cincinnati Royals before the 1970–71 season began. In the NHL, the Florida Panthers made the Stanley Cup Finals in their third season even though, like MLB, the league then had no salary cap; a cap was established in 2005. However, the Vegas Golden Knights quickly emerged as one of the NHL's best teams in its first season. Thanks to a generous expansion draft, the team defied all odds and advanced to the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals, and later winning the 2023 Stanley Cup Finals in just their sixth season.

The National Football League (NFL), despite being considered the most generous in its revenue sharing and the strictest with its salary cap, has had far more difficulty bringing expansion teams up to par with their more established brethren. Of the six teams to have been added to the NFL since the AFL–NFL merger, the fastest turnaround between an inaugural season and the team's first Super Bowl victory was 27 seasons (the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, established in 1976, won Super Bowl XXXVII in the 2002 season); none of the four teams to hold expansion drafts since 1995[note 1] have ever won that contest, with only one, the Carolina Panthers (who reached the game in their 9th and 21st seasons of existence) playing in the game. In 1996, the Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars each made it to their respective conference championship games in their second season in the league.

Expansion teams are usually considered as such in their first season and sometimes in their second season. A team that moves to another location and/or changes its name is not an expansion team. If it moves, it is known as a relocated team, and if the name changes, the team is known as a renamed team. In response to a negative attitude that some fans have towards relocated teams, there have recently been instances where relocating clubs change their identity completely; name, colors, and mascot; but because the roster is the same and the league does not expand as a result, they are not regarded as expansion teams. One exception is the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL): when the Cleveland Browns moved to Baltimore, an agreement was reached for which the trademark and history of the pre-1996 Cleveland Browns remained in that city and was claimed by the post-1999 Browns when the league placed a new franchise there, even though the personnel and roster had moved to Baltimore to become the Ravens. Another exception is the New Orleans Pelicans, who were previously known as the New Orleans Hornets after relocating to New Orleans from Charlotte, N.C., in 2002. After the 2012 sale of the Hornets, new owner Tom Benson changed the name, colors, and mascot from Hornets to Pelicans. The Charlotte Hornets segment of the franchise's history was sold to the then-Charlotte Bobcats (themselves formerly considered a 2004 expansion team) and the 2002 New Orleans Hornets are now officially regarded as an expansion team.

Cities and regions with large populations that lack a team are generally regarded to be the best candidates for new teams. In rugby league, the United Kingdom-based Rugby Football League's Super League has added teams from France and Wales to cover a great demographic spread. The operator of Super League, England's Rugby Football League, has also added teams to the lower levels of its league pyramid, specifically the Championship and League 1, from both France and Wales, and most recently Canada. In rugby union, the competition originally known as the Celtic League and now as Pro14, which began with sides only from the Celtic nations of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, has added teams from Italy and more recently South Africa. The U.S.-based NFL has been laying groundwork for a potential franchise in the UK, with a target date some time in the early to mid-2020s.

Expansion teams in North America

Major League Baseball (MLB)

The National League had an eight-team lineup established in 1900, mirrored by the eight charter franchises of the American League in 1901. This list enumerates franchises added since this "Classic Eight" era.

National Basketball Association (NBA)
See also: Expansion of the National Basketball Association

Eight charter franchises of the NBA (founded in 1950 via merger of the BAA and NBL) are still active.

American Basketball Association (ABA)

There's only one expansion team in the whole history of the ABA.

National Football League (NFL)

Only extant teams are listed. Two charter franchises, the Chicago Cardinals (now Arizona Cardinals) and Decatur Staleys (now the Chicago Bears), are still active.

American Football League

Two teams from the AFL of the 1960s were expansion teams in that league. Both joined the AFL after the merger with the NFL was agreed to, but before it was finalized.

National Hockey League (NHL)
See also: Potential National Hockey League expansion

The NHL had a six-team lineup established in 1942. This list enumerates the teams added since the "Original Six" era.

Major League Soccer (MLS)
See also: Expansion of Major League Soccer

Canadian Football League (CFL)
  • 1993: Sacramento Gold Miners (defunct) – The first entry in the league's failed attempt to expand into the U.S. After the 1994 season, the team relocated to San Antonio and played as the San Antonio Texans before folding after the 1995 season.
  • 1994:
    • Baltimore Stallions (technically defunct) – The Stallions were the most successful team in the CFL's U.S. experiment, winning the Grey Cup in 1995. However, the impending relocation of the NFL's Cleveland Browns to Baltimore led the team to depart for Montreal, where it became the current version of the Montreal Alouettes. Despite this history, the CFL does not recognize the link between the Stallions and Alouettes, instead treating the Alouettes as a continuation of past CFL teams in Montreal.
    • Las Vegas Posse (defunct) – Also part of the CFL's failed U.S. experiment
    • Shreveport Pirates (defunct) – Also part of the CFL's failed U.S. experiment
  • 1995: Birmingham Barracudas (defunct); Memphis Mad Dogs (defunct)
  • 2002: Ottawa Renegades (defunct, though now treated by the CFL as the same team as the past Ottawa Rough Riders and current Ottawa Redblacks)
  • 2014: Ottawa Redblacks

National Lacrosse League (NLL)

Major League Lacrosse (MLL)
  • 2006: Chicago Machine (later the second iteration of the Rochester Rattlers and Dallas Rattlers) (defunct); Denver Outlaws; Los Angeles Riptide (defunct); San Francisco Dragons (defunct)
  • 2009: Toronto Nationals (later Hamilton Nationals; though the league considers it an expansion, it was a relocation of the management and player assets from the original Rochester Rattlers, though the name, colors and team history remained in Rochester) (defunct)
  • 2012: Ohio Machine (defunct); Charlotte Hounds (hiatus then defunct with the PLL merger)
  • 2014: Florida Launch (Though the league considers it an expansion, it was a relocation of the management and player assets from the Hamilton Nationals, though the name, colors, and team history remained in Hamilton.) (defunct)
  • 2016: Atlanta Blaze (defunct)
  • 2020: Connecticut Hammerheads (defunct with the PLL merger)

Major League Rugby (MLR)

Six of the seven charter franchises from 2018 remain active.

  • 2019: Rugby United New York; Toronto Arrows
  • 2020: New England Free Jacks; Old Glory DC; Rugby ATL
  • 2021: LA Giltinis (defunct)
  • 2022: Dallas Jackals
  • 2023: Chicago Hounds
  • 2024: Miami Sharks

Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)

National Women's Soccer League (NWSL)
See also: NWSL expansion

Canadian Premier League (CPL)

Canadian Elite Basketball League (CEBL)
  • 2020: Ottawa BlackJacks
  • 2022: Montreal Alliance; Scarborough Shooting Stars; Newfoundland Growlers
  • 2023: Winnipeg Sea Bears

Ontario Hockey League

Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

Western Hockey League

Expansion teams in Australia and New Zealand

A-League Men
See also: Expansion of the A-League Men

Australian Baseball League
  • 2018: Auckland Tuatara; Geelong-Korea (both folded after 2020 season)

Australian Football League

AFL Women's

AFL Women's, launched in 2017 with 8 teams, is operated by the Australian Football League, with all teams fielded by AFL clubs. The league expanded to 10 teams prior to the 2019 season and 14 prior to the 2020 season. In 2023, the remaining four AFL clubs launched women's sides.

National Basketball League
  • 1980: Coburg Giants (later became North Melbourne Giants in 1987–1998); Launceston Casino City (defunct)
  • 1981: Forestville Eagles (now currently playing NBL1 Central)
  • 1982: Adelaide City Eagles (now Adelaide 36ers); Geelong Cats (now Geelong Supercats until 1996 but now currently playing NBL1 South); Westate Wildcats (now Perth Wildcats)
  • 1983: Devonport Warriors (defunct); Hobart Devils (defunct)
  • 1984: Melbourne Tigers (now Melbourne United)
  • 1988: Sydney Kings (merger of Sydney Supersonics and West Sydney Westars)
  • 1990: Gold Coast Cougars (defunct, later known as Gold Coast Rollers)
  • 1992: South East Melbourne Magic (defunct)
  • 1993: Townsville Suns (now Townsville Crocodiles since 1998)
  • 1998: Victoria Titans (later became Victoria Giants in 2002–2004 and then defunct); West Sydney Razorbacks (in its last season, Sydney Spirit; defunct)
  • 1999: Cairns Taipans
  • 2004: Hunter Pirates (defunct); New Zealand Breakers
  • 2006: Singapore Slingers (defunct); South Dragons (defunct)
  • 2007: Gold Coast Blaze (defunct)
  • 2019: South East Melbourne Phoenix
  • 2021: Tasmania JackJumpers

National Rugby League

New South Wales Cup
  • 2007: Auckland Lions

Northern Territory Football League
  • 2006: Tiwi Bombers Football Club

Queensland Cup

Ron Massey Cup

Super League

Super Rugby
  • 2006: Cheetahs and Western Force
    • The Cheetahs and Force were both dropped from Super Rugby after the 2017 season. The Cheetahs immediately became an expansion team in Pro14 (now the United Rugby Championship), but ceased Super Rugby operations when the country's four principal Super Rugby sides joined the URC in 2021. The Force later moved to Australia's National Rugby Championship, but after that league folded, it would return to Super Rugby, first in the COVID-era Super Rugby AU before joining the retooled Super Rugby Pacific in 2022.
  • 2011: Melbourne Rebels
  • 2013: Southern Kings
    • The Kings were dropped from Super Rugby at the same time as the Cheetahs and Force, and joined Pro14 alongside the Cheetahs. The team folded in 2020 when a planned takeover bid collapsed in fraud.
  • 2016: Jaguares and Sunwolves (both now defunct)
  • 2022: Moana Pasifika and Fijian Drua

Victorian Football League

West Australian Football League

Women's National Basketball League
  • 1983: AIS (defunct)
  • 1984: Bulleen Boomers (now Melbourne Boomers)
  • 1986: Canberra Capitals
  • 1989: Sydney Flames (now Sydney Uni Flames)
  • 1990: Perth Lynx
  • 1992: Adelaide Lightning; Dandenong Rangers
  • 2001: Townsville Fire
  • 2007: Bendigo Spirit
  • 2008: Logan Thunder (defunct)
  • 2015: South East Queensland Stars

Expansion teams in Asia

Asia League Ice Hockey
  • 2004: Harbin; Qiqihar; Golden Amur (all defunct)
  • 2005: High1; Nordic Vikings (both defunct)
  • 2006: Seibu Prince Rabbits; Changchun Fuao; China Hosa (all defunct)
  • 2007: China Dragon (as China Sharks) (defunct)
  • 2009: Tohoku Free Blades
  • 2012: Daemyung Sangmu (defunct)
  • 2013: PSK Sakhalin (expelled in 2022)
  • 2016: Daemyung Killer Whales (defunct)
  • 2019: East Hokkaido Cranes (folded in 2023)
  • 2022: Yokohama Grits

Indian Premier League

Indian Super League

Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League
  • 2018 (debut season): Bataan Defenders (now Bataan Risers); Batangas City Athletics (now Batangas City Tanduay Rum Masters); Bulacan Kuyas; Caloocan Supremos (now Caloocan Batang Kankaloo); Imus Bandera (now Imus Agimat); Muntinlupa Cagers; Navotas Clutch (inactive, last played as Navotas Uni-Pak Sardines); Parañaque Patriots; Quezon City Capitals (now Quezon City Toda Aksyon); Valenzuela Classic
  • 2018–19: Bacoor City Strikers (inactive); Basilan Steel (inactive); Cebu City Sharks (inactive, last played as Cebu Casino Ethyl Alcohol); Davao Occidental Tigers; GenSan Warriors (now South Cotabato Warriors); Laguna Heroes (now Biñan Tatak Gel); Makati Skyscrapers (inactive, last played as Makati OKBet Kings); Mandaluyong El Tigre (inactive); Manila Stars (now Manila Batang Sampaloc); Marikina Shoemasters; Pampanga Lanterns (now Pampanga Giant Lanterns); Pasig Pirates (inactive, last played as Pasig City MCW Sports); Pasay Voyagers; Rizal Crusaders (now Rizal Golden Coolers); San Juan Knights; Zamboanga Family's Brand Sardines (now Zamboanga Master Sardines)
  • 2019–20: Bacolod Master Sardines (now Bacolod City of Smiles); Bicol Volcanoes (now Bicolandia Oragons); Iloilo United Royals; Mindoro Tamaraws; Nueva Ecija MiGuard (now Nueva Ecija Rice Vanguards); Soccsksargen Marlins (now Sarangani Marlins)
  • 2023: Negros Muscovados; Quezon Huskers
  • 2024: Abra Weavers; Pangasinan Heatwaves; Tarlac United Force (withdrew)

Philippine Basketball Association
  • 1978: Filmanbank Bankers (defunct)
  • 1979: Gilbey's Gin (now Barangay Ginebra San Miguel)
  • 1980: CDCP/Galleon Shippers (defunct)
  • 1983: Manhattan Shirtmakers/Country Fair Hotdogs (defunct)
  • 1984: Manila Beer Brewmasters (folded after the 1986 season)
  • 1985: Shell Azodrin Bugbusters (folded in 2005)
  • 1986: Alaska Aces (folded in 2022)
  • 1988: Purefoods Hotdogs
  • 1990: Pop Cola Sizzlers (folded after the 2001 season); Pepsi Hotshots (now TNT Tropang Giga)
  • 1993: Sta. Lucia Realtors (folded in 2010)
  • 1999: Tanduay Rhum Masters (folded after the 2001 season)
  • 2000: Batang Red Bull Energy Kings (from the PBL, note that the promotion and relegation system was not used.) (folded in 2011)
  • 2002: FedEx Express (folded in 2016); Coca-Cola Tigers (folded in 2012)
  • 2006: Welcoat Dragons (from the PBL, note that the promotion and relegation system was not used.) (now Rain or Shine Elasto Painters)
  • 2010: Meralco Bolts
  • 2011: Shopinas.com Clickers (folded in 2014)
  • 2012: GlobalPort Batang Pier
  • 2014: Blackwater Elite; Kia Sorento (now Terrafirma Dyip); NLEX Road Warriors
  • 2016: Phoenix Fuel Masters
  • 2022: Converge FiberXers

Philippines Football League

Pakistan Super League

P. LEAGUE+
  • 2021: New Taipei Kings; Kaohsiung Steelers

Premier Volleyball League
  • 2021 (pro debut): BaliPure (inactive); Philippine Army (inactive); Cignal HD; Chery Tiggo; Choco Mucho; Creamline; Perlas Spikers (inactive); Petro Gazz; PLDT; Sta. Lucia Lady Realtors (inactive)
  • 2022: F2 Logistics (defunct); Akari Chargers
  • 2023: Quezon City Gerflor Defenders (defunct); Foton Tornadoes (defunct); Nxled Chameleons; Galeries Highrisers; Farm Fresh Foxies
  • 2024: Strong Group Athletics; Capital1 Solar Spikers

Expansion teams in Europe

Kontinental Hockey League
  • 2009: Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg
  • 2010: HC Yugra
  • 2011: Lev Poprad – This team, based in Slovakia, was purchased after its first KHL season (2011–12) by Czech interests. It was disbanded and replaced by the similarly named Lev Praha. The latter team folded at the end of the 2013–14 season.
  • 2012: HC Donbass; Slovan Bratislava
    • Donbass left the KHL after the 2013–14 season. The team joined what is now known as the Ukrainian Hockey League in 2015–16.
  • 2013: Admiral Vladivostok; KHL Medveščak (from Zagreb, Croatia)
    • Medveščak, which had joined from the Austrian Hockey League, withdrew from the KHL after the 2016–17 season to rejoin the Austrian league.
  • 2014: Sochi; Jokerit (from Helsinki, Finland)
  • 2016: Kunlun Red Star (from Beijing, China)
  • 2023: Lada Togliatti

United Rugby Championship

Originally known as the Celtic League, and later as Pro12 and Pro14.

  • 2010:
    • Aironi – A team formed specifically for the competition by several existing clubs in Northern Italy, with Viadana the lead side. The team folded when the Italian Rugby Federation (FIR) revoked its professional license effective with the end of the 2011–12 Pro12 season; it was replaced by the FIR-operated Zebre.
    • Benetton Treviso – Founded in 1932, it competed in Italian domestic leagues before joining the competition originally known as the Celtic League, later known as Pro12 and now as Pro14.
  • 2017:
    • Cheetahs
    • Southern Kings
      • These teams had played in Super Rugby before that competition's governing body, SANZAAR, axed three teams at the end of the 2017 season. Both had themselves been Super Rugby expansion teams; the Cheetahs entered in 2006 and the Kings in 2013. The Kings were liquidated prior to the 2020–21 season when a planned takeover bid collapsed in fraud; the Cheetahs left after that season.
  • 2021:
    • Bulls
    • Lions
    • Sharks
    • Stormers
      • South Africa's so-called "Big Four" Super Rugby sides left that competition after its reorganisation amid the COVID-19 pandemic. They joined the former Pro14, which changed its name to the United Rugby Championship.

Super League
  • 1995: Paris Saint-Germain RL (now defunct)
  • 2006: Catalans Dragons — Although Super League used a promotion and relegation system at that time, Les Catalans, as the only French team in the otherwise all-English competition, were assured of a place in the league through 2008. Super League instituted a franchise system effective with the 2009 season, and Les Catalans retained their place in the league.
  • 2009:
    • Celtic Crusaders (later Crusaders Rugby League) – An expansion team only in the sense that they were invited into Super League. The club were established in 2005. After the 2011 season, the club folded due to financial problems; their effective successor club, the North Wales Crusaders, currently compete in League 1, two levels below Super League.
    • Salford City Reds – Also technically not an expansion team; they have existed since 1873 and played in Super League as recently as the 2007 season.
  • 2012: Widnes Vikings – An expansion team only in the sense that they have been invited into the now-franchised Super League. The club have existed since 1875, were founding members of what is now the Rugby Football League in 1895, and participated in Super League as recently as 2005.

VTB United League
  • 2010: Espoon Honka; Tsmoki-Minsk (formerly Minsk-2006)
  • 2022: Samara; MBA Moscow

Expansion teams in Africa

Vodacom Cup
  • 2010:
    • Welwitschias (a developmental side for the Namibia national rugby union team) – This was the second time Namibia participated in the competition; it entered a team from 1999 to 2001. The team withdrew from the competition after the 2011 season due to financial constraints. They remained in the Vodacom Cup until the competition was scrapped after its 2015 season. The team now features in the Vodacom Cup's successor competition, the Rugby Challenge.
    • Pampas XV (a developmental side for the Argentina national rugby union team) – Argentina left the Vodacom Cup after the 2013 season, choosing instead to enter the IRB Pacific Cup from 2014. At that time, it was also expected that Argentina would be added to Super Rugby in the near future,[3] and the country would eventually receive a Super Rugby team beginning in 2016.

eSports

League of Legends

The League of Legends Championship Series (LCS) and the League of Legends European Championship (LEC) initially fielded teams from eight organizations when they began operations in 2013; both leagues expanded to a total of ten teams in 2015.

LCS expansion teams

LEC expansion teams

Notes
  1. While the Baltimore Ravens are officially considered an expansion franchise that began play in 1996, they did not stock their roster with an expansion draft, instead taking on the contracts of the former Cleveland Browns players, while the Browns suspended operations for three seasons. The Ravens later won the Super Bowl in their 5th and 17th seasons of existence. Conversely, when the Browns returned to the NFL in 1999, while not an expansion franchise, their initial roster was stocked by an expansion draft and they were given the top pick in the 1999 NFL Draft. The Browns have not appeared in the Super Bowl since returning to the league.

References
  1. "Commissioner Garber: Next round of MLS expansion "likely happening in 2020"". MLSSoccer.com. MLS Digital. April 14, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  2. Rochinski, Matt (May 20, 2014). "Charlotte Hornets Name Returns to Carolinas". NBA.com. NBA Media Ventures, LLC. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  3. "Radical changes as Argentina plans for the future". ESPN Scrum. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
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