F* (programming language)

F* (pronounced F star) is a functional programming language inspired by the languages ML, Caml, and OCaml, and intended for program verification. It is a joint project of Microsoft Research, and the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (Inria).[1] Its type system includes dependent types, monadic effects, and refinement types. This allows expressing precise specifications for programs, including functional correctness and security properties. The F* type-checker aims to prove that programs meet their specifications using a combination of satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solving and manual proofs. For execution, programs written in F* can be translated to OCaml, F#, C, WebAssembly (via KaRaMeL tool), or assembly language (via Vale toolchain). Prior F* versions could also be translated to JavaScript.

Not to be confused with F (programming language) or F＃ (programming language).
F*
The official Fstar logo
ParadigmMulti-paradigm: functional, imperative
FamilyML: Caml: OCaml
Designed byNikhil Swamy, Juan Chen, Cédric Fournet, Pierre-Yves Strub, Karthikeyan Bhargavan, Jean Yang
DevelopersMicrosoft Research,
Inria[1]
First appeared2011 (2011)
Stable release
v2023.09.03[2] / 3 September 2023 (2023-09-03)
Typing disciplinedependent, inferred, static, strong
Implementation languageF*
OSCross-platform: Linux, macOS, Windows
LicenseApache 2.0
Filename extensions.fst
Websitewww.fstar-lang.org
Influenced by
Coq, Dafny, F#, Lean, OCaml, Standard ML

It was introduced in 2011.[3][4] and is under active development on GitHub.[2]

History

Versions

Until version 2022.03.24, F* was written entirely in a common subset of F* and F# and supported bootstrapping in both OCaml and F#. This was dropped starting in version 2022.04.02.[5][6]

Overview

Operators

F* supports common arithmetic operators such as +, -, *, and /. Also, F* supports relational operators like <, <=, ==, !=, >, and >=.[7]

Data types

Common primitives data types in F* are bool, int, float, char, and unit.[7]

References
  1. "Microsoft Research Inria Joint Centre". MSR-INRIA.
  2. "FStarLang/FStar". GitHub. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  3. Swamy, Nikhil; Chen, Juan; Fournet, Cédric; Strub, Pierre-Yves; Bhargavan, Karthikeyan; Yang, Jean (September 2011). Secure distributed programming with value-dependent types. ICFP '11: Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming. Vol. 46. Tokyo, Japan: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 266–278. doi:10.1145/2034574.2034811. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  4. "The F* Project". Microsoft. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  5. "fstar.exe is no longer buildable in F# as a .NET executable #2512". Github. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  6. "Consider dropping requirement that F* code has to be valid F# #1737". Github. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  7. Swamy, Nikhil; Martínez, Guido; Rastogi, Aseem (Jan 14, 2024). Proof-Oriented Programming in F* (PDF).

Sources
  • Ahman, Danel; Hriţcu, Cătălin; Maillard, Kenji; Martínez, Guido; Plotkin, Gordon; Protzenko, Jonathan; Rastogi, Aseem; Swamy, Nikhil (2017). "Dijkstra Monads for Free". 44nd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages.
  • Swamy, Nikhil; Hriţcu, Cătălin; Keller, Chantal; Rastogi, Aseem; Delignat-Lavaud, Antoine; Forest, Simon; Bhargavan, Karthikeyan; Fournet, Cédric; Strub, Pierre-Yves; Kohlweiss, Markulf; Zinzindohoue, Jean-Karim; Zanella-Béguelin, Santiago (2016). "Dependent Types and Multi-Monadic Effects in F*". 43nd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages.
  • Swamy, Nikhil; Martínez, Guido; Rastogi, Aseem (2024). Proof-Orented Programming in F*.


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