List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars

The following is a list of Persian scientists, engineers, and scholars who lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern age.

Photo taken from medieval manuscript by Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi. The image depicts an epicyclic planetary model.

A
  • Abdul Qadir Gilani (12th century) theologian and philosopher
  • Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i (10th century) physician
  • Abu Dawood (c. 817–889), Islamic scholar
  • Abu Hanifa (699–767), Islamic scholar
  • Abu Said Gorgani (10th century) [1]
  • 'Adud al-Dawla (936–983), scientific patron
  • Ahmad ibn Farrokh (12th century), physician
  • Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din (11th century), physician and chemist
  • Alavi Shirazi (1670–1747), royal physician in Mughal India
  • Amuli, Muhammad ibn Mahmud (c. 1300–1352), physician
  • Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900–971), mathematician and astronomer [2]
  • Ansari, Khwaja Abdullah (1006–1088), Islamic scholar
  • Aqa-Kermani (18th century), physician
  • Aqsara'i (?–1379), physician
  • Abu Hafsa Yazid, physician
  • Arzani, Muqim (18th century), physician
  • Astarabadi (15th century), physician
  • Aufi, Muhammad (1171–1242), scientist and historian
  • Albubather, physician and astrologer [3]
  • Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath, physician
  • Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri, theologian and philosopher
  • Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi, mathematician and astronomer [4]

B

D
  • Abu Hanifa Dinawari (815–896), astronomer, agriculturist, botanist, metallurgist, geographer, mathematician, and historian [12]
  • Ibn Durustawayh (872–958), grammarian, lexicographer and student of the Quran and hadith
  • Ibn Qutaybah Dinwari (828–885), historian and theologian

E
  • Abubakr Esfarayeni (13th century?), physician

F
  • Al-Farghani (d. 880), astronomer, known in Latin as Alfraganus [13]
  • Al-Farabi (872–950) (Al-Farabi, Pharabius), philosopher [14]
  • Fazari, Ibrahim (?–777), mathematician and astronomer
  • Fazari, Mohammad (?–796), mathematician and astronomer
  • Feyz Kashani, Mohsen (?–1680), theologian
  • Firishta (1560–1620), historian
  • Ibn al-Faqih, historian and geographer
  • Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi (d. 1278/1279), astronomer
  • Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani (1455–1521), religious scholar, historian and political writer

G
  • Gardizi (?–1061), geographer and historian
  • Ghazali (Algazel, 1058–1111), philosopher
  • Gilani, Hakim (?–1609), royal physician
  • Kushyar Gilani (971–1029), mathematician, geographer, astronomer
  • Zayn al-Din Gorgani (1041–1136), royal physician
  • Rostam Gorgani (16th century), physician
  • Al-Masihi (?–999), Avicenn'a master

H
  • Hakim Ghulam Imam, physician
  • Hakim Muhammad Mehdi Naqi (18th century), physician
  • Hakim Muhammad Sharif Khan (18th century), physician
  • Hakim Nishaburi (933–1012), Islamic scholar
  • Hallaj (858–922), mystic-philosopher
  • Hamadani, Mir Sayyid Ali (1314–1384), poet and philosopher
  • Harawi, Abolfadl (10th century), astronomer of Buyid dynasty
  • Harawi, Muwaffak (10th century), pharmacologist
  • Harawi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf (d. 1542), physician
  • Hasani, Qavameddin (17th century), physician
  • Ibn Hindu (1019–1032), man of letters, physician
  • Haji Bektash Veli, mystic
  • Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, jurisconsult, mystic, philosopher, poet and mathematician
  • Haseb Tabari, astronomer
  • Hammam ibn Munabbih, Islamic scholar
  • Hamza al-Isfahani (ca. 893–after 961), philologist and historian
  • Abu Ja'far ibn Habash

I
  • Ibn Abi Sadiq (11th century), "The Second Hippocrates", Avicenna's disciple
  • Ibn Isfandiyar (13th-century), historian
  • Ibn Khordadbeh (c. 820–912), geographer
  • Ibn Rustah (9th century), explorer and geographer
  • Ilaqi, Yusef (11th century), Avicenna's pupil
  • Mansur ibn Ilyas (14th century), physician
  • Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037), philosopher and physician
  • Isfahani, Imad al-Din (1125–1201) historian and rhetorician
  • Isfahani, Jalaleddin (19th century), physician
  • Isfahani, Husayn (15th century), physician
  • Istakhri (?–957), geographer, gives the earliest known account of windmills
  • Iranshahri (9th century), philosopher, teacher of Abu Bakr al-Razi
  • Al-Isfizari (11th–12th century), mathematician and astronomer

J
  • Jabir ibn Hayyan (9th century), alchemist, pharmacist, philosopher, physicist, astronomer
  • Jaghmini (14th century), physician
  • Juwayni (1028–1085), philosopher, theologian
  • Juzjani, Abu Ubaid (?–1070), physician
  • Jamal ad-Din Bukhari (13th century), astronomer
  • Jamasp, sage and philosopher
  • Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī (800–860), geometer

K
  • Karaji (953–1029), mathematician
  • Jamshid-i Kashani (c. 1380–1429), astronomer and mathematician
  • Kashfi, Jafar (1775/6–1850/1), theologian
  • Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni (14th century), physician
  • Kermani, Iwad (15th century), physician
  • Kermani, Shams-ud-Din, Islamic scholar
  • Al-Khazini (c. 1130), physicist
  • Khayyam, Omar (1048–1131), poet, mathematician, and astronomer
  • Khorasani, Sultan Ali (16th century), physician
  • Al-Kharaqī, astronomer and mathematician
  • Khujandi (c. 940–c. 1000), mathematician and astronomer
  • Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (a.k.a. Al-Khwarazmi, c. 780–c. 850), creator of algorithm and algebra, mathematician and astronomer
  • Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī, logician and philosopher
  • Shams al-Din al-Khafri, astrologer
  • Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, mathematician and astronomer
  • Kubra, Najmeddin (1145–1220)
  • Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani (d. after 1481), mathematician, astronomer
  • Abu Zayn Kahhal, physician

M

N
  • Nagawri (14th century), physician
  • Nahavandi, Benjamin, Jewish scholar
  • Nahavandi, Ahmad (9th century), astronomer
  • Nakhshabi (14th century), physician
  • Narshakhi (899–959), historian
  • Nasir Khusraw (1004–1088), scientist, Ismaili scholar, mathematician, philosopher, traveler and poet
  • Natili Tabari (10th century), physician
  • Naubakht (9th century), designer of the city of Baghdad
  • Naubakht, Fadhl ibn (8th century), astronomer
  • Nawbakhty (4th Hijri century), Islamic scholar, philosopher
  • Nizam al-Din Nishapuri, mathematician, astronomer, jurist, exegete, and poet
  • Nawbakhti, Ruh (10th century), Islamic scholar
  • Nayrizi (865–922), mathematician and astronomer
  • Naqshband, Baha ud-Din (1318–1389), philosopher
  • Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishapuri (18th century), physician
  • Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (c. 815–875), Islamic scholar
  • Nurbakhshi (16th century), physician
  • Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi, theologian, mufassir, muhaddith and historian
  • Al-Nasa'i, hadith collector
  • Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, historian and biographer
  • Abu Nu`aym, Islamic scholar

O

P
  • Paul the Persian (6th century), philosopher

Q
  • Qazwini, Zakariya (1203–1283), physician
  • Qumi, Qazi Sa’id (1633–1692), theologian
  • Qumri (10th century), physician
  • Ali Qushji (1403–16 December 1474), mathematician, astronomer and physician
  • Ali al-Qari, Islamic scholar
  • Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi, jurist and Shia scholar
  • Al-Quda'i (d. 1062), judge, preacher and historian in Fatimid Egypt

R

S
  • Sabzevari, Mulla Hadi (1797–1873), poet and philosopher
  • Saghani Ostorlabi (?–990), astronomer
  • Sahl, Fadl ibn (?–818), astronomer
  • Sahl, Shapur ibn (?–869), physician
  • Samarqandi, Najibeddin (13th century), physician
  • Samarqandi, Ashraf (c. 1250–c. 1310), mathematician, astronomer
  • Samarqandi, Dawlatshah (1438–1495/1507) biographer
  • Sarakhsi, Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib (9th century) historian and philosopher
  • Sarakhsi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (?–1096), Islamic scholar
  • Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-Sarakhsi, historian, traveller
  • Shahrastani (1086–1153), historian of religions
  • Shahrazuri (13th century), philosopher and physician
  • Shahrazuri, Ibn al-Salah (1181–1245), Islamic scholar
  • Shaykh Tusi (996–1067), Islamic scholar
  • Ibn Babawayh (923–991), theologian
  • Ibn Sahl, mathematician, physicist
  • Abu ul-Ala Shirazi (d. 1001 CE), physician
  • Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb, physician
  • Shirazi, Imad al-Din Mas'ud (16th century), physician
  • Shirazi, Muhammad Hadi Khorasani (18th century), physician
  • Shirazi, Qutbeddin (1236–1311), astronomer
  • Shirazi, Mahmud ibn Ilyas (18th century), physician
  • Shirazi, Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas (?–1330), physician
  • Shirazi, Qurayshi (17th century), physician
  • Shirazi, Sultan Waezin (1894–1971), theologian
  • Sibawayh, linguist and grammarian
  • Sijzi (c. 945–c. 1020), mathematician and astronomer
  • Sijzi, Mas'ud (14th century), physician
  • Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (903–986), astronomer from Ray who invented the meridian ring
  • Mūsā ibn Shākir, astronomer
  • Suhrawardi, Shahab al-Din (1155–1191), philosopher
  • Abu Sulayman Sijistani, philosopher
  • ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani, Islamic scholar
  • Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji, philosopher and logician
  • Zeynalabdin Shirvani, geographer, philosopher and poet
  • Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani, Ismaili philosopher
  • Abu'l-'Anbas Saymari, astrologer

T
  • Tabarani, Abu al-Qasim (873–970), Islamic scholar
  • Tabari Amoli (839–923), historian
  • Tabari, ibn Farrukhan (?–815), astrologer and architect
  • Tabari, Abul Hasan (10th century), physician
  • Tabari, Ibn Sahl (c. 783–c. 858), Jewish convert physician, master of Rhazes
  • Tabrizi, Maqsud Ali (17th century), physician
  • Taftazani (1322–1390), theologian, linguist
  • Tayfur, Ibn Abi Tahir (819–893), linguist
  • Tirmidhi (824–892), Islamic scholar
  • Tunakabuni (17th century), physician
  • Tughra'i (c. 1061–1122), physician
  • Tusi, Nizam ol-Molk (1018–1092), Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire
  • Tusi, Nasireddin (1201–1274), Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian
  • Tusi, Sharafeddin (?–1213/4), mathematician
  • Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi, Islamic scholar
  • 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk, Persian or Turkish mathematician

U
  • Safi al-Din al-Urmawi (c. 1216–1294), musician
  • Abu al‐Uqul al‐Tabari (14th century), Yemenite astronomer of Iranian origin

V
  • Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat (13th century), scholar and physician

W
  • Waqidi (748–822), historian
  • Wassaf, historian
  • Al-Wabkanawi, astronomer

Y
  • Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq (?–796), mathematician and astronomer
  • Yunus ibn Habib, linguist
  • Yahya ibn Ma'in, Islamic scholar
  • Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni, musician
  • Yahya ibn Abi Mansur (d. 830 CE), astronomer

Z
  • Dawud al-Zahiri (815–834) theologian and historian
  • Zamakhshari (1074/5–1143/4), scholar and geographer
  • Muhammad Zarrindast (11th century), oculist
  • Zayn-e-Attar (?–c. 1403), physician
  • Zarir Jurjani (9th century), mathematician and astronomer
  • Zakariya al-Qazwini (1203–1283) physician, astronomer, geographer, and proto-science fiction writer

See also

Notes
  1. Brentjes, Sonja. Jan P. Hogendijk, “The Geometrical Works of Abu Sa’id al-Darir al-Jurjani”. SCIAMVS 2, (2001), pp. 47-74., Abstracta Iranica [En ligne], Volume 26 | 2005, document 324, mis en ligne le 07 décembre 2005, consulté le 05 juin 2021.
  2. Calvo, Emilia, “Khāzin,” The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, editor-in-chief Thomas Hockey, New York: Springer-Verlag (2014) 1191-1192 | ISBN 978-1-4419-9916-0
  3. Vadet, J.-C., “Ibn al-K̲h̲aṣīb”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 05 June 2021
  4. Negahban, Farzin, “Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ahwāzī”, Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary. Consulted online on 04 February 2017
  5. Walker, Paul E., “EḴWĀN AL-ṢAFĀʾ,” Encyclopaedia Iranica
  6. Pingree, David E., “Abū Maʿshar al-Balkhī,” Dictionary of Scientific Biography, editor-in-chief Charles Coulston Gillispie, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1970-1980) vol. 1, pp. 32-39; Idem, Abū Maʿshar Al-Balkhī, Jaʿfar Ibn Muḥammad, Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com
  7. Watt, W. M., “ABŪ ZAYD BALḴĪ,” Encyclopædia Iranica
  8. Hamedani, Hossein Masoumi and Esots, Janis, “Banū Mūsā”, Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary. Consulted online on 06 June 2021
  9. (Multiple Authors), BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica
  10. Kusuba, Takanori, “Birjandi,” The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, editor-in-chief Thomas Hockey, Springer Reference, New York: Springer-Verlag (2014) pp. 225-226. ISBN 978-1-4419-9916-0
  11. Biesterfeldt, H. H., “AḴAWAYNĪ BOḴĀRĪ,” Encyclopædia Iranica
  12. Lewin, B., “Al-Dīnawarī,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, eds. H. A. R. Gibb, J. H. Kramers, E. Lévi-Provençal, J. Schacht, Leiden: Brill (1954–2005) vol. 2, p. 300; Pellat, Charles, “DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA AḤMAD,” Encyclopaedia Iranica
  13. Sabra, A. I., “AL-FARGHĀNĪ,” Dictionary of Scientific Biography, editor-in-chief Charles Coulston Gillispie, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1970-1980) vol. 4, pp. 541-545; Pingree, David E., “FARḠĀNĪ, AḤMAD,” Encyclopaedia Iranica
  14. Druart, Therese-Anne, "al-Farabi", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.