New York's 1st congressional district

New York's 1st congressional district
New York's 1st congressional district
	Interactive map of district boundaries
Representative
	Nick LaLota; R–Amityville
Distribution	94.94% urban; 5.06% rural;
Population (2022)	775,158[1] [2]
Median household; income	$126,171[3]
Ethnicity	71.6% White; 15.5% Hispanic; 5.2% Asian; 4.3% Black; 2.7% Two or more races; 0.7% other;
Cook PVI	R+3[4]

New York's 1st congressional district is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in eastern Long Island. It includes the eastern two-thirds of Suffolk County, including the northern portion of Brookhaven, as well as the entirety of the towns of Huntington, Smithtown, Riverhead, Southold, Southampton, East Hampton, and Shelter Island. The district encompasses extremely wealthy enclaves such as the Hamptons, middle class suburban towns such as Selden, Centereach, and Lake Grove, working-class towns such as Riverhead and rural farming communities such as Mattituck and Jamesport on the North Fork. The district currently is represented by Republican Nick LaLota who lives in Amityville, outside of the district.

The district has been a swing district since the 1990s and a Republican-leaning seat since the 2010s. President George W. Bush defeated challenger John Kerry by less than one percentage point in 2004, while in 2008 and 2012, Barack Obama won the district by less than five points. In 2012, New York underwent redistricting, and the 1st district was slightly modified. In the 2014 election, Republican Lee Zeldin defeated Democratic incumbent Tim Bishop, who had represented the district since 2003. Donald Trump won the district by 12 percentage points over Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election. At the same time, Zeldin won a second term, defeating Democratic challenger Anna-Thone Holst by a margin of 15.6%, the largest margin of victory for a Republican since 1998. In 2018, Zeldin won re-election to a third term, narrowly defeating Democratic challenger Perry Gershon by 4.1%. In 2020, the district shifted back in the Democratic direction, with Trump carrying the district by only four points in the 2020 United States presidential election.

In 2022, Republican Nick LaLota defeated Democrat Bridget Fleming in the newly-redrawn district by an approximately ten-point margin. As a result, it was one of 18 districts that would have voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election had they existed in their current configuration while being won or held by a Republican in 2022.

Recent election results in nationwide races

Year	Office	Results
1992	President	GHW Bush 40–38%
1996	President	B. Clinton 51–36%
2000	President	Gore 52–44%
2004	President	GW Bush 49–49%[lower-alpha 1]
2008	President	Obama 52–48%
2012	President	Obama 50–49%
2016	President	Trump 54–42%
2020	President	Trump 51–47%

Communities within the district

Components: past and present

1823–1945:

All of Suffolk, Nassau

Parts of Queens

1945–1963:

All of Suffolk

Parts of Nassau

1963–Present:

Parts of Suffolk

List of members representing the district

1789–1813: one seat

Member	Party	Years	Cong ress	Electoral history	District counties
District established March 4, 1789
William Floyd (Brookhaven)	Anti-Administration	March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791	1st	Elected in 1789. Lost re-election.	1789–1793 Kings Queens Richmond Suffolk
Vacant		March 4, 1791 – May 1791	2nd	Representative-elect James Townsend died May 24, 1790, before his term began.
Thomas Tredwell (Smithtown)	Anti-Administration	May 1791 – March 3, 1795	2nd 3rd	Elected April 28, 1791 to finish Townsend's term. Re-elected in 1793. Moved to the 7th district and lost re-election.
Thomas Tredwell (Smithtown)	Anti-Administration	May 1791 – March 3, 1795	2nd 3rd		1793–1801 Kings Queens Suffolk
Jonathan Nicoll Havens (Shelter Island)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1795 – October 25, 1799	4th 5th 6th	Elected in 1794. Re-elected in 1796. Re-elected in 1798. Died.
Vacant		October 25, 1799 – February 27, 1800	6th
John Smith (Mastic Beach)	Democratic-Republican	February 27, 1800 – February 23, 1804	6th 7th 8th	Elected to finish Havens's term and seated February 27, 1800. Re-elected in 1800. Re-elected in 1802. Resigned.
					1801–1803 Kings Queens Richmond Suffolk
					1803–1809 Queens Suffolk
Vacant		February 23, 1804 – November 5, 1804	8th
Samuel Riker (Newtown)	Democratic-Republican	November 5, 1804 – March 3, 1805	8th	Elected to finish Smith's term. [data missing]
Eliphalet Wickes (Jamaica)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1805 – March 3, 1807	9th	Elected in 1804. [data missing]
Samuel Riker (Newtown)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1807 – March 3, 1809	10th	Elected in 1806. [data missing]
Ebenezer Sage (Sag Harbor)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1809 – March 3, 1813	11th 12th	Elected in 1808. Re-elected in 1810.	1809–1813 Kings Queens Suffolk

1813–1823: two seats

From 1809 to 1823, two seats were apportioned, elected at-large on a general ticket.

Years	Cong ress	Seat A			Seat B			Location
Years	Cong ress	Member	Party	Electoral history	Member	Party	Electoral history	Location
March 4, 1813 – March 3, 1815	13th	John Lefferts (Brooklyn)	Democratic-Republican	Elected in 1812. [data missing]	Ebenezer Sage (Sag Harbor)	Democratic-Republican	Re-elected in 1812. [data missing]	1813–1823 1st and 2nd Ward of New York County, and Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties.
March 4, 1815 – March 3, 1817	14th	Henry Crocheron (Castletown)	Democratic-Republican	Elected in 1814. [data missing]	George Townsend (Oyster Bay)	Democratic-Republican	Elected in 1814
March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1819	15th	Tredwell Scudder (Islip)	Democratic-Republican	Elected in 1816. Retired.	George Townsend (Oyster Bay)	Democratic-Republican	Re-elected in 1816. [data missing]
March 4, 1819 – January 14, 1820	16th	Silas Wood (Huntington)	Federalist	Elected in 1818. Re-elected in 1821. Became the sole representative from the district in 1823.	Vacant		Credentials had been issued for Ebenezer Sage (Dem.-Rep.), but Sage did not take or claim the seat, see 1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
January 14, 1820 – March 3, 1821	16th				James Guyon Jr. (Richmond)	Democratic-Republican	Successfully contested the election of Ebenezer Sage. [data missing]
March 4, 1821 – December 12, 1821	17th				Vacant		Credentials had been issued for Peter Sharpe (Dem.-Rep.), but Sharpe did not take or claim the seat, see 1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
December 12, 1821 – March 3, 1823	17th				Cadwallader D. Colden (New York)	Federalist	Successfully contested the election of Peter Sharpe. [data missing]

1823–present: one seat

Member	Party	Years	Cong ress	Electoral history	District location
Silas Wood (Huntington)	Federalist	March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1829	18th 19th 20th	Re-elected in 1822. Re-elected in 1824. Re-elected in 1826. Lost re-election.	1823–1833 Queens and Suffolk counties.
Silas Wood (Huntington)	Anti-Jacksonian	March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1829	18th 19th 20th
James Lent (Newtown)	Jacksonian	March 4, 1829 – February 22, 1833	21st 22nd	Elected in 1828. Re-elected in 1830. Died.
Vacant		February 22, 1833 – March 3, 1833	22nd
Abel Huntington (East Hampton)	Jacksonian	March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1837	23rd 24th	Elected in 1832. Re-elected in 1834. Lost re-election.	1833–1843 [data missing]
Thomas B. Jackson (Newtown)	Democratic	March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1841	25th 26th	Elected in 1836. Re-elected in 1838. Retired.
Charles A. Floyd (Commack)	Democratic	March 4, 1841 – March 3, 1843	27th	Elected in 1840. [data missing]
Selah B. Strong (Setauket)	Democratic	March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845	28th	Elected in 1842. Retired.	1843–1853 [data missing]
John W. Lawrence (Flushing)	Democratic	March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1847	29th	Elected in 1844. Retired.
Frederick W. Lord (Greenport)	Democratic	March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849	30th	Elected in 1846. [data missing]
John Alsop King (Jamaica)	Whig	March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1851	31st	Elected in 1848. [data missing]
John G. Floyd (Mastic )	Democratic	March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853	32nd	Elected in 1850. [data missing]
James Maurice (Maspeth)	Democratic	March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855	33rd	Elected in 1852. Retired.	1853–1863 [data missing]
William Valk (Flushing)	Know Nothing	March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1857	34th	Elected in 1854. Lost re-election.
John A. Searing (Hempstead Branch)	Democratic	March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1859	35th	Elected in 1856. Retired.
Luther C. Carter (Flushing)	Republican	March 4, 1859 – March 3, 1861	36th	Elected in 1858. Lost re-election.
Edward H. Smith (Smithtown)	Democratic	March 4, 1861 – March 3, 1863	37th	Elected in 1860. Retired.
Henry G. Stebbins (New Brighton)	Democratic	March 4, 1863 – October 24, 1864	38th	Elected in 1862. Resigned.	1863–1873 [data missing]
Vacant		October 24, 1864 – December 5, 1864
Dwight Townsend (Clifton)	Democratic	December 5, 1864 – March 3, 1865		Elected to finish Stebbins's term. [data missing]
Stephen Taber (Roslyn)	Democratic	March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1869	39th 40th	Elected in 1864. Re-elected in 1866. [data missing]
Henry A. Reeves (Greenport)	Democratic	March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1871	41st	Elected in 1868. [data missing]
Dwight Townsend (Stapleton)	Democratic	March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1873	42nd	Elected in 1870. [data missing]
Henry J. Scudder (New York)	Republican	March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1875	43rd	Elected in 1872. Retired.	1873–1885 [data missing]
Henry B. Metcalfe (Westfield)	Democratic	March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877	44th	Elected in 1874. [data missing]
James W. Covert (Flushing)	Democratic	March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1881	45th 46th	Elected in 1876. Re-elected in 1878. [data missing]
Perry Belmont (Babylon)	Democratic	March 4, 1881 – December 1, 1888	47th 48th 49th 50th	Elected in 1880. Re-elected in 1882. Re-elected in 1884. Re-elected in 1886. Resigned to become U.S. Minister to Spain.
Perry Belmont (Babylon)	Democratic	March 4, 1881 – December 1, 1888	47th 48th 49th 50th		1885–1893 Queens County, Richmond County, and Suffolk County[5]
Vacant		December 1, 1888 – March 3, 1889	50th
James W. Covert (Long Island City)	Democratic	March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1895	51st 52nd 53rd	Elected in 1888. Re-elected in 1890. Re-elected in 1892. [data missing]
James W. Covert (Long Island City)	Democratic	March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1895	51st 52nd 53rd		1893–1903 Queens County and Suffolk County[6]
Richard C. McCormick (Jamaica)	Republican	March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897	54th	Elected in 1894. Retired.
Joseph M. Belford (Riverhead)	Republican	March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1899	55th	Elected in 1896. Retired.
Townsend Scudder (Oyster Bay)	Democratic	March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1901	56th	Elected in 1898. Retired.
Frederic Storm (Queens)	Republican	March 4, 1901 – March 3, 1903	57th	Elected in 1900. Lost re-election.
Townsend Scudder (Glen Head)	Democratic	March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905	58th	Elected in 1902. Retired.	1903–1913 Queens County (partial), Suffolk County, and Nassau County[7]
William W. Cocks (Westbury)	Republican	March 4, 1905 – March 3, 1911	59th 60th 61st	Elected in 1904. Re-elected in 1906. Re-elected in 1908. Lost re-election.
Martin W. Littleton (Port Washington)	Democratic	March 4, 1911 – March 3, 1913	62nd	Elected in 1910. Retired.
Lathrop Brown (St. James)	Democratic	March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915	63rd	Elected in 1912. Lost re-election.	1913–1933 [data missing]
Vacant		March 4, 1915 – January 4, 1916	64th	The 1914 election, which was decided by only 10 votes, was tied up in the courts until December 1915.[8]
Frederick C. Hicks (Port Washington)	Republican	January 4, 1916 – March 3, 1923	64th 65th 66th 67th	Elected in 1914. Re-elected in 1916. Re-elected in 1918. Re-elected in 1920. Retired.
Robert L. Bacon (Old Westbury)	Republican	March 4, 1923 – September 12, 1938	68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th	Elected in 1922. Re-elected in 1924. Re-elected in 1926. Re-elected in 1928. Re-elected in 1930. Re-elected in 1932. Re-elected in 1934. Re-elected in 1936. Died.
Robert L. Bacon (Old Westbury)	Republican	March 4, 1923 – September 12, 1938	68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th		1933–1943 [data missing]
Vacant		September 12, 1938 – January 3, 1939	75th
Leonard W. Hall (Oyster Bay)	Republican	January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1945	76th 77th 78th	Elected in 1938. Re-elected in 1940. Re-elected in 1942. Redistricted to the 2nd congressional district.
Leonard W. Hall (Oyster Bay)	Republican	January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1945	76th 77th 78th		1943–1953 [data missing]
Edgar A. Sharp (Patchogue)	Republican	January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947	79th	Elected in 1944. Retired.
W. Kingsland Macy (Islip)	Republican	January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1951	80th 81st	Elected in 1946. Re-elected in 1948. Lost re-election.
Ernest Greenwood (Bay Shore)	Democratic	January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953	82nd	Elected in 1950. Lost re-election.
Stuyvesant Wainwright (Wainscott)	Republican	January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1961	83rd 84th 85th 86th	Elected in 1952. Re-elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1956. Re-elected in 1958. Lost re-election.	1953–1963 [data missing]
Otis G. Pike (Riverhead)	Democratic	January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1979	87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th 95th	Elected in 1960. Re-elected in 1962. Re-elected in 1964. Re-elected in 1966. Re-elected in 1968. Re-elected in 1970. Re-elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Retired.	1953–1963 [data missing]
					1963–1973 [data missing]
					1973–1983 [data missing]
William Carney (Hauppauge)	Conservative	January 3, 1979 – October 7, 1985	96th 97th 98th 99th	Elected in 1978. Re-elected in 1980. Re-elected in 1982. Re-elected in 1984. Changed parties. Retired.	1973–1983 [data missing]
William Carney (Hauppauge)	Republican	October 7, 1985 – January 3, 1987	96th 97th 98th 99th		1983–1993 [data missing]
George J. Hochbrueckner (Coram)	Democratic	January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1995	100th 101st 102nd 103rd	Elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Re-elected in 1992. Lost re-election.	1983–1993 [data missing]
George J. Hochbrueckner (Coram)	Democratic	January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1995	100th 101st 102nd 103rd		1993–2003 [data missing]
Michael Forbes (Quogue)	Republican	January 3, 1995 – July 17, 1999	104th 105th 106th	Elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Lost renomination.
Michael Forbes (Quogue)	Democratic	July 17, 1999 – January 3, 2001	104th 105th 106th
Felix Grucci (Brookhaven)	Republican	January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003	107th	Elected in 2000. Lost re-election.
Tim Bishop (Southampton)	Democratic	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2015	108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th	Elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Re-elected in 2012. Lost re-election.	2003–2013
Tim Bishop (Southampton)	Democratic	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2015	108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th		2013–2023
Lee Zeldin (Shirley)	Republican	January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2023	114th 115th 116th 117th	Elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020. Retired to run for Governor of New York.	2013–2023
Nick LaLota (Amityville)	Republican	January 3, 2023 – present	118th	Elected in 2022.	2023–2025

Recent election results

In New York State electoral politics there are numerous minor parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will invariably endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for every office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes (Listed as "Recap").

U.S. House of Representatives election, 1996: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Michael P. Forbes (Incumbent)	116,620	54.7
	Democratic	Nora L. Bredes	96,496	45.3
Majority			20,124	9.4
Turnout			213,116	100

U.S. House of Representatives election, 1998: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Michael P. Forbes (Incumbent)	99,460	64.1	9.4
	Democratic	William G. Holst	55,630	35.9	9.4
Majority			43,830	28.3	18.9
Turnout			155,090	100	27.2

U.S. House of Representatives election, 2000: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Felix Grucci	133,020	55.5	8.6
	Democratic	Regina Seltzer	97,299	40.6	4.7
	None	Michael P. Forbes (Incumbent)	6,318	2.6	2.6
	Green	William G. Holst	2,967	1.2	1.2
Majority			35,721	14.9	13.4
Turnout			239,604	100	54.5

U.S. House of Representatives election, 2002: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Timothy H. Bishop	84,276	50.2	9.6
	Republican	Felix Grucci (Incumbent)	81,524	48.6	6.9
	Green	Lorna Salzman	1,991	1.2	0.0
Majority			2,752	1.6	13.3
Turnout			167,791	100	30.0

U.S. House of Representatives election, 2004: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Timothy H. Bishop (Incumbent)	156,354	56.2	6.0
	Republican	William M. Manger, Jr.	121,855	43.8	4.8
Majority			34,499	12.4	10.8
Turnout			278,209	100	65.8

U.S. House of Representatives election, 2006: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Timothy H. Bishop (Incumbent)	104,360	62.2	6.0
	Republican	Italo Zanzi	63,328	37.8	6.0
Majority			41,032	24.5	12.1
Turnout			167,688	100	39.7

U.S. House of Representatives election, 2008: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Timothy H. Bishop (Incumbent)	162,083	58.4	3.8
	Republican	Lee M. Zeldin	115,545	41.6	3.8
Majority			46,538	16.8	7.7
Turnout			277,628	100	65.6

U.S. House of Representatives election, 2010: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Timothy H. Bishop (Incumbent)	98,316	50.2	8.2
	Republican	Randy Altschuler	97,723	49.8	8.2
Majority			593	0.4	16.4
Turnout			196,039	100	29.4

U.S. House of Representatives election, 2012: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Timothy H. Bishop (Incumbent)	132,525	52.2	2.0
	Republican	Randy Altschuler	121,478	47.8	2.0
Majority			11,047	4.3	3.9
Turnout			254,003	100	22.8

U.S. House of Representatives election, 2014: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Lee Zeldin	94,035	53.2	5.4
	Democratic	Timothy H. Bishop (Incumbent)	78,722	44.6	7.6
Majority			15,313	8.6	4.3
Turnout			176,719	100	30.4

U.S. House of Representatives election, 2016: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Lee Zeldin (Incumbent)	188,499	58.2	2.0
	Democratic	Anna Throne-Holst	135,278	41.8	5.0
Majority			53,221	15.6	7.0
Turnout			341,554	100	93.3

U.S. House of Representatives election, 2018: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Lee Zeldin (Incumbent)	139,027	51.5	3.7
	Democratic	Perry Gershon	127,991	47.4	7.8
Majority			12,036	4.1	11.5
Turnout			270,006	100	73.1

U.S. House of Representatives election, 2020: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Lee Zeldin (Incumbent)	205,714	54.86	3.36
	Democratic	Nancy Goroff	169,294	45.14	2.26
Majority			36,420	9.72	5.62
Turnout			375,116	100	38.9

U.S. House of Representatives election, 2022: New York District 1
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Nick LaLota	177,040	55.5	0.6
	Democratic	Bridget Fleming	141,907	44.49	0.6
Majority			35,133	11.0	1.2
Turnout			318,995	100	14.9

Notes

2004 margin was <1%

References

"Congressional District 1, NY". Census Reporter. 2022.
"NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS BY URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION AND LAND AREA". U.S. Census. 2010.
Center for New Media & Promotion (CNMP), US Census Bureau. "My Congressional District". www.census.gov.
"2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI) District List". The Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
Parsons, Stanley B.; Dubin, Michael J.; Parsons, Karen Toombs (1990). United States Congressional Districts, 1883-1913. ISBN 9780313264825.
Parsons, Stanley B.; Dubin, Michael J.; Parsons, Karen Toombs (1990). United States Congressional Districts, 1883-1913. ISBN 9780313264825.
Parsons, Stanley B.; Dubin, Michael J.; Parsons, Karen Toombs (1990). United States Congressional Districts, 1883-1913. ISBN 9780313264825.
"Mr. Hicks to Take Seat From First District New York". Washington Evening Star. December 24, 1915.

Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
"House Map 2012". The New York Times. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
National atlas congressional maps
"Our Campaigns - United States - New York - NY - District 01". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved January 27, 2021.

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[5] 2004 margin was <1%

[1] "Congressional District 1, NY". Census Reporter. 2022.

[2] "NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS BY URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION AND LAND AREA". U.S. Census. 2010.

[3] Center for New Media & Promotion (CNMP), US Census Bureau. "My Congressional District". www.census.gov.

[Cook-4] "2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI) District List". The Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2023.

[6] Parsons, Stanley B.; Dubin, Michael J.; Parsons, Karen Toombs (1990). United States Congressional Districts, 1883-1913. ISBN 9780313264825.

[7] Parsons, Stanley B.; Dubin, Michael J.; Parsons, Karen Toombs (1990). United States Congressional Districts, 1883-1913. ISBN 9780313264825.

[8] Parsons, Stanley B.; Dubin, Michael J.; Parsons, Karen Toombs (1990). United States Congressional Districts, 1883-1913. ISBN 9780313264825.

[9] "Mr. Hicks to Take Seat From First District New York". Washington Evening Star. December 24, 1915.