Posek

In Jewish law, a posek (Hebrew: פוסק [poˈsek], pl. poskim, פוסקים‎ [posˈkim]) is a legal scholar who determines the application of halakha, the Jewish religious laws derived from the written and Oral Torah in cases of Jewish law where previous authorities are inconclusive, or in those situations where no clear halakhic precedent exists.

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The decision of a posek is known as a psak halakha ("ruling of law"; pl. piskei halakha) or simply a "psak". Piskei halakha are generally recorded in the responsa literature.

Orthodox Judaism

Poskim play an integral role in Orthodox Judaism.

  • Generally, each community will regard one of its poskim as its Posek HaDor ("posek of the present generation").
  • Most rely on the rav in their community (in Hasidic communities, sometimes the rebbe) or the leading posek.

Poskim will generally not overrule a specific law unless based on an earlier authority: a posek will generally extend a law to new situations but will not change the Halakhah; see the article on Orthodox Judaism.

Conservative Judaism

Conservative Judaism approaches the idea of posek, and Halakha in general, somewhat differently: poskim here apply a relatively lower weighting to precedent, and will thus frequently re-interpret (or even change) a previous ruling through a formal argument; see Conservative Halakha. Although there are some "poskim" in the Conservative movement - e.g. Rabbis Louis Ginzberg, David Golinkin, Joel Roth, and Elliot Dorff - the rulings of any one individual rabbi are considered less authoritative than a consensus ruling. Thus, the Conservative movement's Rabbinical Assembly maintains a Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, whose decisions are accepted as authoritative within the American Conservative movement. At the same time, every Conservative rabbi has the right as mara d'atra to interpret Jewish law for his own community, regardless of the responsa of the Law Committee.

Progressive Judaism

Both Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism do not regard Halakha as binding.

Although Reform stresses the individual autonomy of its membership, it never completely abandoned the field of responsa literature, if only to counter its rivals' demands. Even Classical Reformers such as Rabbi David Einhorn composed some. Rabbi Solomon Freehof, and his successor Rabbi Walter Jacob, attempted to create a concept of "Progressive Halacha", authoring numerous responsa based on a methodology laying great emphasis on current sensibilities and ethical ideals. Full text collections of Reform responsa are available on the website of the Central Conference of American Rabbis.[1][2]

The Reconstructionist position is that if Jews had formed cohesive communities again, their rulings would be binding, but presently Judaism is in a "post-Halakhic state". Therefore, their basic policy is to allow tradition "a vote, not a veto" in communal and personal affairs.[3]

List of poskim and major works

In chronological order, by the year of birth, and if needed, secondarily, by year of death and surname.

Poskim of past years
Toledot HaPoskim, History of the Jewish Codes, by Chaim Tchernowitz.

Pre-20th century

Orthodox

Conservative and Reform
  • Jacob Zallel Lauterbach (1873–1942)
  • Louis Ginzberg (1873–1953), The Responsa of Professor Louis Ginzberg
  • Solomon Freehof (1892–1990), Reform Jewish Practice and its Rabbinic Background
  • Isaac Klein (1905–1979), A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice
  • Jacob Agus (1911–1986), Dialogue and Tradition

Living poskim
  • Shmuel Kamenetsky (1924- ), rosh yeshiva, Talmudical Yeshiva of Philadelphia
  • Yitzchak Abadi (1933- )
  • Dov Lior (1933- )
  • Avigdor Nebenzahl (1935- )
  • Yaakov Ariel (1937- )
  • Zephaniah Drori (1937- )
  • Zalman Baruch Melamed (1937- )
  • Yisrael Ariel (1939- )
  • Eliyahu Ben Haim (1940- )
  • Ephraim Padwa (1940-) rabbi of Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations
  • Hershel Schachter (1941- ), rosh yeshiva at RIETS
  • Shlomo Aviner (1943- )
  • Mordechai Willig (1947- ), rosh yeshiva at RIETS
  • Yitzhak Yosef (1952- ), Chief Sephardic Rabbi of the State of Israel, author of the set Yalkut Yosef
  • Yitzchak Berkovits (1953- ), rosh kollel The Jerusalem Kollel
  • Osher Weiss (1953- ), Minchas Osher
  • Eliezer Melamed (1961- )
  • Simcha Bunim Cohen (1957- ), prolific author and pulpit rabbi in Lakewood, New Jersey
  • Yisroel Dovid Harfenes author of Yisroel Vehazmanim, Mekadesh Yisroel and Nishmas Shabos
  • Pinchas Toledano, hakham of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews of the Netherlands
  • Gavriel Zinner author of the Nitei Gavriel series on halakha

See also

References
  1. Jacob, Walter (1988). Liberal Judaism and Halakhah. Rodef Shalom Press. pp. 90–94. ISBN 0-929699-00-9.
  2. Meyer, Michael A. (1993). "Changing Attitudes of Liberal Judaism toward Halakhah and Minhag". Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies. JSTOR 23536120. See a collection of CCAR Responsa.
  3. Sacks, Jonathan (1992). Crisis and Covenant: Jewish Thought After the Holocaust. Manchester University Press. p. 158. ISBN 0-7190-4203-8.

Further reading
  • Hecht, N. S.; et al. (eds.). An Introduction to the History and Sources of Jewish Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-826262-0.
  • Jacobs, Louis (1999). A Tree of Life: Diversity, Creativity, and Flexibility in Jewish Law. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization (Second ed.). ISBN 1-874774-48-X.
  • Lewittes, Mendell (1994). Jewish Law: An Introduction. Jason Aronson. ISBN 1-56821-302-6.
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