Tanager

The tanagers (singular /ˈtænəər/) comprise the bird family Thraupidae, in the order Passeriformes. The family has a Neotropical distribution and is the second-largest family of birds. It represents about 4% of all avian species and 12% of the Neotropical birds.[1]

Tanagers
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Superfamily: Emberizoidea
Family: Thraupidae
Cabanis, 1847
Type genus
Thraupis
Boie, F., 1826
Genera

Many: see text

Traditionally, the family contained around 240 species of mostly brightly colored fruit-eating birds.[2] As more of these birds were studied using modern molecular techniques, it became apparent that the traditional families were not monophyletic. Euphonia and Chlorophonia, which were once considered part of the tanager family, are now treated as members of the Fringillidae, in their own subfamily (Euphoniinae). Likewise, the genera Piranga (which includes the scarlet tanager, summer tanager, and western tanager), Chlorothraupis, and Habia appear to be members of the family Cardinalidae,[3] and have been reassigned to that family by the American Ornithological Society.[4]

Description

Tanagers are small to medium-sized birds. The shortest-bodied species, the white-eared conebill, is 9 cm (4 in) long and weighs 6 g (0.2 oz), barely smaller than the short-billed honeycreeper. The longest, the magpie tanager is 28 cm (11 in) and weighs 76 g (2.7 oz). The heaviest is the white-capped tanager, which weighs 114 g (4.02 oz) and measures about 24 cm (9.4 in). Both sexes are usually the same size and weight.

Tanagers are often brightly colored, but some species are black and white. Males are typically more brightly colored than females and juveniles. Most tanagers have short, rounded wings. The shape of the bill seems to be linked to the species' foraging habits.

Distribution

Tanagers are restricted to the Western Hemisphere and mainly to the tropics. About 60% of tanagers live in South America, and 30% of these species live in the Andes. Most species are endemic to a relatively small area.

Behavior

Most tanagers live in pairs or in small groups of three to five individuals. These groups may consist simply of parents and their offspring. These birds may also be seen in single-species or mixed flocks. Many tanagers are thought to have dull songs, though some are elaborate.

Diet

Tanagers are omnivorous, and their diets vary by genus. They have been seen eating fruits, seeds, nectar, flower parts, and insects. Many pick insects off branches or from holes in the wood. Other species look for insects on the undersides of leaves. Yet others wait on branches until they see a flying insect and catch it in the air. Many of these particular species inhabit the same areas, but these specializations alleviate competition.

Breeding

The breeding season is March through June in temperate areas and in September through October in South America. Some species are territorial, while others build their nests closer together. Little information is available on tanager breeding behavior. Males show off their brightest feathers to potential mates and rival males. Some species' courtship rituals involve bowing and tail lifting.

Most tanagers build cup nests on branches in trees. Some nests are almost globular. Entrances are usually built on the side of the nest. The nests can be shallow or deep. The species of the tree in which they choose to build their nests and the nests' positions vary among genera. Most species nest in an area hidden by very dense vegetation. No information is yet known regarding the nests of some species.

The clutch size is three to five eggs. The female incubates the eggs and builds the nest, but the male may feed the female while she incubates. Both sexes feed the young. Five species have helpers assist in feeding the young. These helpers are thought to be the previous year's nestlings.

Taxonomy

The family Thraupidae was introduced (as the subfamily Thraupinae) in 1847 by German ornithologist Jean Cabanis. The type genus is Thraupis.[5][6]

The family Thraupidae is a member of an assemblage of over 800 birds known as the New World, nine-primaried oscines. The traditional pre-molecular classification was largely based on the different feeding specializations. Nectar-feeders were placed in Coerebidae (honeycreepers), large-billed seed-eaters in Cardinalidae (cardinals and grosbeaks), smaller-billed seed-eaters in Emberizidae (New World finches and sparrows), ground-foraging insect-eaters in Icteridae (blackbirds) and fruit-eaters in Thraupidae.[1] This classification was known to be problematic as analyses using other morphological characteristics often produced conflicting phylogenies.[7] Beginning in the last decade of the 20th century, a series of molecular phylogenetic studies led to a complete reorganization of the tradition families. Thraupidae now includes large-billed seed eaters, thin-billed nectar feeders, foliage gleaners as well as fruit-eaters.[1]

One consequence of redefining the family boundaries is that for many species their common names are no longer congruent with the families in which they are placed. As of July 2020 there are 39 species with "tanager" in the common name that are not placed in Thraupidae. These include the widely distributed scarlet tanager and western tanager which are both now placed in Cardinalidae. There are also 106 species within Thraupidae that have "finch" in their common name.[8]

A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 revealed that many of the traditional genera were not monophyletic.[1] In the resulting reorganization six new genera were introduced, eleven genera were resurrected and seven genera were abandoned.[9][8]

As of July 2023 the family contains 386 species which are divided into 15 subfamilies and 105 genera.[1][8] For a complete list, see the article List of tanager species.

Catamblyrhynchinae

The plushcap has no close relatives and is now placed in its own subfamily. It was previously placed either in the subfamily Catamblyrhynchinae within the Emberizidae or in its own family Catamblyrhynchidae.[1]

ImageGenusSpecies
Catamblyrhynchus Lafresnaye, 1842

Charitospizinae

The coal-crested finch is endemic to the grasslands of Brazil and has no close relatives. It is unusual in that both sexes have a crest. It was formerly placed in Emberizidae.

ImageGenusSpecies
Charitospiza Oberholser, 1905

Orchesticinae

Two species with large thick bills. Parkerthraustes was formerly placed in Cardinalidae.

ImageGenusSpecies
Orchesticus Cabanis, 1851
Parkerthraustes Remsen, 1997

Nemosiinae

Brightly colored sexually dichromatic birds, most form single-species flocks

ImageGenusSpecies
Nemosia Vieillot, 1816
Cyanicterus Bonaparte, 1850
Sericossypha Lesson, 1844
Compsothraupis Richmond, 1915

Emberizoidinae

Grassland dwelling birds that were formerly placed in Emberizidae.

ImageGenusSpecies
Coryphaspiza G.R. Gray, 1840
Embernagra Lesson, 1831
  • Serra finch – Embernagra longicauda
  • Pampa finch – Embernagra platensis
Emberizoides Temminck, 1822
  • Wedge-tailed grass finch – Emberizoides herbicola
  • Duida grass finch – Emberizoides duidae
  • Lesser grass finch – Emberizoides ypiranganus

Porphyrospizinae

Yellow billed birds: The blue finch (Rhopospina caerulescens) was formerly placed in the Cardinalidae; the other species were formerly placed in Emberizidae.

ImageGenusSpecies
Incaspiza Ridgway, 1898
  • Great Inca finch – Incaspiza pulchra
  • Rufous-backed Inca finch – Incaspiza personata
  • Grey-winged Inca finch – Incaspiza ortizi
  • Buff-bridled Inca finch – Incaspiza laeta
  • Little Inca finch – Incaspiza watkinsi
Rhopospina Cabanis, 1851
  • Mourning sierra finch – Rhopospina fruticeti
  • Blue finch – Rhopospina caerulescens
  • Band-tailed sierra finch – Rhopospina alaudina
  • Carbonated sierra finch – Rhopospina carbonaria

Hemithraupinae

These species are sexually dichromatic and many have yellow and black plumage. Except for Heterospingus they have slender bills.

ImageGenusSpecies
Chlorophanes Reichenbach, 1853
Iridophanes Ridgway, 1901
Chrysothlypis Berlepsch, 1912
Heterospingus Ridgway, 1898
  • Sulphur-rumped tanager – Heterospingus rubrifrons
  • Scarlet-browed tanager – Heterospingus xanthopygius
Hemithraupis Cabanis, 1850
  • Guira tanager – Hemithraupis guira
  • Rufous-headed tanager – Hemithraupis ruficapilla
  • Yellow-backed tanager – Hemithraupis flavicollis

Dacninae

Sexually dichromatic species—males have blue plumage and females are green.

ImageGenusSpecies
Tersina Vieillot, 1819
Cyanerpes Oberholser, 1899
  • Short-billed honeycreeper – Cyanerpes nitidus
  • Shining honeycreeper – Cyanerpes lucidus
  • Purple honeycreeper – Cyanerpes caeruleus
  • Red-legged honeycreeperCyanerpes cyaneus
Dacnis Cuvier, 1816
  • Scarlet-breasted dacnis – Dacnis berlepschi
  • Scarlet-thighed dacnis – Dacnis venusta
  • Blue dacnisDacnis cayana
  • Yellow-bellied dacnis – Dacnis flaviventer
  • Turquoise dacnis – Dacnis hartlaubi
  • Black-faced dacnis – Dacnis lineata
  • Yellow-tufted dacnis – Dacnis egregia
  • Viridian dacnis – Dacnis viguieri
  • Black-legged dacnis – Dacnis nigripes
  • White-bellied dacnis – Dacnis albiventris

Saltatorinae

Mainly arboreal with long tails and thick bills. Formerly placed in Cardinalidae.

ImageGenusSpecies
Saltatricula Burmeister, 1861
  • Many-colored Chaco finch – Saltatricula multicolor
  • Black-throated saltator – Saltatricula atricollis
Saltator Vieillot, 1816
  • Orinoco saltator – Saltator orenocensis
  • Green-winged saltator – Saltator similis
  • Greyish saltator – Saltator coerulescens
  • Streaked saltator – Saltator striatipectus
  • Lesser Antillean saltator – Saltator albicollis
  • Buff-throated saltator – Saltator maximus
  • Black-winged saltator – Saltator atripennis
  • Black-headed saltator – Saltator atriceps
  • Black-cowled saltator – Saltator nigriceps
  • Black-throated grosbeak – Saltator fuliginosus
  • Slate-coloured grosbeak – Saltator grossus
  • Masked saltator – Saltator cinctus
  • Thick-billed saltator – Saltator maxillosus
  • Golden-billed saltator – Saltator aurantiirostris

Coerebinae

Diversity of Darwin's finches

This subfamily includes Darwin's finches that are endemic to the Galápagos Islands and Cocos Island. Most of these species were formerly placed in the Emberizidae; the exceptions are the bananaquit that was placed in the Parulidae and the orangequit that was placed in the Thraupidae. These species build domed or covered nests with side entrances. They have evolved a variety of foraging techniques, including nectar-feeding (Coereba, Euneornis), seed-eating (Geospiza, Loxigilla, Tiaris), and insect gleaning (Certhidea).[1]

ImageGenusSpecies
Coereba Vieillot, 1809
Tiaris Swainson, 1827
Euneornis Fitzinger, 1856
Melopyrrha Bonaparte, 1853
  • Puerto Rican bullfinch – Melopyrrha portoricensis (formerly placed in Loxigilla)
  • †St. Kitts bullfinch – Melopyrrha grandis
  • Greater Antillean bullfinch – Melopyrrha violacea (formerly placed in Loxigilla)
  • Cuban bullfinch – Melopyrrha nigra
  • Grand Cayman bullfinch – Melopyrrha taylori
Loxipasser Bryant, 1866
Phonipara Bonaparte, 1850
Loxigilla Lesson, 1831
  • Lesser Antillean bullfinch – Loxigilla noctis
  • Barbados bullfinch – Loxigilla barbadensis
Melanospiza Ridgway, 1897
Asemospiza Burns, Unitt, & Mason, 2016
  • Sooty grassquit – Asemospiza fuliginosa
  • Dull-coloured grassquit – Asemospiza obscura

Darwin's finches:

ImageGenusSpecies
Certhidea Gould, 1837
  • Green warbler-finch – Certhidea olivacea
  • Grey warbler-finch – Certhidea fusca
Platyspiza Ridgway, 1897
Pinaroloxias Sharpe, 1885
Camarhynchus Gould, 1837
  • Small tree finch – Camarhynchus parvulus
  • Medium tree finch – Camarhynchus pauper
  • Large tree finch – Camarhynchus psittacula
  • Woodpecker finchCamarhynchus pallidus
  • Mangrove finch – Camarhynchus heliobates
Geospiza Gould, 1837
  • Española cactus finchGeospiza conirostris
  • Sharp-beaked ground finch – Geospiza difficilis
  • Vampire ground finchGeospiza septentrionalis
  • Genovesa ground finch – Geospiza acutirostris
  • Medium ground finch – Geospiza fortis
  • Small ground finch – Geospiza fuliginosa
  • Large ground finch – Geospiza magnirostris
  • Common cactus finch – Geospiza scandens
  • Genovesa cactus finch – Geospiza propinqua

Tachyphoninae

Most of these are lowland species. Many have ornamental features such as crests, and many have sexually dichromatic plumage.[1]

ImageGenusSpecies
Volatinia Reichenbach, 1850
Conothraupis Sclater, PL, 1880
  • Black-and-white tanager – Conothraupis speculigera
  • Cone-billed tanager – Conothraupis mesoleuca
Creurgops Sclater, PL, 1858
  • Rufous-crested tanager – Creurgops verticalis
  • Slaty tanager – Creurgops dentatus
Eucometis Sclater, PL, 1856
Trichothraupis Cabanis, 1851
Heliothraupis Lane et al., 2021
  • Inti tanager – Heliothraupis oneilli
Loriotus Jarocki, 1821
  • Flame-crested tanager – Loriotus cristatus
  • Yellow-crested tanager – Loriotus rufiventer
  • White-shouldered tanager – Loriotus luctuosus
Coryphospingus Cabanis, 1851
  • Grey pileated finch – Coryphospingus pileatus
  • Red pileated finch – Coryphospingus cucullatus
Tachyphonus Vieillot, 1816
  • Fulvous-crested tanager – Tachyphonus surinamus
  • Tawny-crested tanager – Tachyphonus delatrii
  • Ruby-crowned tanager – Tachyphonus coronatus
  • White-lined tanager – Tachyphonus rufus
  • Red-shouldered tanager – Tachyphonus phoenicius
Rhodospingus Sharpe, 1888
Lanio Vieillot, 1816
  • Fulvous shrike-tanager – Lanio fulvus
  • White-winged shrike-tanager – Lanio versicolor
  • Black-throated shrike-tanager – Lanio aurantius
  • White-throated shrike-tanager – Lanio leucothorax
Ramphocelus Desmarest, 1805
  • Crimson-collared tanager – Ramphocelus sanguinolentus
  • Masked crimson tanager – Ramphocelus nigrogularis
  • Crimson-backed tanager – Ramphocelus dimidiatus
  • Huallaga tanager – Ramphocelus melanogaster
  • Silver-beaked tanager – Ramphocelus carbo
  • Brazilian tanager – Ramphocelus bresilius
  • Passerini's tanager – Ramphocelus passerinii
  • Cherrie's tanager – Ramphocelus costaricensis
  • Flame-rumped tanager – Ramphocelus flammigerus
    • Lemon-rumped tanager – R. f. icteronotus

Sporophilinae

These species were formerly placed in Emberizidae.

ImageGenusSpecies
Sporophila Cabanis, 1844
Seedeaters and seed finches (includes species previously assigned to Dolospingus and Oryzoborus) 41 species:
  • Lesson's seedeater – Sporophila bouvronides
  • Lined seedeater – Sporophila lineola
  • Cinnamon-rumped seedeater – Sporophila torqueola
  • Morelet’s seedeater – Sporophila morelleti
  • Variable seedeater – Sporophila corvina
  • Grey seedeater – Sporophila intermedia
  • Wing-barred seedeater – Sporophila americana
  • White-naped seedeater – Sporophila fringilloides
  • Black-and-white seedeater – Sporophila luctuosa
  • Double-collared seedeater – Sporophila caerulescens
  • Yellow-bellied seedeater – Sporophila nigricollis
  • Dubois's seedeater – Sporophila ardesiaca
  • Thick-billed seed finch – Sporophila funerea
  • Chestnut-bellied seed finch – Sporophila angolensis
  • Nicaraguan seed finch – Sporophila nuttingi
  • Great-billed seed finch – Sporophila maximiliani
  • Large-billed seed finch – Sporophila crassirostris
  • Black-billed seed finch – Sporophila atrirostris
  • Slate-coloured seedeater – Sporophila schistacea
  • Temminck's seedeater – Sporophila falcirostris
  • Buffy-fronted seedeater – Sporophila frontalis
  • Plumbeous seedeater – Sporophila plumbea
  • Tropeiro seedeater – Sporophila beltoni
  • Rusty-collared seedeater – Sporophila collaris
  • White-throated seedeater – Sporophila albogularis
  • White-bellied seedeater – Sporophila leucoptera
  • Parrot-billed seedeater – Sporophila peruviana
  • Chestnut-throated seedeater, Sporophila telasco
  • Drab seedeater – Sporophila simplex
  • Chestnut-bellied seedeater – Sporophila castaneiventris
  • Ruddy-breasted seedeater – Sporophila minuta
  • Copper seedeater – Sporophila bouvreuil
  • Black-and-tawny seedeater – Sporophila nigrorufa
  • Tawny-bellied seedeater – Sporophila hypoxantha
  • Dark-throated seedeater – Sporophila ruficollis
  • Pearly-bellied seedeater – Sporophila pileata
  • Rufous-rumped seedeater – Sporophila hypochroma
  • Chestnut seedeater – Sporophila cinnamomea
  • Marsh seedeater – Sporophila palustris
  • Black-bellied seedeater – Sporophila melanogaster
  • Ibera seedeater – Sporophila iberaensis

Poospizinae

Some of these species were formerly placed in Emberizidae.

ImageGenusSpecies
Piezorina Lafresnaye, 1843
Xenospingus Cabanis, 1867
Cnemoscopus Bangs & Penard, 1919
Pseudospingus Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896
  • Drab hemispingus – Pseudospingus xanthophthalmus
  • Black-headed hemispingus – Pseudospingus verticalis
Poospiza Cabanis, 1847
  • Bolivian warbling finch – Poospiza boliviana
  • Cinnamon warbling finch – Poospiza ornata
  • Black-and-rufous warbling finch – Poospiza nigrorufa
  • Black-and-chestnut warbling finch – Poospiza whitii
  • Collared warbling finch – Poospiza hispaniolensis
  • Rufous-breasted warbling finch – Poospiza rubecula
  • Tucumán mountain finch – Poospiza baeri
  • Cochabamba mountain finch – Poospiza garleppi
  • Slaty-backed hemispingus – Poospiza goeringi
  • Rufous-browed hemispingus – Poospiza rufosuperciliaris
Kleinothraupis Burns, Unitt, & Mason, 2016
  • Grey-capped hemispingus – Kleinothraupis reyi
  • Black-capped hemispingus – Kleinothraupis atropileus
  • White-browed hemispingus – Kleinothraupis auricularis
  • Orange-browed hemispingus – Kleinothraupis calophrys
  • Parodi's hemispingus – Kleinothraupis parodii
Sphenopsis Sclater, 1862
  • Oleaginous hemispingus – Sphenopsis frontalis
  • Black-eared hemispingus – Sphenopsis melanotis
  • Piura hemispingus – Sphenopsis piurae
  • Western hemispingus – Sphenopsis ochracea
Thlypopsis Cabanis, 1851
  • Fulvous-headed tanager – Thlypopsis fulviceps
  • Rufous-chested tanager – Thlypopsis ornata
  • Brown-flanked tanager – Thlypopsis pectoralis
  • Orange-headed tanagerThlypopsis sordida
  • Buff-bellied tanager – Thlypopsis inornata
  • Rust-and-yellow tanager – Thlypopsis ruficeps
Castanozoster Burns, Unitt, & Mason, 2016
  • Bay-chested warbling finch – Castanozoster thoracicus
Donacospiza Cabanis, 1851
Cypsnagra Lesson, R, 1831
Poospizopsis Berlepsch, 1893
  • Rufous-sided warbling finch – Poospizopsis hypocondria
  • Chestnut-breasted mountain finch – Poospizopsis caesar
Urothraupis Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885
Nephelornis Lowery & Tallman, 1976
Microspingus Taczanowski, 1874
  • Buff-throated warbling finch – Microspingus lateralis
  • Grey-throated warbling finch – Microspingus cabanisi
  • Rusty-browed warbling finch – Microspingus erythrophrys
  • Plain-tailed warbling finch – Microspingus alticola
  • Ringed warbling finch – Microspingus torquatus
  • Three-striped hemispingus – Microspingus trifasciatus
  • Black-capped warbling finch – Microspingus melanoleucus
  • Cinereous warbling finch – Microspingus cinereus

Diglossinae

This is a morphologically diverse group that includes seed-eaters (Nesospiza, Sicalis, Catamenia, Haplospiza), arthropod feeders (Conirostrum), a bamboo specialist (Acanthidops), an aphid feeder (Xenodacnis), and boulder field specialists (Idiopsar). Many species live at high altitudes. Conirostrum was previously placed in Parulidae, Diglossa was placed in Thraupidae and the remaining genera were placed in Emberizidae.[1]

ImageGenusSpecies
Conirostrum d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838
  • Chestnut-vented conebill – Conirostrum speciosum
  • White-eared conebill – Conirostrum leucogenys
  • Bicolored conebill – Conirostrum bicolor
  • Pearly-breasted conebill – Conirostrum margaritae
  • Cinereous conebill – Conirostrum cinereum
  • Tamarugo conebill – Conirostrum tamarugense
  • White-browed conebill – Conirostrum ferrugineiventre
  • Rufous-browed conebill – Conirostrum rufum
  • Blue-backed conebill – Conirostrum sitticolor
  • Capped conebill – Conirostrum albifrons
Sicalis F. Boie, 1828
13 species
  • Stripe-tailed yellow finch – Sicalis citrina
  • Sulphur-throated finch – Sicalis taczanowskii
  • Bright-rumped yellow finch – Sicalis uropygialis
  • Saffron finch – Sicalis flaveola
  • Orange-fronted yellow finch – Sicalis columbiana
  • Grassland yellow finchSicalis luteola
  • Citron-headed yellow finch – Sicalis luteocephala
  • Patagonian yellow finch – Sicalis lebruni
  • Greenish yellow finch – Sicalis olivascens
  • Monte yellow finch – Sicalis mendozae
  • Greater yellow finch – Sicalis auriventris
  • Raimondi's yellow finch – Sicalis raimondii
  • Puna yellow finch – Sicalis lutea
Phrygilus Cabanis, 1844
  • Black-hooded sierra finch – Phrygilus atriceps
  • Peruvian sierra finch – Phrygilus punensis
  • Grey-hooded sierra finch – Phrygilus gayi
  • Patagonian sierra finch – Phrygilus patagonicus
Nesospiza Cabanis, 1873
  • Inaccessible Island finch – Nesospiza acunhae
  • Nightingale Island finch – Nesospiza questi
  • Wilkins's finch – Nesospiza wilkinsi
Rowettia Lowe, 1923
Melanodera Bonaparte, 1850
  • White-bridled finch – Melanodera melanodera
  • Yellow-bridled finch – Melanodera xanthogramma
Geospizopsis Bonaparte, 1856
  • Plumbeous sierra finch – Geospizopsis unicolor
  • Ash-breasted sierra finch – Geospizopsis plebejus
Haplospiza Cabanis, 1851
  • Slaty finch – Haplospiza rustica
  • Uniform finch – Haplospiza unicolor
Acanthidops Ridgway, 1882
Xenodacnis Cabanis, 1873
  • Tit-like dacnis – Xenodacnis parina
  • Streaked dacnis – Xenodacnis petersi
Idiopsar Cassin, 1867
  • Red-backed sierra finch – Idiopsar dorsalis
  • White-throated sierra finch – Idiopsar erythronotus
  • Glacier finch – Idiopsar speculifer
  • Boulder finch – Idiopsar brachyurus
Catamenia Bonaparte, 1850
  • Band-tailed seedeater – Catamenia analis
  • Plain-colored seedeater – Catamenia inornata
  • Paramo seedeater – Catamenia homochroa
Diglossa Wagler, 1832
18 species
  • Golden-eyed flowerpiercer – Diglossa glauca
  • Bluish flowerpiercer – Diglossa caerulescens
  • Masked flowerpiercer – Diglossa cyanea
  • Indigo flowerpiercer – Diglossa indigotica
  • Rusty flowerpiercer – Diglossa sittoides
  • Slaty flowerpiercer – Diglossa plumbea
  • Cinnamon-bellied flowerpiercer – Diglossa baritula
  • Moustached flowerpiercer – Diglossa mystacalis
  • Glossy flowerpiercer – Diglossa lafresnayii
  • Chestnut-bellied flowerpiercer – Diglossa gloriosissima
  • Scaled flowerpiercer – Diglossa duidae
  • Greater flowerpiercer – Diglossa major
  • Venezuelan flowerpiercer – Diglossa venezuelensis
  • White-sided flowerpiercer – Diglossa albilatera
  • Grey-bellied flowerpiercer – Diglossa carbonaria
  • Black-throated flowerpiercer, Diglossa brunneiventris
  • Mérida flowerpiercer – Diglossa gloriosa
  • Black flowerpiercer – Diglossa humeralis

Thraupinae

Typical tanagers

ImageGenusSpecies
Calochaetes Sclater, PL, 1879
Iridosornis Lesson, 1844
  • Purplish-mantled tanager – Iridosornis porphyrocephalus
  • Yellow-throated tanager – Iridosornis analis
  • Golden-collared tanager – Iridosornis jelskii
  • Golden-crowned tanager – Iridosornis rufivertex
  • Yellow-scarfed tanager – Iridosornis reinhardti
Rauenia Wolters, 1980
Pipraeidea Swainson, 1827
Pseudosaltator K.J. Burns, Unitt & N.A. Mason, 2016
Dubusia Bonaparte, 1850
  • Buff-breasted mountain tanager – Dubusia taeniata
  • Carriker's mountain tanager – Dubusia carrikeri
  • Streak-crowned mountain tanager – Dubusia stictocephala
  • Chestnut-bellied mountain tanager – Dubusia castaneoventris
Buthraupis Cabanis, 1851
Sporathraupis Ridgway, 1898
  • Blue-capped tanager – Sporathraupis cyanocephala
Tephrophilus R. T. Moore, 1934
  • Masked mountain tanager – Tephrophilus wetmorei
Chlorornis Reichenbach, 1850
Cnemathraupis Penard, 1919
  • Black-chested mountain tanager – Cnemathraupis eximia
  • Golden-backed mountain tanager – Cnemathraupis aureodorsalis
Anisognathus Reichenbach, 1850
  • Santa Marta mountain tanager – Anisognathus melanogenys
  • Lacrimose mountain tanager – Anisognathus lacrymosus
  • Scarlet-bellied mountain tanager – Anisognathus igniventris
  • Blue-winged mountain tanager – Anisognathus somptuosus
  • Black-chinned mountain tanager – Anisognathus notabilis
Chlorochrysa Bonaparte, 1851
  • Glistening-green tanager – Chlorochrysa phoenicotis
  • Orange-eared tanager – Chlorochrysa calliparaea
  • Multicoloured tanager – Chlorochrysa nitidissima
Wetmorethraupis Lowery & O'Neill, 1964
Bangsia Penard, 1919
  • Blue-and-gold tanager – Bangsia arcaei
  • Black-and-gold tanager – Bangsia melanochlamys
  • Golden-chested tanager – Bangsia rothschildi
  • Moss-backed tanager – Bangsia edwardsi
  • Gold-ringed tanager – Bangsia aureocincta
  • Yellow-green tanager – Bangsia flavovirens
Lophospingus Cabanis, 1878
  • Grey-crested finch – Lophospingus griseocristatus
  • Black-crested finch – Lophospingus pusillus
Neothraupis Hellmayr, 1936
Diuca Reichenbach, 1850
Gubernatrix Lesson, 1837
Stephanophorus Strickland, 1841
Cissopis Vieillot, 1816
  • Magpie tanager – Cissopis leverianus
Schistochlamys Reichenbach, 1850
  • Cinnamon tanager – Schistochlamys ruficapillus
  • Black-faced tanager – Schistochlamys melanopis
Paroaria Bonaparte, 1832
  • Red-crested cardinalParoaria coronata
  • Red-cowled cardinal – Paroaria dominicana
  • Red-capped cardinal – Paroaria gularis
  • Masked cardinal – Paroaria nigrogenis
  • Crimson-fronted cardinal – Paroaria baeri
  • Yellow-billed cardinal – Paroaria capitata
Ixothraupis Bonaparte, 1851
  • Dotted tanager – Ixothraupis varia
  • Rufous-throated tanager – Ixothraupis rufigula
  • Spotted tanager – Ixothraupis punctata
  • Speckled tanager – Ixothraupis guttata
  • Yellow-bellied tanager – Ixothraupis xanthogastra
Chalcothraupis Bonaparte, 1851
  • Golden-naped tanager – Chalcothraupis ruficervix
Poecilostreptus Burns, KJ, Unitt, & Mason, NA, 2016
  • Azure-rumped tanager – Poecilostreptus cabanisi
  • Grey-and-gold tanager – Poecilostreptus palmeri
Thraupis F. Boie, 1826
  • Blue-grey tanagerThraupis episcopus
  • Glaucous tanager – Thraupis glaucocolpa
  • Sayaca tanager – Thraupis sayaca
  • Azure-shouldered tanager – Thraupis cyanoptera
  • Golden-chevroned tanager – Thraupis ornata
  • Blue-capped tanager – Thraupis cyanocephala
  • Blue-and-yellow tanagerThraupis bonariensis
    • Darwin's tanager – T. b. darwinii
  • Yellow-winged tanager – Thraupis abbas
  • Palm tanager – Thraupis palmarum
Stilpnia Burns, KJ, Unitt, & Mason, NA, 2016
14 species
  • Black-headed tanager – Stilpnia cyanoptera
  • Silver-backed tanager – Stilpnia viridicollis
  • Sira tanager – Stilpnia phillipsi
  • Straw-backed tanager – Stilpnia argyrofenges
  • Black-capped tanagerStilpnia heinei
  • Golden-hooded tanager – Stilpnia larvata
  • Blue-necked tanager – Stilpnia cyanicollis
  • Masked tanager – Stilpnia nigrocincta
  • Black-backed tanager – Stilpnia peruviana
  • Chestnut-backed tanager – Stilpnia preciosa
  • Green-capped tanager – Stilpnia meyerdeschauenseei
  • Scrub tanager – Stilpnia vitriolina
  • Burnished-buff tanager – Stilpnia cayana
  • Lesser Antillean tanager – Stilpnia cucullata
Tangara Brisson, 1760
28 species
  • Blue-and-black tanagerTangara vassorii
  • Beryl-spangled tanager – Tangara nigroviridis
  • Spangle-cheeked tanager – Tangara dowii
  • Green-naped tanager – Tangara fucosa
  • Blue-browed tanager – Tangara cyanotis
  • Rufous-cheeked tanager – Tangara rufigenis
  • Metallic-green tanager – Tangara labradorides
  • Bay-headed tanager – Tangara gyrola
  • Rufous-throated tanager – Tangara rufigula
  • Golden-eared tanager – Tangara chrysotis
  • Saffron-crowned tanagerTangara xanthocephala
  • Flame-faced tanagerTangara parzudakii
  • Blue-whiskered tanager – Tangara johannae
  • Green-and-gold tanager – Tangara schrankii
  • Golden tanagerTangara arthus
  • Emerald tanagerTangara florida
  • Silver-throated tanagerTangara icterocephala
  • Seven-coloured tanager – Tangara fastuosa
  • Green-headed tanager – Tangara seledon
  • Red-necked tanager – Tangara cyanocephala
  • Brassy-breasted tanager – Tangara desmaresti
  • Gilt-edged tanager – Tangara cyanoventris
  • Plain-coloured tanager – Tangara inornata
  • Turquoise tanager – Tangara mexicana
  • White-bellied tanager – Tangara brasiliensis
  • Paradise tanager – Tangara chilensis
  • Opal-crowned tanager – Tangara callophrys
  • Opal-rumped tanager – Tangara velia

Genera formerly placed in Thraupidae

Passerellidae – New World sparrows[10]

  • Chlorospingus – eight species - bush-tanagers
  • Oreothraupis – tanager finch

Cardinalidae – cardinals[11][7]

  • Piranga – 9 species - northern tanagers
  • Habia – five species - ant-tanagers or habias
  • Chlorothraupis – three species
  • Amaurospiza – four species

Fringillidae – subfamily Euphoniinae

  • Euphonia – 27 species
  • Chlorophonia – five species

Phaenicophilidae – Hispaniolan tanagers[10][12]

  • Microligea – green-tailed warbler
  • Xenoligea – white-winged warbler
  • Phaenicophilus – two species

Mitrospingidae – Mitrospingid tanagers[10]

Nesospingidae

Spindalidae

Calyptophilidae

  • Calyptophilus – two species - chat-tanagers[10][12]

Rhodinocichlidae

References

  1. Burns, K.J.; Shultz, A.J.; Title, P.O.; Mason, N.A.; Barker, F.K.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 75: 41–77. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006. PMID 24583021.
  2. Storer, Robert W. (1970). "Subfamily Thraupinae". In Paynter, Raymond A. Jr (ed.). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 246–408.
  3. Yuri, T.; Mindell, D. P. (May 2002). "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, "New World nine-primaried oscines" (Aves: Passeriformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (2): 229–243. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00012-X. PMID 12069553.
  4. "Family: Cardinalidae". American Ornithological Society. Retrieved Feb 1, 2019.
  5. Cabanis, Jean (1847). "Ornithologische Notizen". Archiv für Naturgeschichte (in German). 13: 186–256, 308–352 [316].
  6. Melville, R.V. (1977). "Opinion 1069 Correction of entry in official list of family-group names in zoology for name number 428 (Thraupidae)". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 33 (3/4): 162–164.
  7. Klicka, J.; Burns, K.; Spellman, G. M. (2007). "Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (3): 1014–1032. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.006. PMID 17920298.
  8. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  9. Burns, K.J.; Unitt, P.; Mason, N.A. (2016). "A genus-level classification of the family Thraupidae (Class Aves: Order Passeriformes)". Zootaxa. 4088 (3): 329–354. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4088.3.2. PMID 27394344.
  10. Barker, F.K.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2013). "Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds". Systematic Biology. 62 (2): 298–320. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys094. PMID 23229025.
  11. Burns, K.J.; Hackett, S.J.; Klein, N.K. (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical honeycreepers and the evolution of feeding morphology". Journal of Avian Biology. 34 (4): 360–370. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2003.03171.x.
  12. Barker, F.K.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2015). "New insights into New World biogeography: An integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies". The Auk. 132 (2): 333–348. doi:10.1642/AUK-14-110.1.

Further reading

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