Zosterops

Zosterops
	Z. palpebrosus egregius, Sri Lanka
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Zosteropidae
Genus:	Zosterops; Vigors & Horsfield, 1827
Type species
	Motacilla maderaspatana (Malagasy white-eye); Linnaeus, 1766
Species
	See text

Zosterops (meaning "eye-girdle") is a genus of passerine birds containing the typical white-eyes in the white-eye family Zosteropidae. The genus has the largest number of species in the white-eye family. They occur in the Afrotropical, Indomalayan, and Australasian realms. Typical white-eyes have a length of between 8 and 15 cm (3 and 6 in). Their most characteristic feature is a conspicuous white feather ring around the eye, though some species lack it. The species in this group vary in the structural adaptations of the tongue.[1] The Zosterops [griseotinctus] group is an example of a "great speciator" inhabiting a vast area and showing a remarkable morphological differentiation on islands, some of which maybe as close as 2 km (1.2 mi) apart.[2]

Systematics

The genus Zosterops was introduced by the naturalists Nicholas Vigors and Thomas Horsfield in 1827.[3] The name combines the Ancient Greek words zōstēros "belt" or "girdle" and ōpos "eye".[4] The type species was designated as the Malagasy white-eye by René Lesson in 1828.[5][6]

The results of a series of molecular phylogenetic studies of the Zosteropidae published between 2014 and 2018 prompted a major revision of species limits, in which 10 new genera were introduced. In the reorganisation, the English names of three of the existing genera were replaced.[7][8][9][10][11]

Additionally, a study on Sri Lanka white-eyes (Zosterops ceylonensis) and Indian white-eyes (Zosterops palpebrosus) suggests that the Sri Lanka white-eye is the root species and the origin of all Zosterops species.[12] This raises questions upon the former theory of Southeast Asian origin.

Species

Black-capped white-eye
Z. atricapilla

Mauritius grey white-eye
Zosterops mauritianus).jpg

Mauritius olive white-eye
Zosterops chloronothos).jpg

There are over 100 species in the genus. This includes three species (denoted by a dagger † in the list below) that have become extinct since the 16th century.[11]

Sri Lanka white-eye (Zosterops ceylonensis)
Yellowish white-eye (Zosterops nigrorum)
Black-capped white-eye (Zosterops atricapilla)
Abyssinian white-eye (Zosterops abyssinicus)
Pale white-eye (Zosterops flavilateralis)
Mbulu white-eye (Zosterops mbuluensis) – split from Z. poliogastrus
Chestnut-flanked white-eye (Zosterops erythropleurus)
Swinhoe's white-eye (Zosterops simplex) – split from Z. japonicus
Mountain blackeye (Zosterops emiliae)
Warbling white-eye (Zosterops japonicus) – includes Japanese white-eye and mountain white-eye
Indian white-eye (Zosterops palpebrosus) – formerly oriental white-eye
Lowland white-eye (Zosterops meyeni)
† Marianne white-eye (Zosterops semiflavus)
Karthala white-eye (Zosterops mouroniensis)
Réunion olive white-eye (Zosterops olivaceus)
Mauritius olive white-eye (Zosterops chloronothos)
Réunion grey white-eye (Zosterops borbonicus)
Mauritius grey white-eye (Zosterops mauritianus)
Mount Cameroon speirops (Zosterops melanocephalus)
Forest white-eye (Zosterops stenocricotus)
Green white-eye (Zosterops stuhlmanni) – split from Z. poliogastrus
Broad-ringed white-eye (Zosterops eurycricotus) – split from Z. poliogastrus
Fernando Po speirops (Zosterops brunneus)
Heuglin's white-eye (Zosterops poliogastrus) – formerly montane white-eye
Kikuyu white-eye (Zosterops kikuyuensis)
Socotra white-eye (Zosterops socotranus) – split from Z. abyssinicus
Príncipe white-eye (Zosterops ficedulinus)
Annobón white-eye (Zosterops griseovirescens)
São Tomé white-eye (Zosterops feae)
Black-capped speirops (Zosterops lugubris)
Príncipe speirops (Zosterops leucophaeus)
Taita white-eye (Zosterops silvanus)
Northern yellow white-eye (Zosterops senegalensis) – formerly African yellow white-eye
Orange River white-eye (Zosterops pallidus)
South Pare white-eye (Zosterops winifredae) – split from Z. poliogastrus
Cape white-eye (Zosterops virens)
Southern yellow white-eye (Zosterops anderssoni) – split from Z. senegalensis
Pemba white-eye (Zosterops vaughani)
Seychelles white-eye (Zosterops modestus)
Anjouan white-eye (Zosterops anjuanensis)
Moheli white-eye (Zosterops comorensis)
Malagasy white-eye (Zosterops maderaspatanus)
Meratus white-eye (Zosterops meratusensis)
Aldabra white-eye (Zosterops aldabrensis) – split from Z. maderaspatanus
Kirk's white-eye (Zosterops kirki)
Mayotte white-eye (Zosterops mayottensis)
Lemon-bellied white-eye (Zosterops chloris)
Wakatobi white-eye (Zosterops flavissimus) – split from Z. chloris
Black-crowned white-eye (Zosterops atrifrons)
Sangihe white-eye(Zosterops nehrkorni)
Pale-bellied white-eye (Zosterops consobrinorum)
Togian white-eye (Zosterops somadikartai)
Black-ringed white-eye (Zosterops anomalus)
Green-fronted white-eye (Zosterops minor)
Black-fronted white-eye (Zosterops chrysolaemus) – split from Z. minor[13]
Tagula white-eye (Zosterops meeki)
Morotai white-eye (Zosterops dehaani) – split from Z. atriceps
Cream-throated white-eye (Zosterops atriceps)
Buru white-eye (Zosterops buruensis)
Seram white-eye (Zosterops stalkeri)
Javan white-eye (Zosterops flavus)
Ashy-bellied white-eye (Zosterops citrinella)
Canary white-eye (Zosterops luteus)
Silvereye (Zosterops lateralis)
Hume's white-eye (Zosterops auriventer) – split from Z. poliogastrus
Sangkar white-eye (Zosterops melanurus) – split from Z. palpebrosus
Everett's white-eye (Zosterops everetti)
Vella Lavella white-eye (Zosterops vellalavella)
Santa Cruz white-eye (Zosterops sanctaecrucis)
Capped white-eye (Zosterops fuscicapilla)
Oya Tabu white-eye (Zosterops crookshanki) – split from Z. fuscicapilla[13]
Vanuatu white-eye (Zosterops flavifrons)
Bare-eyed white-eye (Zosterops superciliosus)
Sanford's white-eye (Zosterops lacertosus)
Vanikoro white-eye (Zosterops gibbsi)
Fiji white-eye (Zosterops explorator)
Bismarck white-eye (Zosterops hypoxanthus)
Biak white-eye (Zosterops mysorensis)
Bougainville white-eye (Zosterops hamlini) – split from Z. rendovae[13]
Guadalcanal white-eye (Zosterops oblitus) – split from Z. rendovae[13]
Grey-throated white-eye (Zosterops rendovae)
Olive-colored white-eye (Zosterops oleagineus)
Dusky white-eye (Zosterops finschii)
Grey-brown white-eye (Zosterops ponapensis)
Kosrae white-eye (Zosterops cinereus)
Rota white-eye (Zosterops rotensis)
Yellow-throated white-eye (Zosterops metcalfii)
Malaita white-eye (Zosterops stresemanni)
Papuan white-eye (Zosterops novaeguineae)
Ambon white-eye (Zosterops kuehni)
Pearl-bellied white-eye (Zosterops grayi)
Gizo white-eye (Zosterops luteirostris)
Golden-bellied white-eye (Zosterops uropygialis)
Ranongga white-eye (Zosterops splendidus)
Solomons white-eye (Zosterops kulambangrae)
Dark-eyed white-eye (Zosterops tetiparius)
Christmas white-eye (Zosterops natalis)
Bridled white-eye (Zosterops conspicillatus)
Citrine white-eye (Zosterops semperi)
Plain white-eye (Zosterops hypolais)
Wangi Wangi white eye (Zosterops paruhbesar)[14]
Louisiade white-eye (Zosterops griseotinctus)
Kolombangara white-eye (Zosterops murphyi)
Large Lifou white-eye (Zosterops inornatus)
† White-chested white-eye (Zosterops albogularis)
Samoan white-eye (Zosterops samoensis)
† Robust white-eye (Zosterops strenuus)
Slender-billed white-eye (Zosterops tenuirostris)
Small Lifou white-eye (Zosterops minutus)
Green-backed white-eye (Zosterops xanthochroa)
Rennell white-eye (Zosterops rennellianus)

References

Moreau, R. E.; Perrins, M.; Hughes, J. T. (1969). "Tongues of the Zosteropidae (white-eyes)". Ardea. 57: 29–47.
Moyle, R. G.; Filardi, C. E.; Smith, C. E.; Diamond, J. (2009). "Explosive Pleistocene diversification and hemispheric expansion of a "great speciator"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (6): 1863–1868. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.1863M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809861105. PMC 2644129. PMID 19181851.
Vigors, Nicholas Aylward; Horsfield, Thomas (1827). "Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (in English and Latin). 15 (1): 170–334 [234]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x. The title page is dated 1826.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 414. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Lesson, René P. (1828). Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Description des genres et des principales espèces d'oiseaux (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Roret. p. 286.
Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 290.
Cox, S.C.; Prys-Jones, R.P.; Habel, J.C.; Amakobe, B.A.; Day, J.J. (2014). "Niche divergence promotes rapid diversification of East African sky island white-eyes (Aves: Zosteropidae)". Molecular Ecology. 23 (16): 4103–4118. doi:10.1111/mec.12840. PMC 4255762. PMID 24954273.
Wells, D.R. (2017). "Zosterops white-eyes in continental South-East Asia. 1: proposed refinements to the regional definition of Oriental White-eye Z. palpebrosus". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 137 (2): 100–109. doi:10.25226/bboc.v137i2.2017.a12.
Wells, D.R. (2017). "Zosterops white-eyes in continental South-East Asia. 2: what is Zosterops auriventer Hume?". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 137 (2): 110–117. doi:10.25226/bboc.v137i2.2017.a13.
Lim, B.T.M.; Sadanandan, K.R.; Dingle, C.; Leung, Y.Y.; Prawiradilaga, D.M.; Irham, M.; Ashari, H.; Lee, J.G.H.; Rheindt, F.E. (2018). "Molecular evidence suggests radical revision of species limits in the great speciator white‑eye genus Zosterops". Journal of Ornithology. 160: 1–16. doi:10.1007/s10336-018-1583-7. S2CID 254162519.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Sylviid babblers, parrotbills, white-eyes". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
Wickramasinghe, Nelum; Robin, V. V.; Ramakrishnan, Uma; Reddy, Sushma; Seneviratne, Sampath S. (2017). "Non-sister Sri Lankan white-eyes (genus Zosterops) are a result of independent colonizations". PLOS ONE. 12 (8): e0181441. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181441. PMC 5549887. PMID 28792950.
"Species Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-05-28.
Anderson, Natali (2022-10-21). "Newly-Described Bird Species is Endemic to Indonesian Island | Sci.News". Sci.News: Breaking Science News. Retrieved 2022-10-22.

External links

Zosterops photos & videos on the Internet Bird Collection

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[1] Moreau, R. E.; Perrins, M.; Hughes, J. T. (1969). "Tongues of the Zosteropidae (white-eyes)". Ardea. 57: 29–47.

[2] Moyle, R. G.; Filardi, C. E.; Smith, C. E.; Diamond, J. (2009). "Explosive Pleistocene diversification and hemispheric expansion of a "great speciator"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (6): 1863–1868. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.1863M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809861105. PMC 2644129. PMID 19181851.

[3] Vigors, Nicholas Aylward; Horsfield, Thomas (1827). "Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (in English and Latin). 15 (1): 170–334 [234]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x. The title page is dated 1826.

[4] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 414. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[5] Lesson, René P. (1828). Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Description des genres et des principales espèces d'oiseaux (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Roret. p. 286.

[6] Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 290.

[7] Cox, S.C.; Prys-Jones, R.P.; Habel, J.C.; Amakobe, B.A.; Day, J.J. (2014). "Niche divergence promotes rapid diversification of East African sky island white-eyes (Aves: Zosteropidae)". Molecular Ecology. 23 (16): 4103–4118. doi:10.1111/mec.12840. PMC 4255762. PMID 24954273.

[8] Wells, D.R. (2017). "Zosterops white-eyes in continental South-East Asia. 1: proposed refinements to the regional definition of Oriental White-eye Z. palpebrosus". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 137 (2): 100–109. doi:10.25226/bboc.v137i2.2017.a12.

[9] Wells, D.R. (2017). "Zosterops white-eyes in continental South-East Asia. 2: what is Zosterops auriventer Hume?". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 137 (2): 110–117. doi:10.25226/bboc.v137i2.2017.a13.

[10] Lim, B.T.M.; Sadanandan, K.R.; Dingle, C.; Leung, Y.Y.; Prawiradilaga, D.M.; Irham, M.; Ashari, H.; Lee, J.G.H.; Rheindt, F.E. (2018). "Molecular evidence suggests radical revision of species limits in the great speciator white‑eye genus Zosterops". Journal of Ornithology. 160: 1–16. doi:10.1007/s10336-018-1583-7. S2CID 254162519.

[ioc-11] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Sylviid babblers, parrotbills, white-eyes". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 September 2021.

[12] Wickramasinghe, Nelum; Robin, V. V.; Ramakrishnan, Uma; Reddy, Sushma; Seneviratne, Sampath S. (2017). "Non-sister Sri Lankan white-eyes (genus Zosterops) are a result of independent colonizations". PLOS ONE. 12 (8): e0181441. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181441. PMC 5549887. PMID 28792950.

[:0-13] "Species Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-05-28.

[14] Anderson, Natali (2022-10-21). "Newly-Described Bird Species is Endemic to Indonesian Island | Sci.News". Sci.News: Breaking Science News. Retrieved 2022-10-22.