gamma ray

Examples of gamma ray in the following topics:

• Electromagnetic Spectrum

  • Frequencies observed in astronomy range from 2.4×1023 Hz (1 GeV gamma rays) down to the local plasma frequency of the ionized interstellar medium (~1 kHz).
  • Generally, electromagnetic radiation is classified by wavelength into radio wave, microwave, terahertz (or sub-millimeter) radiation, infrared, the visible region we perceive as light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
  • Gamma rays: Energetic ejection of core electrons in heavy elements, Compton scattering (for all atomic numbers), excitation of atomic nuclei, including dissociation of nuclei.
  • High-energy gamma rays: Creation of particle-antiparticle pairs.
  • Dr Atkinson soon moved on to the un-needed gamma rays and improved them to delta rays!

• Modes of Radioactive Decay

  • Alpha particles carry a positive charge, beta particles carry a negative charge, and gamma rays are neutral.
  • Likewise, gamma radiation and X-rays were found to be similar high-energy electromagnetic radiation.
  • Some decay reactions release energy in the form of electromagnetic waves called gamma rays.
  • However, unlike visible light, humans cannot see gamma rays, because they have a much higher frequency and energy than visible light.
  • Gamma rays can only be reduced by much more substantial mass, such as a very thick layer of lead.

• The Electromagnetic Spectrum

  • This electromagnetic spectrum ranges from very short wavelengths (including gamma and x-rays) to very long wavelengths (including microwaves and broadcast radio waves).

• Isotopes

  • The new atoms created may be in a high energy state and emit gamma rays which lowers the energy but alone does not change the atom into another isotope.
  • Carbon-14 (14C) is a naturally-occurring radioisotope that is created from atmospheric 14N (nitrogen) by the addition of a neutron and the loss of a proton, which is caused by cosmic rays.

• Nuclear Binding Energy and Mass Defect

  • When a large nucleus splits into pieces, excess energy is emitted as photons, or gamma rays, and as kinetic energy, as a number of different particles are ejected.

• Determining Atomic Structures by X-Ray Crystallography

  • X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of atoms within molecules.
  • X-ray crystallography is a method for determining the arrangement of atoms within a crystal structure.
  • The crystal is typically rotated with respect to different axes and shot again with X-rays, so that diffraction patterns from all angles of the X-rays hitting the crystal are recorded.
  • When bombarded with x-ray radiation, crystals exhibit a characteristic diffraction pattern.
  • An X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystallized protein molecule.

• Cathode Rays

  • Electrons were first discovered as the constituents of cathode rays.
  • These were the cathode rays.
  • Eugene Goldstein named them cathode rays.
  • It was used in discovery of cathode rays.
  • Connect the two electrodes to a high voltage source and see them produce cathode rays.

• Discovery of Radioactivity

  • This means that rays carry energy, but pitchblende emits them continuously without any energy input.
  • It was soon evident that Becquerel's rays originated in the nuclei of the atoms.
  • The emission of these rays is called nuclear radioactivity, or simply radioactivity.
  • The rays are called nuclear radiation.
  • In 1898, Marie Curie began her doctoral study of Becquerel's rays.

• Elemental Boron

  • Boron is produced by cosmic ray spallation, is a metalloid, and is essential to life.
  • Boron is produced entirely by cosmic ray spallation (as a result of nuclear reactions), and not by stellar nucleosynthesis (not within stars as a result of fusion or supernovae).

• Substitution of the Hydroxyl Hydrogen

  • Five-membered (gamma) and six-membered (delta) lactones are most commonly formed.