vascular

Examples of vascular in the following topics:

• Vascular Spasm

  • The vasoconstriction response is triggered by factors such as a direct injury to vascular smooth muscle, signaling molecules released by injured endothelial cells and activated platelets (such as thromboxane A2), and nervous system reflexes initiated by local pain receptors.
  • Vascular spasm is much more effective at slowing the flow of blood in smaller blood vessels.
  • During inflammation, vasodilation occur, along with increased vascular permeability and leukocyte chemotaxis, ending the spasm of vasoconstriction and hemostasis as wound healing begins.

• Inflammation

  • Inflammation is part of the biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli.
  • Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, injury or trauma, and irritants.
  • They are vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and migration of leukocytes to the effected tissues.
  • The next step of acute inflammation is an increase in vascular permeability due to inflammatory mediator activity, which causes the blood vessels to become more leaky.
  • Other inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-alpha and IL-1 increase the expression of adhesion molecules on cells in the vascular endothelial cells.

• Nerve and Blood Supply

  • Synovial joints are highly innervated but vascularized indirectly by nearby tissues.
  • Numerous vessels from this plexus pierce the fibrous capsule and form a rich vascular plexus in the deeper part of the synovial membrane.

• Ischium

  • Two indentations run parallel to the spine, superiorly the greater sciatic notch and inferiorly the lesser sciatic notch, through which key nervous and vascular vessels pass.
  • Dorsally the ramus contributes to the obturator foramen, a large opening in the pelvis through which key nervous and vascular vessels pass.

• Supply of Blood and Nerves to Bone

  • Vascular supply of long bones depends on several points of inflow, which feed complex sinusoidal networks within the bone.
  • Blood supply of the immature bones is similar, but the epiphysis is a discrete vascular zone separated from the metaphysis by the growth plate.
  • Young periosteum is more vascular with its vessels communicating more freely with those of the shaft than in the adults and has more metaphyseal branches.

• Arrangement of Fascicles

  • Key groups of muscle and the associated vascular and nervous systems can also be separated from other tissue, for example in the upper arm, with these groupings termed fascial compartments.
  • Each individual fiber within a fascicle is then in turn surrounded by a thin connective layer termed the endomysium which helps maintain close association between the muscle fiber and associated vascular and nervous systems.
  • It also maintains the required close association of the vascular and nervous system with the muscle which are required to deliver required metabolites and nerve impulses.

• Short-Term Neural Control

  • The autonomic nervous system plays a critical role in the regulation of vascular homeostasis.
  • The primary regulatory sites include the cardiovascular centers in the brain that control both cardiac and vascular functions.
  • Vascular baroreceptors are found primarily in sinuses (small cavities) within the aorta and carotid arteries.

• Clinical Advances in Bone Repair

  • Clinical studies on mammals have shown that porous metals, such as titanium foam, may allow the formation of vascular systems within the porous area.
  • In addition, the porous structure allows for soft tissue adherence and vascularization within the implant.

• Glandular Epithelia

  • Exocrine and endocrine epithelial cells are highly vascular.
  • Endocrine glands secrete their product into the extracellular space where it is rapidly taken up by the blood vascular system.

• Effects of Smoking

  • Among the diseases that can be caused by smoking are vascular stenosis, lung cancer, heart attacks, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  • It also causes peripheral vascular disease and hypertension.