1350s
The 1350s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1350, and ended on December 31, 1359.
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Events
1350
January–December
- January 9 – Giovanni II Valente becomes Doge of Genoa.
- May 23 (possible date) – Hook and Cod wars in the County of Holland: A number of nobles and progressive cities supporting William V, Count of Holland, in his power struggle with his mother Margaret I, Countess of Holland, found the Cod League and perhaps sign the Cod Alliance Treaty.
- August 29 – Battle of Winchelsea (Les Espagnols sur Mer) off the south coast of England: An English fleet personally commanded by King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet.
- September 5 – Hook and Cod wars in the County of Holland: Conservative noblemen found the Hook League and sign the Hook Alliance Treaty.
- November 17 – To pay for the expenses of the revived war with the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa has to subscribe a loan at an interest rate of 10%, from an association of creditors known as the Compera imposita per gerra Venetorum.[1]
Date unknown
- Hayam Wuruk becomes ruler of the Majapahit Empire.
- The Punta Lobos massacre is carried out by members of the powerful Chimu Empire in Peru, leaving a residue of 200 murders.
- The Black Death first appears in Scotland[2] and Sweden.[3]
- The castle of Rapperswil is largely destroyed by Rudolf Brun, mayor of the city of Zürich.
1351
January–December
- January 14 – Edward III of England institutes the Treason Act 1351, defining treason in English law. It remains unrepealed into the 21st century.
- February – The Statute of Labourers is enacted by the Parliament of England, to deal with a labour shortage caused by the Black Death.
- March 4 – The Ayutthaya Kingdom is established by King Uthong (Ramathibodi I) in modern-day Thailand. He begins to propagate Theravada Buddhism as the state religion.
- March 23 – Firuz Shah Tughlaq succeeds Mohammad Tughlaq as ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. At this time, the Samma dynasty in Sindh (part of modern-day Pakistan) breaks away from the Sultanate.
- March 26 – War of the Breton Succession: Combat of the Thirty – Thirty chosen knights each, from the Kingdoms of France and England, fight to determine who will rule the Duchy of Brittany; a Franco-Breton victory is assured by the squire Guillaume de Montauban.
- April 8 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Taillebourg – The French are defeated by the English.[4]
- May 1 – Zürich joins the Old Swiss Confederacy.
- November 26 – Emperor Sukō abdicates as 3rd Emperor of the Northern Court of Japan.
Date unknown
- The Red Turban Rebellions break out in China, leading to permanent weakening of the Mongolian-run Yuan dynasty.
- King Gongmin ascends the throne in Goryeo.
- The region of Vantaa in Finland is first mentioned (as Helsinge).
1352
January–December
- June 4 – Glarus joins the Old Swiss Confederacy.
- June 27 – Zug joins the Old Swiss Confederacy.
- September 25 – Emperor Go-Kōgon becomes 4th Emperor of the Northern Court of Japan.
- October – Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357: Battle of Demotika – Fighting as allies of John VI Kantakouzenos, the Ottoman beylik scores its first victory on European soil, against the Serbs.
- November 7 – Corpus Christi College is founded as a College of the University of Cambridge in England, by the Guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary.
- December 18 – Pope Innocent VI succeeds Pope Clement VI as the 199th pope.
- December 26 – The Earldom of Kent of the 5th creation in England becomes extinct.
Date unknown
- Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan) is probably granted control of Çimpe Castle on the Gallipoli peninsula by Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, the first territory west of the Bosporus held by the Ottoman Empire.[5]
1353
Date unknown
- The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta makes the first recorded visit to Timbuktu and Kabara, when returning from a stay in the capital of the Mali Empire.[6]
- The Decameron is finished by Giovanni Boccaccio.
- The Black Death (1331) subsides.
- The Lao kingdom of Lan Xang is founded by Fa Ngum.
1354
January–December
- Early in the year – Ibn Battuta returns from his travels at the command of Abu Inan Faris, sultan of Morocco, who appoints a scribe to write an account of the adventures.
- February 12 – The Treaty of Stralsund settles border disputes between the duchies of Mecklenburg and Pomerania.
- March 2 – The Gallipoli earthquake occurs, followed within a month by Turkish capture and settlement, the Fall of Gallipoli.
- October 8 – Cola di Rienzo, self-proclaimed "tribune" of Rome, is killed by an angry mob.
- December 10 – The reign of John VI Kantakouzenos as Byzantine Emperor is ended, after John V Palaiologos retakes Constantinople and is restored as sole emperor.
Date unknown
- After 24 years of struggling for independence, since the Battle of Posada (1330), won against Hungarians by his father, Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia becomes vassal to Hungarian king Louis I.
- The Ottoman Turks capture the city of Didymoteicho from the Byzantine Empire.
- Sahab-ud-Din becomes Sultan of Kashmir.
- Assassins strike down Sultan Hassan, and his body is never returned.
1355
- January 6 – Charles IV of Bohemia is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy as King of Italy in Milan.
- January 7 – King Alphonso IV of Portugal sends three men who kill Inês de Castro, beloved of his son Peter, who revolts and incites a civil war.
- February 10 – St Scholastica Day riot in Oxford, England, breaks out, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead in two days.
- April – Philip II, Prince of Taranto, marries Maria of Calabria, daughter of Charles, Duke of Calabria, and Marie of Valois.
- April 5 – Charles IV is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.
- April 18 – In Venice, the Council of Ten beheads Doge Marin Falier, for conspiring to kill them.
- August – Battle of Nesbit Moor: The Scottish army decisively defeats the English.
- September 1 – The old town of Visoki is first mentioned in Tvrtko I of Bosnia's charter in castro nostro Vizoka vocatum.
- October 5–December 2 – Hundred Years' War: Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355: A large mounted Anglo-Gascon force under the command of Edward the Black Prince marches from Bordeaux in English-held Gascony 300 miles (480 km) south to Narbonne and back, devastating a wide swathe of French territory.
- Date unknown – Battle of Ihtiman: The Ottoman Turks defeat the Bulgarian Empire.
1356
January–December
- January 20 – Edward Balliol surrenders his title as King of Scotland, to Edward III of England.
- ca. February – Burnt Candlemas: Edward III of England burns down every town and village in Lothian, Scotland.
- September 19 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Poitiers: The English, commanded by Edward, the Black Prince, defeat the French, capturing King John II of France.
- October 17 – Erik XII proclaims himself king of Sweden, in opposition to his father, King Magnus IV. Thus begins a civil war in Sweden between father and son, which will last until Erik's death in 1359.
- October 18 (St Luke's Day) – The Basel earthquake affects northern Switzerland, with a maximum MSK intensity of IX–X (Destructive–Devastating), leaving around 1,000 dead.
- December 25 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, promulgates the Golden Bull, a constitution for his empire.
Date unknown
- The Hanseatic League, a trading alliance between many cities in northern Europe, first meets.
- Ghazan II replaces Anushirwan as ruler of the Ilkhanate in Persia.
- Zhu Yuanzhang, one of the leaders in the Red Turban Rebellion, captures the city of Nanjing from the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in China; from then on it becomes his base of power, and the capital of a new dynasty he will establish in 1368, the Ming dynasty.
- The city of Lwów is granted Magdeburg rights by Casimir III of Poland.
- The majority of the Great Pyramid of Giza's limestone casing stones are removed by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan, to build fortresses and mosques in the nearby city of Cairo, leaving the first of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World in the step-stone condition in which it remains into modern times.
- The Castelvecchio Bridge in Verona is probably completed this year; its main span of 48.7 m (160 ft) is the world's longest arch at this time.
1357
January–December
- February 3 – The Estates General in France meets and passes Étienne Marcel's Great Ordinance in an attempt to impose limits on the monarchy, in particular in fiscal and monetary matters.[7]
- April 28 – Erik Magnusson is recognized as king of most of Sweden, in opposition to his father, King Magnus.[8]
- May 28 – Peter I becomes King of Portugal, after the death of his father, Alfonso IV.[9]
- July 9 – Formal start of construction on Charles Bridge in Prague.[10]
- July 22 – On the death of Jani Beg, he is succeeded as Khan of the Blue Horde by his son Berdi Beg[11] who orders the death of at least 12 of his close kinsmen to secure his position.
- October 3 – The Treaty of Berwick ends the Second War of Scottish Independence and King David II of Scotland is released by the English in return for a ransom.[12]
Date unknown
- The Blue Horde unseats Ghazan II as the ruler of the Il-Khanate, and appoints their own governor.
- Battle of Bubat: The Sundanese royal family is massacred by the Majapahit Army on the orders of Gajah Mada; the death toll includes Sundanese King Lingga Buana and Princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, who commits suicide.
- Rao Kanhadev becomes Rathore ruler of Marwar (part of modern-day India).[13]
- Influenza is first identified as a disease.[14]
- The first public exhibition of the Shroud of Turin is recorded.[15]
- The Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat (Famous Wat Yai) Temple is constructed in Phitsanulok, Thailand.[16]
1358
January–December
- January 10 – Muhammad II as Said becomes ruler of the Marinid dynasty in modern-day Morocco after the assassination of Abu Inan Faris.
- February 11 – Mohammed Shah I becomes Bahmani Sultan of Deccan (part of modern-day southern India) after the death of Sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah.
- February 18 – Treaty of Zadar, between Louis I of Hungary/Croatia and the Republic of Venice: The Venetians lose influence over their former Dalmatian holdings.
- March 16 – King Haakon VI of Norway designates the city of Skien as a city with trading privileges, making it the sixth town with city status in Norway.
- May 28 – Hundred Years' War: The Jacquerie – A peasant rebellion begins in France, which consumes the Beauvais, and allies with Étienne Marcel's seizure of Paris.
- June 27 – The Republic of Ragusa is founded.
- July 10 – Battle of Mello: The Jacquerie rebellion is defeated by a coalition of nobles, led by Charles II of Navarre.
Date unknown
- Mubariz al-Din Muhammad, leader of the Arab Muzaffarid tribe, expels the Blue Horde from Ilkhanate territory in Persia. The Muzaffarid then release control of the Il-Khanate, after being marched on by the Mongol Jalayirid tribe, ruled by Shaikh Uvais. Shaikh Uvais becomes the new Il-Khan. The Ilkhanate is effectively now disbanded, and replaced by the Jalayirid dynasty of Persia.
- Shah Shuja overthrows his father, Mubarazuddin Muhammad, as leader of the Muzaffarid tribe.
- Estimation: Nanjing in Mongolian China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Mongolian China.[17]
1359
January–December
- May 25 – The French States-General repudiates the terms of the Second Treaty of London, signed earlier in the year between England and France.
- June 21 – Upon the death of Erik Magnusson, his claims to the Swedish throne die with him, and power is restored undivided to his father, King Magnus.
- July 4 – Francesco II Ordelaffi surrenders to the Papal commander, Gil de Albornoz.
- August – Qulpa becomes Khan of the Blue Horde after the death of Berdi Beg.
- August 23 – Ismail II overthrows his uncle, Muhammed V, as Sultan of Granada (in modern-day Spain).
- September – Margaret, Countess of Tyrol, and her second husband, Louis V, Duke of Bavaria, are absolved from excommunication.
- December 19 – The Catalan Courts are held in Cervera, giving birth to the Deputation of the General of Catalonia (Diputació del General de Catalunya), also called Generalitat of Catalonia (Generalitat de Catalunya).
Date unknown
- Abu Salim Ali II overthrows Muhammad II as-Said as ruler of the Marinid dynasty, in modern-day Morocco.
- The Zayanids under Abu Hamuw II recapture Algeria.
- Shah Mahmud overthrows his brother, Shah Shuja, as leader of the Muzaffarid tribe in Persia.
- Ananda Patel (considered common ancestor for most of the modern-day population of Bhadran) moves to Bhadran from Anklav.
- Berlin joins the Hanseatic League.
- probable date – Battle of Megara: A Christian coalition defeats a Turkish raider fleet.
- earliest possible date – Bogdan I becomes Prince of Moldavia (modern-day Moldova) after freeing it from Hungarian control. He will be ancestor of the House of Bogdan, who will rule Moldavia for more than three centuries.[18]
Significant people
Births
1350
- January 23 – Vincent Ferrer, Valencian missionary and saint (d. 1419)
- April 13 – Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (d. 1405)
- June 27 – Manuel II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1425)
- October 12 – Dmitri Donskoi, Grand Duke of Muscovy and Vladimir (d. 1389)
- November 25 – Katherine Swynford, mistress of John of Gaunt (approximate date; d. 1403)
- December 27 – John I of Aragon (d. 1396)
- date unknown
- Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (d. 1427)
- Agnolo Gaddi, Italian painter (d. 1396)
- William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England (approximate date; d. 1419)
- Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (d. 1397)
- John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (approximate date; d. 1400)
- Madhava of Sangamagrama, Indian mathematician (d. 1425)
- John I Stanley of the Isle of Man (approximate date; d. 1414)
- Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić (d. 1415)
- William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1399)
- Andrew of Wyntoun, Scottish historian (d. 1420)
- Záviš von Zap, Czech theologian and composer (d. c. 1411)
1351
- October 16 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti, first Duke of Milan (d. 1402)
- November 1 – Leopold III, Duke of Austria (d. 1386)
- Princess Joan of France (d. 1371)
- probable – Władysław II Jagiełło, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland (d. 1434)
1352
- May 5 – Rupert of Germany, Count Palatine of the Rhine (d. 1410)
- Elizabeth of Slavonia, Latin empress consort of Constantinople
- date unknown
- John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter (d. 1400)
- Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania (d. 1430)
1353
- March – Margaret I of Denmark, queen of Haakon VI of Norway (d. 1412)
- July 15 – Vladimir the Bold, Russian prince (d. 1410)
- date unknown
- Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1414)
- Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, queen consort of Armenia and Cyprus (d. 1421)
- John Purvey, English scholar and Bible translator (d. 1428)
1354
- Constance of Castile, wife of John of Gaunt (d. 1394)
- Denis, Lord of Cifuentes, infante of Portugal (d. c.1397)
- Alonso Enríquez, Spanish nobleman (d. 1429)
- Frederick III, Count of Moers, German nobleman (d. 1417)
- Gilbert de Greenlaw, Scottish bishop (d. 1421)
- Jean de Grouchy, Norman knight (k. 1435)
- Margaret of Joinville, French noblewoman (d. 1418)
- Thomas de Morley, 4th Baron Morley, English nobleman (d. 1416)
- Eric IV, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1411/12)
- Roger de Scales, 4th Baron Scales, English nobleman (d. 1387)
- Catherine of Vendôme, French noblewoman (d. 1412)
- Violante Visconti, Italian noblewoman (d. 1386)
- Walram IV, Count of Nassau-Idstein, German nobleman (d. 1393)
1355
- January 7 – Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, son of King Edward III of England (d. 1397)
- August 16 – Philippa Plantagenet, Countess of Ulster (d. 1382)
- probable
- Acamapichtli, 1st tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1375-1395 (d. 1395)[19]
- Manuel Chrysoloras, Byzantine humanist (d. 1415)
- Konrad von Jungingen, German 25th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
- Gemistus Pletho, Greek scholar
- Foelke Kampana, Frisian lady and regent (d. 1418)
- Mircea I of Wallachia (d. 1418)
1356
- July 29 – Martin of Aragon (d. 1410)
- date unknown
- Ingegerd Knutsdotter, Swedish abbess (d. 1412)
- Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu (d. 1387)
1357
- April 11 – King John I of Portugal (d. 1433)[20]
- date unknown
- Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, King of Leinster (d. 1417)
- Hugo von Montfort, Austrian minstrel (d. 1423)
- Anna of Trebizond, Queen of Georgia (d. 1406)
- Fang Xiaoru, Confucian scholar (d. 1402)
- Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism (d. 1419)
1358
- February 20 – Eleanor of Aragon, queen of John I of Castile (d. 1382)
- August 24 – King John I of Castile (d. 1390)
- September 25 – Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1408)
- date unknown
- Ide Pedersdatter Falk, Danish noblewoman (d. 1399)
- Anne of Auvergne, Sovereign Dauphine of Auvergne and Countess of Forez (d. 1417)
1359
- January 11 – Emperor Go-En'yū of Japan (d. 1393)
- July 15 – Antonio Correr, Spanish cardinal (d. 1445)
- probable – Owain Glyndŵr, last Welsh Prince of Wales (d. 1416)
Deaths
1350
- January 6 – Giovanni I di Murta, second doge of the Republic of Genoa
- March 26 or 27 March – Alfonso XI of Castile (b. 1311)
- August 22 – Philip VI of France (b. 1293)[21]
- November 19 – Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu
- December 26 – Jean de Marigny, French bishop
- date unknown
- Maol Íosa V, Earl of Strathearn, last Gaelic Mormaer of Strathearn
- Gayatri Rajapatni, Queen consort of Majapahit
- probable
- Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita (b. c. 1283)
- Margaret, Countess of Soissons
- Namdev, Marathi saint and poet (b. 1270)
- supposed – Till Eulenspiegel, German prankster
1351
- February 13 – Kō no Morofuyu, Japanese general
- March 20 – Muhammad bin Tughluq, Sultan of Delhi
- March 25
- Kō no Moronao, Japanese samurai
- Kō no Moroyasu, Japanese samurai
- May 24 – Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman, Sultan of Morocco (b. 1297)
- June 20 – Margareta Ebner, German nun (b. 1291)
- November 15 – Joanna of Pfirt, duchess consort of Austria
1352
- September 15 – Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (b. 1273)
- December 6 – Pope Clement VI (b. 1291)[22]
- date unknown
- Matthias of Arras, French architect (b. 1290)
- Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Sicily, regent of Sicily (b. 1298)
- William de Ros, 3rd Baron de Ros (b. 1325)
- Basarab I of Wallachia
- Al-Hakim II, Caliph of Cairo
- Laurence Minot, English poet (b. 1300)
- Vasilii Kalika, Archbishop of Novgorod
- Yoshida Kenkō, Japanese monk and author (b. 1283)
1353
- February 2 – Anne of Bavaria, queen consort of Bohemia (b. 1329)
- March 6 – Roger Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Ruthyn
- March 11 – Theognostus, metropolitan of Kiev and Moscow
- April 27 – Simeon of Russia, Grand Prince of Moscow and Vladimir
- October 4 – Rudolf II, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1306)
- November or December – Togha Temür, claimant to the throne of the Mongol Il-Khanate in Persia (assassinated)
- date unknown
- Matilda, daughter of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland
- Elisabeth of Austria, Duchess of Lorraine, regent of Lorraine
- Sir Ulick Burke, Irish nobleman
1354
- January 8 – Charles de La Cerda (b. 1327)
- January 16 – Joanna of Châtillon, Duchess of Athens (b. c. 1285)
- June 1 – Kitabatake Chikafusa (b. 1293)
- August 9 – Stephen, Duke of Slavonia, Hungarian prince (b. 1332)
- September 7 – Andrea Dandolo, doge of Venice (b. 1306)[23]
- October 5 – Giovanni Visconti, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1290)
- October 8 – Cola di Rienzo, Roman tribune (b. c. 1313)
- October 19 – Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada (b. 1318)
1355
- January 7 – Inês de Castro, lover of King Peter I of Portugal (murdered) (b. 1325)
- April 17 – Marin Falier, Doge of Venice (b. 1285)
- April 22 – Eleanor of Woodstock, countess regent of Guelders, eldest daughter of King Edward II of England (b. 1318)[24]
- August 3 – Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh
- October 16 – Louis of Sicily
- December 5 – John III, Duke of Brabant (b. 1300)
- December 20 – Stefan Uroš IV Dušan, Emperor of Serbia
- date unknown – Bettina d'Andrea, Italian lawyer and professor
1356
- June 23 – Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut (b. 1311)
- September 19 (killed at the Battle of Poitiers):
- Peter I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1311)
- Walter VI, Count of Brienne, Constable of France (b. 1304)
- date unknown
- Harihara I, founder of the Vijayanagara Empire
- Zheng Yunduan, Chinese poet (b. c. 1327)
1357
- January 18 – Maria of Portugal, infanta (b. 1313)
- May 28 – King Afonso IV of Portugal (b. 1291)[25]
- July 13 – Bartolus de Saxoferrato, Italian jurist (b. 1313)
- date unknown
- Usman Serajuddin, court scholar of the Bengal Sultanate (b. 1258)[26]
- Ziauddin Barani, historian and political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate (b. 1285)
- Jani Beg, Khan of the Blue Horde
- Kazerouni, Masoud, Persian physician
- Rao Tida, Rathore ruler of Marwar
1358
- January 6 – Gertrude van der Oosten, Dutch beguine
- January 10 – Abu Inan Faris, Marinid ruler of Morocco (b. 1329)
- February 11 – Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, first Bahmani Sultan of Deccan
- June 7 – Ashikaga Takauji, Japanese shōgun (b. 1305)
- July 31 – Étienne Marcel, Provost of the merchants of Paris
- August 16 – Albert II, Duke of Austria (b. 1298)
- August 22 – Isabella of France, queen of Edward II of England (b. 1295)
- November – Gregory of Rimini, Italian philosopher
- date unknown
- Brian MacCathmhaoil, Irish Bishop of Clogher
- Guillaume Cale, French peasant revolutionary (executed)
1359
- June 21 – Erik Magnusson, king of Sweden since 1356 (b. 1339)
- October 10 – King Hugh IV of Cyprus (b. 1310)
- October 25 – Beatrice of Castile, queen consort of Portugal (b. 1293)
- November 13 – Ivan II of Russia, Grand Duke of Moscovy (b. 1326)[27]
- December 14 – Cangrande II della Scala, Lord of Verona (b. 1332)
- date unknown – Jeanne de Clisson, French noblewoman and privateer (b. 1300)[28]
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- Geography at about.com
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- "Clement VI | pope | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
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