A-law algorithm

An A-law algorithm is a standard companding algorithm, used in European 8-bit PCM digital communications systems to optimize, i.e. modify, the dynamic range of an analog signal for digitizing. It is one of two versions of the G.711 standard from ITU-T, the other version being the similar μ-law, used in North America and Japan.

Graph of μ-law and A-law algorithms

Plot of F(x) for A-Law for A = 87.6

For a given input ${\displaystyle x}$, the equation for A-law encoding is as follows:

$${\displaystyle F(x)=\operatorname {sgn}(x){\begin{cases}{\dfrac {A|x|}{1+\ln(A)}},&|x|<{\dfrac {1}{A}},\\[1ex]{\dfrac {1+\ln(A|x|)}{1+\ln(A)}},&{\dfrac {1}{A}}\leq |x|\leq 1,\end{cases}}}$$

where ${\displaystyle A}$ is the compression parameter. In Europe, ${\displaystyle A=87.6}$.

A-law expansion is given by the inverse function:

$${\displaystyle F^{-1}(y)=\operatorname {sgn}(y){\begin{cases}{\dfrac {|y|(1+\ln(A))}{A}},&|y|<{\dfrac {1}{1+\ln(A)}},\\{\dfrac {e^{-1+|y|(1+\ln(A))}}{A}},&{\dfrac {1}{1+\ln(A)}}\leq |y|<1.\end{cases}}}$$

The reason for this encoding is that the wide dynamic range of speech does not lend itself well to efficient linear digital encoding. A-law encoding effectively reduces the dynamic range of the signal, thereby increasing the coding efficiency and resulting in a signal-to-distortion ratio that is superior to that obtained by linear encoding for a given number of bits.