Presidency of Bongbong Marcos

The presidency of Bongbong Marcos began at noon on June 30, 2022, following his inauguration as the 17th president of the Philippines, succeeding Rodrigo Duterte. His term is expected to expire six years later, on June 30, 2028.

Bongbong Marcos
Presidency of Bongbong Marcos
June 30, 2022 – present
CabinetSee list
PartyPartido Federal ng Pilipinas
Election2022
SeatMalacañang Palace, Manila

Official website
This article is part of
a series about
Bongbong Marcos
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Bongbong Marcos's signature

Bongbong Marcos is the son of 10th president Ferdinand Marcos, who was in power from 1965 to 1986. He belongs to the prominent and controversial Marcos family. A lot of criticism directed toward him during his electoral campaign was in regard to historical distortion and human rights abuses that happened during the presidency of his father.

Marcos assumed the presidency over the Philippines as the world was still struggling from the economic and social impact brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, and its negative effects were further amplified by the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Marcos initiated the rightsizing of government bureaucracy, especially in the executive branch of the government.[1] His administration oversaw the post-pandemic return to normalcy with the gradual reopening of the economy, return of face-to-face/physical classes, removal of stringent travel restrictions,[2] and the lifting of the mask-wearing mandate for outdoor and indoor settings. The rising inflation and shortage of the country's food supply were major challenges during the beginning of his presidency.

Marcos has signed a total of 6 Republic Acts (RA), 26 Executive Orders (EO), 229 Proclamations, 8 Administrative Orders, 13 Memorandum Orders, 20 Memorandum Circular, and one Special Order.

The Philippines ratified the RCEP in February 2023. Marcos also went on many foreign trips in hopes to attract more foreign investments in the country.

Election, transition, and inauguration
Marcos won in 64 out of 81 provinces in the 2022 presidential election[3]
Main articles: Bongbong Marcos 2022 presidential campaign, 2022 Philippine presidential election, Presidential transition of Bongbong Marcos, and Inauguration of Bongbong Marcos

Marcos ran for president on a campaign platform centered on national unity and continuity of the policies of Rodrigo Duterte, his predecessor.[4][5] He won the 2022 elections, receiving 31,629,783 (58.77%) votes out of a total of 56,097,722, beating his closest rival, Liberal Party member and Vice President Leni Robredo by over 15 million votes.[6]

Marcos became the first candidate in the history of the Fifth Republic to win by a majority, scoring nearly 59 percent of the vote. His 31,629,783 votes was not only the highest count ever recorded in a presidential election, but close to the sum total of the two previous records combined.

President-elect Bongbong Marcos (right) and outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte on June 30, 2022.

Marcos' presidential transition began on May 25, 2022, when the Congress of the Philippines proclaimed his candidacy as the winner of the 2022 Philippine presidential election held on May 9, 2022.[7]

Marcos with his family and Chief Justice Alexander Gesmundo as he takes his oath as the 17th President of the Philippines.

Marcos was inaugurated as the seventeenth president of the Philippines on June 30, 2022, at the National Museum of Fine Arts. He was sworn in by Alexander Gesmundo, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines.[8] The inaugural ceremony was notable for his meeting with outgoing president Rodrigo Duterte at the Malacañang Palace whose departure honors were also held at the complex, the military-civic parade, and his 25-minute speech that gives a view of what his presidency will look like.[9][10]

Quirino Grandstand was the original venue for Marcos' inauguration. It was moved to the National Museum since the Manila COVID-19 Field Hospital still occupies the site at the time of the inauguration.

Major activities

Speeches
Marcos delivers his first State of the Nation Address on July 25, 2022, with Senate President Migz Zubiri (left) and House Speaker Martin Romualdez.

Major acts and legislation
Main article: List of major acts and legislation during the presidency of Bongbong Marcos

Marcos has signed six bills into law, four of which are national in scope.

Executive issuances
Main article: List of executive orders by Bongbong Marcos
See also: Ordinance Power of the President of the Philippines

Bongbong Marcos has signed a total of 26 executive orders, 229 proclamations, 8 administrative orders, 13 memorandum orders, 20 memorandum circulars, and one special order.[13]

National budget
R. A. No. Title Principal Sponsor Date signed
11936 General Appropriations Act of 2023 Sonny Angara December 16, 2022 [14][15][16]

Leadership style

Marcos' leadership style was described by his press secretary Trixie Cruz-Angeles as being "more systematic and efficient", compared to his predecessor Rodrigo Duterte, who was driven by passion.[17] Cruz-Angeles described Marcos as "conservative", and "very up to date" with technology and global issues; she also believed it is better for Marcos to not designate a spokesperson.[18]

Administration and cabinet

Marcos began naming his Cabinet members on May 12, 2022.[19] Following his presidential inauguration, he administered a mass oath-taking of his Cabinet officials.[20]

This table is an excerpt from List of administration members in the presidency of Bongbong Marcos § Administration and cabinet.[edit]
Office Name Term Refs.
President Bongbong Marcos June 30, 2022 – [21][22]
Head of State
Head of Government
Secretary of Agriculture
Vice-President Sara Duterte-Carpio June 30, 2022 – [23]
Secretary of Education
Executive Secretary Victor RodriguezJune 30, 2022 – September 17, 2022[24]
Ret. Chief Justice Lucas BersaminSeptember 27, 2022 –[25]
Secretary of Foreign Affairs Enrique ManaloJuly 1, 2022 –[26]
Secretary of Finance Benjamin DioknoJune 30, 2022 –[24]
Secretary of Justice Jesus Crispin RemullaJune 30, 2022 –[24]
Secretary of Public Works and Highways Manuel BonoanJune 30, 2022 –[24]
Secretary of Labor and Employment Bienvenido LaguesmaJune 30, 2022 –[24]
Secretary of National Defense Usec. Jose Faustino Jr. (OIC) [lower-alpha 1]June 30, 2022 –January 9, 2023[27]
Usec. Carlito Galvez Jr. (OIC)January 9, 2023 –[28]
Secretary of Health Usec. Maria Rosario Vergeire (OIC)July 14, 2022 –[29]
Secretary of Trade and Industry Alfredo E. PascualJune 30, 2022 –[24]
Secretary of Migrant Workers Susan OpleJune 30, 2022 –[24]
Secretary of Human Settlements and Urban Development Usec. Melissa Ardanas (OIC)June 30, 2022 – July 29, 2022[30]
Jose AcuzarJuly 29, 2022 –[31]
Secretary of Social Welfare and Development Erwin TulfoJune 30, 2022 – December 23, 2022[24]
Usec. Eduardo Punay (OIC) December 23, 2022 – January 31, 2023 [32]
Rex Gatchalian January 31, 2023 – [33]
Secretary of Agrarian Reform Conrado Estrella IIIJune 30, 2022 –[34]
Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources Usec. Ernesto D. Adobo Jr. (OIC)June 30, 2022 – July 11, 2022
Toni Yulo-LoyzagaJuly 12, 2022 –[35]
Secretary of the Interior and Local Government Benjamin Abalos Jr.June 30, 2022 –[36]
Secretary of Tourism Maria Esperanza Christina FrascoJune 30, 2022 –[37]
Secretary of Transportation Jaime BautistaJune 30, 2022 –[38]
Secretary of Science and Technology Renato Solidum Jr.July 22, 2022[lower-alpha 2] –[39]
Secretary of Budget and Management Amenah PangandamanJune 30, 2022 –[24]
Secretary of Energy Raphael LotillaJuly 11, 2022 –[40]
Secretary of Information and Communications Technology Ivan John Enrile UyJune 30, 2022 –[24]
Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority Arsenio BalisacanJune 30, 2022 –[24]
Press Secretary Trixie Cruz-AngelesJune 30, 2022 – October 4, 2022[24][41]
Cheloy V. GarafilJanuary 10, 2023[lower-alpha 3] –
National Security Adviser Clarita CarlosJune 30, 2022 – January 14, 2023[34]
Eduardo AñoJanuary 14, 2023 –[42]
Secretary of the Presidential Management Staff Zenaida Angping June 30, 2022 – December 2, 2022
Elaine T. Masukat (OIC)January 2023 – [43]
Solicitor General Menardo GuevarraJune 30, 2022 –[44]
Chief Presidential Legal Counsel Juan Ponce EnrileJune 30, 2022 –[27]
Presidential Adviser on Peace, Reconciliation and Unity Carlito Galvez Jr.June 30, 2022 – January 9, 2023[45]
Isidro PurisimaFebruary 23, 2023 –[46]
Presidential Adviser on Creative Communications Paul SorianoOctober 17, 2022 –[47]
Special Assistant to the President Antonio Lagdameo Jr.June 30, 2022 –[24]

First 100 days
Main article: First 100 days of Bongbong Marcos' presidency

During his first 100 days of presidency, Marcos focused on building the economy and the post-COVID-19 pandemic recovery. The Marcos administration faced challenges during this period such as a domestic sugar supply shortage in mid-2022, rising inflation rate brought about by the pandemic, and the economic effects of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

The Marcos administration launched its COVID-19 booster shot campaign, PinasLakas, to administer booster doses to at least 23 million Filipinos during Marcos' first 100 days,[48] but managed to boost only 3.5 million.[49] Marcos issued an executive order allowing voluntary use of face masks in outdoor settings,[50] and extended from September 13 to December 31, 2022, the period of the state of calamity declared by his predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte, due to the COVID-19.[51]

The Marcos administration launched its anti-illegal drug campaign, Buhay Ingatan, Droga'y Ayawan (BIDA), which commits to continue the war on drugs "within the framework of the law and with respect for human rights and with focus on rehabilitation and socio-economic development".[52]

Domestic affairs

10-point agenda

Marcos launched a 10-point agenda as part of his vision to further boost economic growth and rejuvenate the country's prosperity in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Marcos' agenda includes the following:[53]

  • National Reopening- aimed to reopen the face to face classes in schools throughout the country, and revitalize the country's tourism sectors.[53]
  • Public-Private Partnership- aimed to further deepen the engagements of the public and private sectors to further boost investments.[53]
  • Infrastructure Development- expansion of the Build! Build! Build! program under the Build Better More program.[53]
  • Fiscal Discipline- aimed to efficiency in tax collection through digitization.[53]
  • Transparent & Efficient Governance- establish efficiency in government processes through online systems and combat red tape.[53]
  • Digital Philippines- implementation of the Broadband ng Masa (BBM) program set to improve the country's internet services.[53]
  • Energy Security- boost local power generation and capacity through renewable energy sources and proper distribution.[53]
  • Future-ready Filipinos- provide quality education through top notch learning materials and technology tools.[53]
  • Affordable Healthcare- lower cost of medicines, expand pandemic preparedness, and build regional specialty hospitals.[53]
  • Food for All- increase agricultural output and improve the supply chain.[53]

Agriculture and agrarian reform
These paragraphs are an excerpt from Bongbong Marcos § Agriculture and agrarian reforms.[edit]

Subsequently serving as the Secretary of Agriculture, Marcos launched initiatives which aims to improve domestic agricultural output and production, while expanding measures to further establish a farm-to-market approach in providing agricultural products to local markets and far flung areas.[54][55] In August 2022, as high sugar prices impacted the country due to the effects of Typhoon Odette in December 2021, the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) in August 2022 released an order to import 300,000 metric tons (660,000,000 lb) of sugar, which is aimed to reduce costs and increase the sugar stockpiles. A few days later, Marcos rejected the proposed importation, [56] and Malacañang deemed the move as illegal, as the move was made without Marcos' approval, nor signed by him.[57] SRA Undersecretary Leocadio Sebastian later apologized for the move and later resigned his post on Marcos; behalf,[58] prompting SRA Administrator Hermenegildo Serafica and SRA board member Roland Beltran to follow suit a few days later.[59] The move also caused Malacañang to instigate reforms within the SRA organization, [60] and launched a campaign into alleged efforts of using the sugar order as a "cover measure" for hoarding by sugar traders.[61]

In November 2022, Marcos expanded the Kadiwa Project launched by the Duterte administration, which aims to offer fresh local produces to local markets and other key areas in lower prices, and creates a direct farm-to-market approach of goods and services.[62][63] The programs is located in various areas throughout the country and temporarily occupies various facilities owned by local governments. The move is also aimed to be expanded permanently to accommodate more consumers affected by inflation.[64]

In January 2023, amidst the rising prices of onions in the country, Marcos approved the importation of 21,060 metric tons (46,430,000 lb) of onions to cater the gap caused by low local outputs,[65] and stated that the government was "left without a choice" despite approving the smuggled onions to be supplied in local markets.[66]

During Marcos' 65th birthday, on September 14, 2022, Marcos signed his fourth executive order which establishes a one-year moratorium on the amortization and interest payments of agrarian reform beneficiaries. The move is seen to assist farmers from debt payments and allows a flexible approach in financial assistance.[67]

Culture

Bongbong Marcos signed an executive order forming an advisory and management center to ensure efficient management of the Malacañang Heritage Mansions.[68][69]

Defense
These paragraphs are an excerpt from Bongbong Marcos § Defense.[edit]

In August 2022, the Marcos administration said it was considering ordering helicopters from the United States military, such as the Boeing CH-47 Chinook, in turn of the 16 Russian Mil Mi-17 military helicopters purchased by the Duterte administration, but cancelled the program a few days before the end of Duterte's term due to fears of possible United States sanctions such as the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) sanctions due to the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Negotiations are also ongoing to procure limited units which was paid by the government to Rosoboronexport.[70][71]

Marcos also expressed support for the AFP Modernization Program,[72] which aims to boost the country's defense capabilities and ordered the Armed Forces of the Philippines shift its focus on its operations in strengthening external threats, due to the lowered risks in the aftermath of the country's insurgencies, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and the rising threats of a potential Chinese invasion of Taiwan, such as the Chinese military exercises around Taiwan. In a speech held during the 126th anniversary of the Philippine Army, Marcos stated that the country's external security situation is becoming "more complex and unpredictable", and forces the government to adjust its strategies "needed in the modern battlefield".[73]

Insurgency

Amid the weakening of the communist fronts by the military, in May 2023, Marcos directed the "recalibration" of the NTF-ELCAC to shift its previous "aggressive" policy and become "bringers of peace".[74] Marcos appointed Vice President Sara Duterte as co-vice chair of the NTF-ELCAC.[75]

Disaster resilience

After a 7.0 magnitude earthquake hit Luzon a few weeks after his presidential inauguration, Marcos rejected creating an executive department dedicated to disaster resilience, agreeing with his sister (Senator Imee Marcos), who said that creating a disaster response body under the Office of the President instead would "save the government a lot of money".[76][77] In April 2023, Bongbong Marcos signed an executive order creating a disaster preparedness and response task force.[78]

Economy
Real GDP growth rate (year-on-year) under the Marcos Jr. administration
Year Quarter Growth
rate
2022 3rd 7.6%[79]
4th 7.2%[80]
2023 1st 6.4%[81]
These paragraphs are an excerpt from Bongbong Marcos § Economy.[edit]

Marcos prioritized the revival of the country's economy in the aftermath of the lockdowns and restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the country, and laid out his eight-point economic agenda aimed to address the country's economic problems in the medium term, which included food security, supply chain management, decreasing energy costs and preserving energy security, reducing economic vulnerability from the pandemic by addressing health care issues and strengthening social protection, infrastructure development, creating a green economy, strengthening market competition, and promoting entrepreneurship.[82]

During his first State of the Nation Address, Marcos laid out his administration's economic vision and targets throughout his term, such as a 6.5 to 7.5% real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, with a 6.5 to 8% annual real GDP growth rate, a 9% or single-digit poverty rate by 2028, a 3% national government deficit-to-GDP ratio by 2028, lowering the country's debt-to-GDP ratio to less than 60% by 2025, and securing an upper middle-income status by 2024 with a US$4,256 income per capita, which is part of his 2023–2028 fiscal strategy. Marcos also supports the creation of additional economic zones in various areas of the country to attract investments in manufacturing, healthcare, and technology, and laid out plans to impose digital taxes and improve the country's tax compliance procedures which should improve revenue collections and cut the country's debts, while maintaining the country's disbursements at above 20 percent of its GDP.[83][84]

Amid a 14-year high inflation, in February 2023, Marcos shifted his previous stance on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and expressed support for an increase in agricultural imports; the Senate then ratified the RCEP on February 21, 2023.[85]

Education

Marcos appointed his then-running mate and now Vice President Sara Duterte to concurrently serve as the Secretary of Education. Public schools in the Philippines started full in-person classes on November 2, 2022, after two years of hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[86]

Energy

Marcos considers battery farms as a solution to the country's energy needs.[87] In May 2023, Marcos renewed the Malampaya gas field contract which was to expire on February 22, 2024, extending it for 15 more years until 2039 and allowing oil companies to continue extracting natural gas from the field.[88]

Gambling policy

In December 2022, Marcos issued an executive order formalizing President Rodrigo Duterte's spoken order earlier that May to suspend e-sabong (online cockfighting) operations in the country.[89] In January 2023, Marcos said he was in no rush to ban Philippine Offshore Gaming Operators (POGOs); he urged the government to continue monitoring POGO's social costs and its illegal operators.[90]

Infrastructure
Main article: Build Better More

The Marcos administration decided to continue the Build! Build! Build! infrastructure program of Marcos' predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte, by superseding it with the Build Better More (BBM) program which added more infrastructure projects.[91] The Marcos administration approved 194 infrastructure projects, with a total cost of PHP 9-trillion.[92] It includes projects in public transport, physical connectivity, water resources, digital connectivity, health, agriculture, and power; 77 of these projects were carried from past administrations while 123 are "new and initiated" by the Marcos administration.[93]

Public housing

The Marcos administration aims to build 1 million housing units annually to address the country's backlog of 6.5 million housing units.[94] Twenty-eight local government units (LGUs) have signed a memorandum of understanding with the DHSUD to pursue housing projects; 11 of them are in the construction stage.[95] As of April 19, 2023, about 1.2-1.3 million housing sites have been started since Marcos assumed office.[96]

Transportation

The Marcos administration promised to improve the transportation system of the Philippines and said it will pursue more projects.[97][98][99] Marcos pursued the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP), which will phase out old traditional jeepneys and replace them with modern public utility vehicles; it resulted in a weeklong nationwide transport strike in March 2023, forcing Marcos to order the government to review the PUVMP "to ensure that everything is taken into consideration under the program, including the grievances of our drivers and operators".[100]

Telecommunications

In 2022, the Marcos administration launched the BroadBand ng Masa Program (BBMP) to provide free WiFi connections in remote areas.[101] To "boost government initiatives against scams committed through text and online messages", Marcos signed his first law, which mandated SIM card registration.[102]

Foreign affairs
See also: List of international presidential trips made by Bongbong Marcos

Marcos sought to continue his predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte's "friends to all, enemies to none" approach to foreign policy.[103]

China and the South China Sea
President Marcos with Chinese leader Xi Jinping in Bangkok, November 2022

Marcos pledged to continue former president Duterte's policy of strengthening relations with China, whom he labeled the Philippines' "strongest partner."[104] He favors a pacifist approach to resolving the territorial disputes in the South China Sea (West Philippine Sea),[105] specifically "through diplomacy and dialogue."[106] Marcos has urged his fellow ASEAN leaders to complete a code of conduct for the South China Sea in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea signed between ASEAN and China in 2002.[107]

While campaigning for president in January 2022, Marcos committed to "set aside" Philippines v. China in favor of direct negotiations with the Chinese government over the disputes, stating that the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruling was "no longer available" to the Philippine government because China, among many other parties, had rejected it.[108] However, following his election in May, then-president-elect Marcos declared that he would uphold Philippines v. China, vowing to invoke the ruling "to assert [the Philippines'] territorial rights" if and where necessary.[109]

While addressing the Asia Society in New York City in September 2022, Marcos clarified that his country has "no territorial conflict with China" but rather, "China [is] claiming territory that belongs to the Philippines." He acknowledged the necessity of closer cooperation with his country's allies if the disputes escalated to war, as China's military capabilities are nearly 15 times "stronger" than the Philippines.[110]

United States

Unlike President Duterte, whose foreign policy lessened the country's dependence on the United States, Marcos strengthened the Philippines' relations with its traditional ally.[111][112] Marcos shifted the Philippines' defense policy by approving five additional sites across the country for the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement following the visit of US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin in Manila in February 2023,[113] risking invoking China's fury and dragging the Philippines into a US-China conflict over Taiwan.[114][115]

International Criminal Court

Marcos asserts that his administration does not intend for the Philippines to re-apply for International Criminal Court (ICC) membership following the country's withdrawal from the international tribunal under his predecessor that took effect in March 2019.[116] In 2023, the Marcos administration submitted two separate requests in February and March to suspend the probe of the ICC into the war on drugs during Duterte's presidency and the killings in the Davao area between November 1, 2011, and June 30, 2016; the administration argued that the Philippine government is investigating and has already investigated cases of alleged crimes against humanity, and that the ICC investigation would encroach on the Philippines' sovereignty.[117][118] After the ICC rejected the Philippines' requests, Marcos, on March 28, said the Philippines is "disengaging" from any contact and communication with the ICC, saying he considers the ICC jurisdiction over the Philippines as an interference and "practically attacks on the sovereignty".[117]

Opinion polling
Main article: Opinion polling on the Bongbong Marcos presidency

Opinion polling, commonly known as surveys in the Philippines, on the presidency of Bongbong Marcos has been conducted by various pollsters since the start of his tenure. The tables below show the latest polls that were administered.

Approval ratings
Fieldwork
date(s)		 Pollster Sample
size		 MoE Approve Disapprove Undecided/no opinion Net
Mar 24–28 OCTA[119] 1,200 ±3.0% 80 6 15 —
Mar 15–19 Pulse Asia[120] 1,200 ±2.8% 78 16 5 —

Trust ratings
Fieldwork
date(s)		 Pollster Sample
size		 MoE Trust Distrust Undecided/no opinion Net
Mar 24–28 OCTA[119] 1,200 ±3.0% 84 4 13 —
Mar 15–19 Pulse Asia[120] 1,200 ±2.8% 80 15 5 —

Protests
Main article: Protests against Bongbong Marcos

Mobilizations against Marcos' presidency have occurred as protests against historical distortion,[121] human rights violations,[122] and economic conditions.[123]

Notes
  1. As Faustino retired from military service on November 12, 2021, in adherence to Republic Act 6975 banning the appointment of retired military officers for a year, he will first serve as a senior undersecretary and officer-in-charge of the Department of National Defense beginning June 30, 2022.[27]
  2. Solidum served as the Officer–in–Charge from June 30 to July 22, 2022.
  3. Garafil served as the Officer–in–Charge from October 7, 2022 to January 10, 2023.

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