Bulgarian phonology

This article discusses the phonological system of Standard Bulgarian. While there is general scholarly consensus that contemporary Bulgarian has 45 phonemes, different authors place the real number of Bulgarian phonemes anywhere between 28 (27) and 47, largely depending on how palatal consonants are treated and on whether phonemes that primarily appear in borrowed foreign words are included in or excluded from the Bulgarian phonemic inventory.

Bulgarian phonologists prior to 1945 as well as a number of Western phonologists have largely pinned the number of phonemes in Bulgarian at 28 (or 27 if (d͡z), which appears only in a handful of words, is discounted), consisting of 21 consonants, 1 semivowel and 6 vowels.[1][2][3] However, under the influence of Russian linguist Nikolai Trubetzkoy, Stoyko Stoykov as well as a number of other eminent Bulgarian linguists have accepted since the late 1940s that most Bulgarian consonants come in hard and soft pairs, much like in fellow East Slavic languages, such as Russian, Ukrainian and Belarussian. This view is increasingly being challenged by modern linguists.

Vowels
Standard Bulgarian vowels. From Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999).
Front Central Back
High и /i/, [e] у /u/, [o]
Mid е /ɛ/, [e] ъ /ɤ/, [ɐ][note 1] о /ɔ/, [o]
Low а /a/, [ɐ]

Bulgarian vowels may be grouped in three pairs according to their backness: the front vowels е (/ɛ/, [e]) and и (/i/, [e]), the central vowels а (/a/, [ɐ]) and ъ (/ɤ/, [ɐ]) and the back vowels о (/ɔ/, [o]) and у (/u/, [o]). In stressed syllables, six vowels are phonemic. Unstressed vowels tend to be shorter and weaker compared to their stressed counterparts, and the corresponding pairs of open and closed vowels approach each other with a tendency to merge, above all as low (open and open-mid) vowels are raised and shift towards the high (close and close-mid) ones. However, the coalescence is not always complete. The vowels are often distinguished in emphatic or deliberately distinct pronunciation, and reduction is strongest in colloquial speech. Besides that, some linguists distinguish two degrees of reduction, as they have found that a clearer distinction tends to be maintained in the syllable immediately preceding the stressed one. The complete merger of the pair /a/ – /ɤ/ is regarded as most common, while the status of /ɔ/ vs /u/ is less clear. The coalescence of /ɛ/ and /i/ is not allowed in formal speech and is regarded as a provincial (East Bulgarian) dialectal feature; instead, unstressed /ɛ/ is both raised and centralized, approaching [ɤ].[4] The /ɤ/ vowel itself does not exist as a phoneme in other Slavic languages, though a similar reduced vowel transcribed as [ə] does occur.

Semivowels

The Bulgarian language contains only one semivowel: /j/. Orthographically, it is represented by the Cyrillic letter ⟨й⟩ (⟨и⟩ with a breve) as in най [naj] ('most') and тролей [troˈlɛj] ('trolleybus'), except when it precedes /a/ or /u/ (and their reduced counterparts [ɐ] and [o]), in which case both phonemes are represented by a single letter, respectively ⟨я⟩ or ⟨ю⟩: e.g. ютия [juˈtijɐ] ('flat iron'), but Йордан [jorˈdan] ('Jordan').

However [w] may be an allophone of /ɫ/ among some younger speakers. It may also be found in English loan words.

Consonants

According to current scholarly consensus, Bulgarian has a total of 35 consonant phonemes (see table below).[5][6][7] Three additional phonemes can also be found ([xʲ], [d͡z], and [d͡zʲ]), but only in foreign proper names such as Хюстън /xʲustɤn/ ('Houston'), Дзержински /d͡zɛrʒinski/ ('Dzerzhinsky'), and Ядзя /jad͡zʲa/, ('Jadzia'). They are, however, normally not considered part of the phonetic inventory of the Bulgarian language. The Bulgarian obstruent consonants are divided into 12 pairs of voiced and voiceless consonants. The only obstruent without a counterpart is the voiceless velar fricative /x/. The voicing contrast is neutralized in word-final position, where all obstruents are voiceless, at least with regard to the official orthoepy of the contemporary Bulgarian spoken language (word-final devoicing is a common feature in Slavic languages); this neutralization is, however, not reflected in spelling.

Labial Dental/
Alveolar1		 Postalveolar Palatal Velar
hard soft hard soft hard soft soft hard soft
Nasal m (ɱ)2 mʲ n ɲ (ŋ)3
Stop p  b pʲ  bʲ t  d tʲ  dʲ c  ɟ k  ɡ
Affricate t͡s  (d͡z) t͡sʲ  (d͡zʲ) t͡ʃ  d͡ʒ
Fricative f  v fʲ  vʲ s  z sʲ  zʲ ʃ  ʒ x4, (ɣ)5 (xʲ)
Trill r rʲ
Approximant (w)6 j
Lateral ɫ ʎ

An alternative analysis, however, treats palatal consonants merely as palatalized allophones of their respective "hard" counterparts, which are realised as sequences of consonant + /j/ (for example, някой /nʲakoj/ is analysed as /njakoj/). This effectively reduces the consonant inventory to 22 phonemes. No ambiguity arises from such a reanalysis since palatalized consonants only occur before vowels and never before other consonants or in the syllable coda as they do in some other languages with palatal consonants (for example, in fellow Slavic language Russian).

This was the prevailing opinion among Bulgarian linguists prior to 1945, shared, among other things, by Stefan Mladenov, Lyubomir Andreychin, Aleksandar Teodorov-Balan, etc.[8] According to French linguist Léon Beaulieux, Bulgarian is characterised by the tendency to eliminate all palatal consonants.[9] Czech linguist Horalek claimed as early as 1950 that palatalisation in standard Bulgarian has practically disappeared through the decomposition and development of a specific /j/ glide and that words such as бял (white) and дядо (grandfather) are not pronounced as /bʲa̟ɫ/ and /ˈdʲa̟do/, but rather as [bja̟ɫ/ and /ˈdja̟do/.[10]

Among modern Bulgarian phoneticians, this view is held by Blagoy Shklifov and by Dimitrina Tsoneva, who argues that palatal consonants, though present in a number of dialects and in earlier stages of the development of the Bulgarian language, have been eliminated from the modern literary language.

A phonological table based on this reanalysis is shown below:[11]

Labial Dental/
Alveolar		 Postalveolar Dorsal
Nasal m (ɱ)2 n (ŋ)3
Stop p  b t  d   k  ɡ
Affricate t͡s  (d͡z) t͡ʃ  d͡ʒ
Fricative f  v s  z ʃ  ʒ x4, (ɣ)5
Approximant (w)6 j
Trill r
Lateral l

^1 According to Klagstad Jr. (1958:46–48), /t tʲ d dʲ s sʲ z zʲ n/ are dental. He also analyzes /ɲ/ as palatalized dental nasal, and provides no information about the place of articulation of /t͡s t͡sʲ r rʲ l ɫ/.

^2 Only as an allophone of /m/ and /n/ before /f/ and /v/. For example, инфлация [iɱˈflatsijɐ] ('inflation').[12]

^3 As an allophone of /n/ before /k/, /ɡ/ and /x/. Examples: тънко [ˈtɤŋko] ('thin' neut.), танго [tɐŋˈɡɔ] ('tango').[13]

^4 /x/ is voiced [ɣ] at word boundaries before voiced obstruents. Example: видях го [viˈdʲaɣɡo] ('I saw him').[14]

^5 Described as having "only slight friction".[15]

^6 Not a native phoneme, but appears in borrowings from English, where it is often vocalised as /u/ or pronounced as a fricative /v/ in older borrowings which have come through German or Russian. It is always written as the Cyrillic letter ⟨у⟩ /u/ in Bulgarian orthography. Allophone of /ɫ/ among some younger speakers,[16] possible ongoing sound change

Hard and palatalized consonants

Like a number of Eastern Slavic languages, most consonant phonemes come in "hard" and "soft" pairs. The latter tend to feature palatalization, or the raising of the tongue toward the hard palate. Thus, for example, /b/ contrasts with /bʲ/ by the latter being palatalized. The consonants /ʒ/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/, and /d͡ʒ/ are considered hard and do not have palatalized variants, though they may have palatalization in some speakers' pronunciation.

The distinction between hard and soft consonants is clear in Bulgarian orthography, where hard consonants are considered normal and precede either ⟨а⟩, ⟨у⟩, ⟨о⟩, ⟨и⟩, ⟨е⟩ or ⟨ъ⟩. Soft consonants appear before ⟨я⟩, ⟨ю⟩, or ⟨ьо⟩. In certain contexts, the contrast hard/soft contrast is neutralized. For example, in Eastern dialects, only soft consonants appear before /i/ and /ɛ/. /l/ varies: one of its allophones, involving a raising of the back of the tongue and a lowering of its middle part (thus similar or, according to some scholars, identical to a velarized lateral), occurs in all positions, except before the vowels /i/ and /ɛ/, where a more "clear" version with a slight raising of the middle part of the tongue occurs. The latter pre-front realization is traditionally called "soft l" (though it is not phonetically palatalized). In some Western Bulgarian dialects, this allophonic variation does not exist.

Furthermore, in the speech of many young people the more common and arguably velarized allophone of /l/ is often realized as a labiovelar approximant [w].[17] This phenomenon, sometimes colloquially referred to as мързеливо л ('lazy l') in Bulgaria, was first registered in the 1970s and isn't connected to original dialects. Similar developments, termed L-vocalization, have occurred in many languages, including Polish, Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, Brazilian Portuguese, French, and English.

Palatalization

During the palatalization of most hard consonants (the bilabial, labiodental and alveolar ones), the middle part of the tongue is lifted towards the palate, resulting in the formation of a second articulatory centre whereby the specific palatal "clang" of the soft consonants is achieved. The articulation of alveolars /l/, /n/ and /r/, however, usually does not follow that rule; the palatal clang is achieved by moving the place of articulation further back towards the palate so that /ʎ/, /ɲ/ and /rʲ/ are actually alveopalatal (postalveolar) consonants. Soft /ɡ/ and /k/ (/ɡʲ/ and /kʲ/, respectively) are articulated not on the velum but on the palate and are considered palatal consonants.

Word stress

Stress is not usually marked in written text. In cases where the stress must be indicated, a grave accent is placed on the vowel of the stressed syllable.[note 2]

Bulgarian word stress is dynamic. Stressed syllables are louder and longer than unstressed ones. As in Russian and other East Slavic languages, Bulgarian stress is also lexical rather than fixed as in French, Latin or the West Slavic languages. It may fall on any syllable of a polysyllabic word, and its position may vary depending on the inflection and derivation, for example:

  • nouns – мъ̀ж /mɤʃ/ ('man'), мъжъ̀т /mɐˈʒɤt/ ('the man'), мъжѐ /mɐˈʒɛ/ ('men'), мъжѐте /mɐˈʒɛtɛ/ ('the men')
  • verbs – отѝвам /oˈtivɐm/ ('I am going'), отидѝ /otiˈdi/ ('go!')

Bulgarian stress is also distinctive: the following examples are only differentiated by stress (see the different vowels):

  • nouns
    • въ̀лна /ˈvɤɫnɐ/ ('wool'), вълна̀ /vɐɫˈna/ ('wave')
    • па̀ра /ˈparɐ/ ('steam'), пара̀ /pɐˈra/ ('coin')
  • verbs
    • когато до̀йде /koˈɡato ˈdɔjdɛ/ ('when he comes'), когато дойдѐ /koˈɡato dojˈdɛ/ (when he came')
    • взрѝвен /ˈvzrivɛn/ ('explosive'), взривѐн /vzriˈvɛn/ ('exploded') [note 3]

Stress usually isn't signified in written text, even in the above examples, if the context makes the meaning clear. However, the grave accent may be written if confusion is likely. [note 4]

The stress is often written in order to signify a dialectal deviation from the standard pronunciation:

  • каза̀ ми /kɐˈza mi/ ('he told me'), instead of каза ми /ˈkazɐ mi/
  • иска̀ да дойде /iˈska dɐ dɔjdɛ/ ('he wanted to come'), instead of искаше да дойде /ˈiskɐʃɛ dɐ dɔjdɛ/)[note 5]

Notes
  1. Sometimes transcribed as /ə/.
  2. For practical purposes, the grave accent can be combined with letters by pasting the symbol "̀" directly after the designated letter. An alternative is to use the keyboard shortcut Alt + 0300 (if working under a Windows operating system), or to add the decimal HTML code "̀" after the targeted stressed vowel if editing HTML source code. See "Accute accent" diacritic character in Unicode, Unicode character "Cyrillic small letter i with grave" and Unicode character "Cyrillic capital letter i with grave" for the exact Unicode characters that utilize the grave accent. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  3. Note that the last example is only spelled the same in the masculine. In the feminine, neuter and the plural, it is spelled differently – e.g. vzrìvna ('explosive' fem.), vzrivèna ('exploded' fem.), etc.
  4. However, the grave accent is obligatorily used to disambiguate between the two non-stressed words –
    • и ('and'), ѝ ('to her')
    Since many computer programs do not allow for accents on Cyrillic letters, "й" is sometimes seen instead of "ѝ".
  5. Note that in this case the accent would be written in order to differentiate it from the present tense иска да дойде /ˈiskɐ dɐ dojdɛ/ ('he wants to come').

References
  1. Tsoneva, Dimitrina. "Отново за палаталността на българските съгласни" [Again on the Palatalisation of Consonants in Bulgarian] (PDF) (in Bulgarian). pp. 1–6.
  2. Choi, Gwon-Jin. "Фонологичността на признака мекост в съвременния български език" [The Phonological Value of the Feature [Palatalness] in Contemporary Bulgarian].
  3. Tsoneva, Dimitrina. "За ревизия на становището за състава на българската фонемна система" [On the Revision of the Position Regarding the Composition of the Bulharian Phonemic System] (in Bulgarian). pp. 1–12.
  4. Zhobov (2004:44–45)
  5. Scatton (1984:17)
  6. Klagstad Jr. (1958)
  7. Joshi & Aaron (2006:275)
  8. Mihaylov, Miroslav. "ФОНЕТИКА НА СЪВРЕМЕННИЯ БЪЛГАРСКИ КНИЖОВЕН ЕЗИК" [Phonetics of Modern Literary Bulgarian] (PDF). pp. 48–54.
  9. Beaulieux, Léon (1934), Quelques caracteristiques de l'évolution du bulgare moderne [Certain Characteristics of the Evolution of Modern Bulgarian] (in French), Warsaw
  10. Horalek, K. (1950). "K otazce palatalnich suhlas v bulharstine" [On the Question of Palatal Consonants in Bulgarian]. Slavia (in Czech) (XX): 57–60.
  11. International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, pp. 55–56.
  12. Sabev, Mitko. "Bulgarian Sound System". Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  13. Sabev, Mitko. "Bulgarian Sound System". Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  14. Sabev, Mitko. "Bulgarian Sound System". Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  15. Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 55.
  16. Zhobov (2004:65–66)
  17. Zhobov (2004:65–66)

Bibliography
  • Joshi, R. Malatesha; Aaron, P. G. (2006), Handbook of Orthography and Literacy, ISBN 9780805846522
  • Klagstad Jr., Harold L. (1958), The Phonemic System of Colloquial Standard Bulgarian, American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages, pp. 42–54
  • Scatton, Ernest A. (1984), A reference grammar of modern Bulgarian, ISBN 9780893571238
  • Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Zhobov, Vladimir (2004), Звуковете в българския език [Sounds in Bulgarian] (in Bulgarian)
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