Choi Min-sik
Choi Min-sik (Korean: 최민식; Hanja: 崔岷植; born April 27, 1962) is a South Korean actor. He received critical acclaim for his roles in Oldboy (2003), I Saw the Devil (2010) and The Admiral: Roaring Currents (2014).
Choi Min-sik | |
---|---|
최민식 | |
![]() Choi Min-sik at the 44th Carlsbad International Film Festival, July 9, 2009 | |
Born | |
Nationality | South Korean |
Occupation | Actor |
Years active | 1982–present |
Spouse(s) |
Lee Hwa-young
(m. 1990; div. 1993)Kim Hwal-ran (m. 1999) |
Awards | ![]() |
Korean name | |
Hangul | |
Hanja | |
Revised Romanization | Choe Min-sik |
McCune–Reischauer | Ch'oe Minsik |
For his role in Oldboy, he won the Best Actor prize at the 40th Baeksang Art Awards, the 24th Blue Dragon Awards, and the 41st Grand Bell Awards. In 2014, he was listed as Gallup Korea's Film Actor of the Year.[1]
Early life
Choi was born on April 27, 1962, in Seoul, South Korea.[2] In the third grade of elementary school, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and told that he could not be cured. However, he claims to have regained his health after spending a month at a Buddhist temple in the mountains.[3]
While attending his third year of Daeil High School in Seoul, Choi began acting as a research student at a theater company.[4] The young Choi was deeply moved by Ha Gil-jong's films and initially aspired to become a director.[5] After graduating from high school, Choi enrolled in the Department of Theatre and Film at Dongguk University,[6][7] but he eventually changed his career path to become an actor while studying under Professor Ahn Min-soo, whom he had long admired.[5]
Career
Early career
Choi began his professional career as a theatre actor by joining a theater company named ‘Ppuri’(극단 뿌리) in 1982. His debut was a play named Our Town.[7][8] Choi was so engrossed in theater that he spent nearly every day in the small theater. In 1984, he was offered the role of Alan in Equus, but was forced to hand it over to the actor Choi Jae-seong because Choi was drafted for mandatory military enlistment.[5]
In 1988, when he was in his 4th grade in the Department Theatre and Film of Dongguk University, he was invited to audition by his college senior Park Jae-ho for Park Jong-won's early film Kuro Arirang.[7][9] Released in 1989, it was adapted from Lee Mun-yeol's 1987 novel of the same name. It depicts the poor working environment of female workers at the sewing factory in the Guro Industrial Complex.[9] In the same year, Choi acted opposite Son Chang-min who played law student Hyung-bin in director Jang Gil-soo's youth melodrama All That Falls Has Wings. Choi appeared as a friend of Hyung-bin, an art student. He eagerly put a lot of thought into his character's costumes.[5]
After six years, in 1990, Choi was back onstage with the role of Alan in the Korean adaptation of Peter Shaffer's Equus. With this play, Choi Min-sik's name began to be known in Daehak-ro.[5] Writer Na Yeon-suk saw his play, fell in love with Choi, and insisted on giving him a role in her next drama The Years of Ambition. The role of Lee Hwi-hyang's son, who is called 'Ku-chong' in the drama, was originally set to be played by Yoon Da-hoon.[5] The Years of Ambition was a KBS hit weekend drama with an average viewer rating of close to 40%, and it aired for one year starting in October 1990. Choi, who practiced method acting in his portrayal of a tough rebellious child with a human side, 'Ku-chong', enjoyed popularity for the first time in his life. He quickly vaulted from a career as an unknown actor who was lucky to receive 500,000 won a month for a play to a talent who received 7 million won per advertisement.[5][7]
Choi then acted in Park Jong-won's second film Our Twisted Hero. He received the Best Actor Award at the "38th Asia-Pacific Film Festival".[10][11]
Although busily acting onstage as well on the small and big screens, Choi was able to finish his studies at Dongguk University and graduated with bachelor's degree in Theater and Film.[6][12]
Breakthrough
In 1994, Choi starred in MBC television dramas like The Moon of Seoul opposite Han Suk-kyu.[13] The story depicts the lives and sorrows of the commoner in Seoul. Choi played Chun-seop, a bachelor who moves to Seoul from the countryside, dreaming of success. He fell in love at first sight with Chae Shi-ra, who lives in the same boarding house. However he ended up marrying Ho-soon (Kim Won-hee) who was also from the countryside.[14] The drama recorded the highest viewership rating of 48.7% (MSK survey), and was called a masterpiece drama. The drama's popularity made Choi Min-shik and Han Seok-kyu into top stars.[15][16]
In 1996, during the filming of the MBC drama Their Embrace, he suffered an injury to his Achilles tendon and, suffering from the after-effects of the injury, took a break from acting for a while.[5][16]
In 1997, Choi played a police prosecutor in Song Neung-han's No. 3, and then accepted a role in Kim Jee-woon's debut film The Quiet Family. In the same year, Choi back onstage after seven years in Jang Jin's play Taxi Driver. Choi acted as taxi driver and his passengers were acted by Uhm Jung-hwa and theater actors Woo Hyeon-joo, Kwon Seong-deok, Lee Yong-yi, Im Won-hee, Shin Ha-kyun, Jung Jae-young, and Yu In-chon. It was produced by the theater troupe Yu Inchon Repertory Company and staged at the Small Theater of Daehangno Culture and Arts Center in Seoul from February 28 to March 18.[17][18] Choi reprised his role in the 21st Seoul Theater Festival.[19] He won individual awards for South Korea representative.[20] In 1998 Choi won DongA Theater Award.[21]
In 1997, Choi did two television dramas. SBS sitcom Miss & Mister, which was directed by director Ju Byeong-dae of Asia Network, who is regarded as a pioneer of Korean sitcoms.[22] Choi and Lee Jin-woo appeared as CF directors and assistant directors, respectively.[23] Love and Separation was MBC 122 episodes morning drama that aired from August 4, 1997, to January 3, 1998. Choi acted as title role Kim Chan-ki, a divorced man living with his son, who meets a female kindergarten teacher.[24]
I've been in a TV drama for eight years. Then, after being stimulated by the play 'Taxi Driver' in 1996, I was seriously agonized. As someone who dedicated his 20s to stage acting, I was wondering what this is about. Of course, the broadcasting fee fattened my bank account, and my life was so comfortable thanks to it. However, I thought I didn't learn to do this.[25]
Since 1997, Choi Min-sik has been walking on a single path in film, and left television behind. There was a trigger here.
"At first, I acted in plays. Then I got divorced (in 1993), and usually when I do a play, I practice the script for 7 hours. I also discuss. I endured it. It was an analysis and something, and it was not a situation where I could do it structurally. I thought this was not the case. If I had a family at that time, I would not have quit. I thought about the essence of being alone, so I couldn't stick it down my throat. 'Play is What did you start with?' 'What kind of actor did you want to be?' Just when I was going through a divorce, looking back on my personal history, and reminding myself of everything, (Han) Seok-gyu suggested doing No. 3. That's why I boldly gave up."[26]
The first real success came with his role of a North Korean agent in Shiri in 1999. The film was not only critically acclaimed but also achieved box office success. Choi received the Best Actor award at Grand Bell Awards for his portrayal. In the same year he also took part in Theatrer Troupe You's production of Hamlet 1999. It was opened on April 20 as the first work of 'You Theater' opening event, a small theater dedicated to performances in Cheongdam-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul. It ran until June 20.[27] Then Choi starred in Happy End, where he portrayed a man who is cheated on by his wife. In 2001 he took the role of a gangster opposite Cecilia Cheung in Failan.[13]
A year later, Choi portrayed Jang Seung-eop, a Joseon painter in Im Kwon-taek's Chihwaseon,[28] which was awarded the Best Director prize in Cannes.
International recognition

In 2003, Choi starred in Park Chan-wook's Oldboy, which made him popular not only in South Korea but also won him international recognition.[29][30][13] In the next two years, he played a trumpet player in Springtime, a struggling former boxer in Ryoo Seung-wan's Crying Fist, and a child murderer in Sympathy for Lady Vengeance, the last film in Park Chan-wook's vengeance trilogy.[31][32][33] In 2005, Choi and Song Kang-ho were accused by director and Cinema Service head Kang Woo-suk of demanding a share of profits for so-called "contributions" when no contributions were made. Kang later rescinded the statement and apologized.[34][35][36][37]
At various points during 2006, Choi and other South Korean film industry professionals, together and separate from Choi, demonstrated in Seoul and at the Cannes Film Festival against the South Korean administration's decision to reduce the Screen Quotas from 146 to 73 days as part of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States.[38][39][40][41][42] As a sign of protest, Choi returned the prestigious Okgwan Order of Cultural Merit which had been awarded to him, saying, "To halve the screen quota is tantamount to a death sentence for Korean film. This medal, once a symbol of pride, is now nothing more than a sign of disgrace, and it is with a heavy heart that I must return it."[43] Over the next four years, Choi went on a self-imposed exile from making films, begun in protest over the screen quota but also partly due to the studios' reluctance to hire the outspoken and politically active actor.[44][45] Instead he returned to his theater roots in 2007. He also starred in the 2003 London production of Martin McDonagh's The Pillowman, his first play in seven years.[46][47]
During the retrospective on Choi held at the 14th Lyon Asian Film Festival in November 2008, the actor was asked his reaction to the upcoming remake of Oldboy, and he admitted to the French reporters present that he was upset at Hollywood for using what he described as pressure tactics on Asian and European filmmakers so they could remake foreign movies in the United States.[48][49][50]
Choi made his comeback in Jeon Soo-il's 2009 art film Himalaya, Where the Wind Dwells, in which he was the only South Korean actor working with locally cast Tibetan actors.[51][52] Though Kim Jee-woon's 2010 action thriller I Saw the Devil drew criticism from some quarters for its ultra-violent content, reviewers agreed that Choi's performance as a serial killer was memorable and the film emerged as a box office success.[53][54] Choi did voice acting for Leafie, A Hen into the Wild, which in 2011 became the highest grossing South Korean animated film in history.[55] In his 2012 follow-up Nameless Gangster: Rules of the Time, Choi played another complex, layered antihero, and the Yoon Jong-bin film was both a critical and box office hit and earned him the Best Performance by an Actor award at the 2012 Asia Pacific Screen Awards.[56][57][58] Choi's next film was Park Hoon-jung's New World, a 2013 noir about an undercover cop in the world of gangsters, which also became successful critically and commercially.[59][60]
For his English-language debut, Choi appeared in Luc Besson's Lucy (2014), in the role of a gangster who kidnaps a girl and forces her to become a drug mule, but she inadvertently acquires superhuman powers.[61][62][63][64][65][66] He then played Yi Sun-sin in the blockbuster period epic The Admiral: Roaring Currents about the Battle of Myeongnyang, regarded as one of the admiral's most remarkable naval victories.[67][68][65] Roaring Currents became the all-time most watched film in South Korean film history, the first ever to reach 15 million admissions and the first local film to gross more than US$100 million.[69][64][70] Choi next starred in the period film The Tiger: An Old Hunter's Tale, where he played a hunter.[71][72] Choi had two films in 2017; he played an unscrupulous mayor in the political film The Mayor, and headlined the remake crime thriller Heart Blackened.[73][74][75][76][77]
In 2019, Choi stars in the period film Forbidden Dream, playing Jang Yeong-sil.[78] On December 10, 2021, his contract with C-JeS Entertainment ended.[79]
Personal life
In 1990 Choi married actress Lee Hwa-young. They were divorced in 1993.[26]
Choi remarried in 1999 to Kim Hwal-ran.[82] Choi met Kim through Choi's junior at Dongguk University and the representative of his agency, Jeon Young-min, who introduced them to each other.[83]
Filmography
Film
Year | Title | Role | Note | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | Korean | ||||
1989 | Kuro Arirang | 구로 아리랑 | Jin-seok | ||
1990 | That Which Falls Has Wings | 추락하는 것은 날개가 있다 | Tae-sik | ||
1992 | Our Twisted Hero | 우리들의 일그러진 영웅 | Kim Jung-won | ||
May Our Love Stay This Way | 우리사랑 이대로 | Joon-hyuk | |||
1993 | Sara is Guilty | 사라는 유죄 | Music teacher | ||
1995 | Mom, the Star, and the Sea Anemone | 말미잘 (영화) | Mam-bo | Cameo | |
1997 | No. 3 | 넘버 3 | Ma Dong-pal | ||
1998 | The Quiet Family | 조용한 가족 | Kang Chang-gu | ||
1999 | Shiri | 쉬리 | Park Mu-young | ||
Happy End | 해피엔드 | Seo Min-ki | |||
2001 | Failan | 파이란 | Lee Kang-jae | ||
2002 | Chi-hwa-seon | 취화선 | Jang Seung-up | ||
2003 | Oldboy | 올드보이 | Oh Dae-su | ||
2004 | Taegukgi | 태극기 휘날리며 | North Korean commander | Special appearance | |
Springtime | 꽃피는 봄이 오면 | Hyun-woo | |||
2005 | Crying Fist | 주먹이 운다 | Kang Tae-sik | ||
Sympathy for Lady Vengeance | 친절한 금자씨 | Baek Han-sang | |||
2009 | Himalaya, Where the Wind Dwells | 히말라야, 바람이 머무는 곳 | Choi | ||
2010 | I Saw the Devil | 악마를 보았다 | Jang Kyung-chul | ||
2011 | Leafie, A Hen into the Wild | 마당을 나온 암탉 | Drifter | Voice | |
Ari Ari the Korean Cinema | Himself | Documentary | |||
2012 | Nameless Gangster: Rules of the Time | 범죄와의 전쟁: 나쁜놈들 전성시대 | Choi Ik-hyun | ||
2013 | New World | 신세계 | Kang Hyung-chul | ||
In My End Is My Beginning | 끝과 시작 | Doctor | Voice cameo | ||
2014 | Lucy | Mr. Jang | English-language debut | ||
The Admiral: Roaring Currents | 명량 | Admiral Yi Sun-shin | |||
2015 | The Tiger | 대호 | Chun Man-duk | ||
2016 | Old Days | Himself | Documentary | ||
2017 | The Mayor | 특별시민 | Byeon Jong-gu | ||
Heart Blackened | 침묵 | Im Tae-san | |||
2019 | The Battle: Roar to Victory | 봉오동 전투 | General Hong Beom-do | Special appearance | |
Forbidden Dream | 천문: 하늘에 묻는다 | Jang Yeong-sil | |||
2022 | In Our Prime | 이상한 나라의 수학자 | Lee Hak-seong | [84][85] | |
TBA | Heaven: To the Land of Happiness | 행복의 나라로 | 203 | [86] | |
The Unearthed Grave | 파묘 | Kim Sang-deok | [87] |
Television series
Year | Title | Role | Note | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | Korean | ||||
1990 | Years of Ambition | 야망의 세월 | Kuchon | ||
500 Years of Joseon | 조선왕조 오백년 | Park Seung-hwan | |||
1992 | The Beloved | 정든 님 (1992년 드라마) | Lee Dong-wook | ||
Sons and Daughters | 아들과 딸 | — | |||
1994 | The Moon of Seoul | 서울의 달 | Park Chun-seob | ||
1995 | Till We Meet Again | 다시 만날 때까지 | Han Suk-jin | ||
The Fourth Republic | 제4공화국 (드라마) | Kim Dae-joong | |||
MBC Best Theatre - If you love | MBC 베스트극장 - 사랑한다면 | ||||
1996 | Their Embrace | 그들의 포옹 | Ahn Dong-chul | ||
Dad Is the Boss | 아빠는 시장님 | — | |||
1997 | Miss and Mister | 미스 & 미스터 | — | ||
Love and Separation | 사랑과 이별 (1997년 드라마) | Kim Chan-gi | |||
2022 | Big Bet | 카지노 | Cha Mu-sik | Web Series Disney+ Original | [88] |
Stage
Year | Title | Role | Theater | Date | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | Korean | |||||
1982 | Our Town | 우리 읍내 | — | Theater Ppuri | — | [89] |
1989 | real name - insult | 실비명 - 모욕 | Jung-woo | Culture and Art Hall Small Theater | September 23 to October 5 | [90] |
1989 | (7th) Gyeongsangnam-do Theater Festival: Blood in the Basin | (제7회) 경상남도연극제 : 분지의 피 | Chief | Gyeongsangnam-do Theater | April 18 | [91] |
1990 | Equus | 에쿠우스 | Alan | Exclusive Theater for Experimental Theater | September 20 to October 21 | [92] |
1997 | Taxi Driver - Where are you going? | 택시 드리벌 - 당신은 어디까지 가십니까? | Taxi driver Jang Deok-bae | Arts and Culture Center Small Theater | February 27–March 18 | [18] |
1997 | (21st) Seoul Theater Festival: Taxi Driver - Where are you going? | (제21회) 서울연극제: 택시 드리벌 - 당신은 어디까지 가십니까? | October 10–15 | [19] | ||
1999 | Hamlet 1999 | 햄릿 1999 | Laertes | U Theater | April 20 to June 20 | [93] |
1999 | Gyeongbuk Pohang Jecheol Seo Elementary School 'Cat in a Mousetrap' - The 8th National Children's Play Contest | 경북 포항제철 서초등학교 '쥐덫에 걸린 고양이' - 제8회 전국어린이 연극경연대회 | The Rats | Dongsoong Art Center Dongsoong Hall | November 6 | [94] |
2000 | Leave When They're Applauding | 박수칠 때 떠나라 | Choi Yeon-ki (detective) | LG Arts Center | June 16–30 | [95] |
2007 | The Pillowman | 필로우맨 | K. Katurian | LG Arts Center | May 1–20 | [96] |
Awards and nominations
Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | KBS Drama Awards | Best New Actor | Years of Ambition | Won | |
1992 | 13th Blue Dragon Film Awards | Best Supporting Actor | Our Twisted Hero | Nominated | |
1993 | 31st Grand Bell Awards | Best Supporting Actor | Nominated | ||
38th Asia Pacific Film Festival | Best Supporting Actor | Won | |||
1994 | MBC Drama Awards | Top Excellence Award, Actor | The Moon of Seoul | Nominated | |
1997 | 21st Seoul Theater Festival | Best Actor | Taxi Driver | Won | |
35th Grand Bell Awards | Best Supporting Actor | No. 3 | Nominated | ||
1998 | 34th DongA Theater Award | Best Actor | Taxi Driver | Won | |
1999 | 22nd Golden Cinematography Awards | Most Popular Actor | Shiri | Won | |
35th Baeksang Arts Awards | Best Actor (Film) | Won | |||
36th Grand Bell Awards | Best Actor | Won | |||
20th Blue Dragon Film Awards | Best Actor | Nominated | |||
2nd Director's Cut Awards | Best Actor | Happy End | Won | ||
2000 | 45th Asia Pacific Film Festival | Best Actor | Won | ||
2001 | 2nd Busan Film Critics Awards | Best Actor | Failan | Won | [98] |
22nd Blue Dragon Film Awards | Best Actor | Won | [99] | ||
21st Korean Association of Film Critics Awards | Best Actor | Won | |||
4th Director's Cut Awards | Best Actor | Won | |||
2002 | 38th Baeksang Arts Awards | Best Actor (Film) | Nominated | ||
39th Grand Bell Awards | Best Actor | Nominated | |||
4th Deauville Asian Film Festival | Best Actor | Won | [100] | ||
23rd Blue Dragon Film Awards | Best Actor | Chi-hwa-seon | Nominated | ||
2003 | 24th Blue Dragon Film Awards | Best Actor | Oldboy | Won | [101] |
2004 | 40th Baeksang Arts Awards | Best Actor (Film) | Won | ||
41st Grand Bell Awards | Best Actor | Won | [102] | ||
12th Chunsa Film Art Awards | Best Actor | Won | [103] | ||
24th Korean Association of Film Critics Awards | Best Actor | Won | [104] | ||
1st Max Movie Awards | Best Actor | Won | |||
49th Asia Pacific Film Festival | Best Actor | Won | |||
7th Director's Cut Awards | Best Actor | Won | |||
1st University Film Festival of Korea | Best Actor | Won | |||
3rd Korean Film Awards | Best Actor | Won | [105] | ||
Springtime | Nominated | ||||
25th Blue Dragon Film Awards | Best Actor | Nominated | |||
2005 | 9th Fantasia Festival | Best Actor | Crying Fist | Won | [106] |
5th Korea World Youth Film Festival | Favorite Actor | Won | |||
2010 | 13th Director's Cut Awards | Best Actor | I Saw the Devil | Won | |
47th Grand Bell Awards | Best Actor | Nominated | |||
8th Korean Film Awards | Best Actor | Nominated | [107] | ||
2011 | Scream Awards | Best Villain | Nominated | ||
2012 | Fangoria Chainsaw Awards | Best Actor | Nominated | ||
48th Baeksang Arts Awards | Best Actor (Film) | Nameless Gangster: Rules of the Time | Nominated | ||
21st Buil Film Awards | Best Actor | Won | [108] | ||
6th Asia Pacific Screen Awards | Best Actor | Won | [109] | ||
49th Grand Bell Awards | Best Actor | Nominated | |||
33rd Blue Dragon Film Awards | Best Actor | Won | [110] | ||
2013 | 4th KOFRA Film Awards | Best Actor | Won | [111] | |
7th Asian Film Awards | Best Actor | Nominated | [112] | ||
Favorite Actor | Nominated | ||||
2014 | 2nd Marie Claire Asia Star Awards | Actor of the Year | The Admiral: Roaring Currents | Won | |
23rd Buil Film Awards | Best Actor | Nominated | |||
34th Korean Association of Film Critics Awards | Best Actor | Won | [113] | ||
51st Grand Bell Awards | Best Actor | Won | [114] | ||
4th SACF Artists of the Year Awards | Grand Prize (Daesang) | Won | [115] | ||
35th Blue Dragon Film Awards | Best Actor | Nominated | |||
3rd Korea Film Actors Association Awards | Top Star Award | Won | |||
2015 | 6th KOFRA Film Awards | Best Actor | Won | [116] | |
10th Max Movie Awards | Best Actor | Won | [117] | ||
20th Chunsa Film Art Awards | Best Actor | Nominated | [118] | ||
9th Asian Film Awards | Best Actor | Nominated | [119] | ||
51st Baeksang Arts Awards | Best Actor (film) | Nominated | |||
Grand Prize (Daesang) (Film) | Won | [120] | |||
2016 | 21st Chunsa Film Art Awards | Best Actor | The Tiger: An Old Hunter's Tale | Nominated | |
53rd Grand Bell Awards | Best Actor | Nominated | |||
2017 | 6th Korea Film Actors Association Awards | Top Star Award | Heart Blackened | Won | [121] |
2022 | 58th Baeksang Arts Awards | Best Actor – Film | In Our Prime | Nominated | [122] |
2023 | Director's Cut Awards | Best Actor in Television | Big Bet | Nominated | [123] |
59th Baeksang Arts Awards | Best Actor – Television | Pending | [124] | ||
State honors
Country/Organization | Year | Honor | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
South Korea[note 1] | 2004 | Okgwan Order of Cultural Merit (3rd Class) |
Listicles
Publisher | Year | Listicle | Placement | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gallup Korea | 2004 | Gallup Korea's Actor of the Year | 1st | |
The Village Voice Annual Film Critics Poll | 2005 | Best Performance | 40th |
Notes
- Honors are given at the Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards, arranged by the Korea Creative Content Agency and hosted by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism.[125][126] They are awarded to those who have contributed to the arts and South Korea's pop culture.[127]
References
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- Jobling, Alison (April 30, 2005). "Choi Min Sik - Korean Chameleon". YesAsia. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
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- Kim, Sang-yoo (November 4, 2010). "Dongguk Conquers Movie Screens and TV shows". Dongguk University News Clipping. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
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- "씨네21". www.cine21.com. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
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- "최민식, 아태영화제 남우주연상 수상". n.news.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved February 9, 2023.
- "안성기, 제38회 亞.太영화제 최우수 남우주연상 획득". n.news.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved February 9, 2023.
- "[동국대학교] 선배들의 풍부한 인프라 업고 최고 설비로 실력 닦는다". 씨네21 (in Korean). December 15, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
- Paquet, Darcy. "Actors and Actresses of Korean Cinema: Choi Min-shik". Koreanfilm.org. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
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External links
