Free China (Second Sino-Japanese War)
The term Free China, in the context of the Second Sino-Japanese War, refers to those areas of China not under the control of the Imperial Japanese Army or any of its puppet governments, such as Manchukuo, the Mengjiang government in Suiyuan and Chahar, or the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in Beiping. The term came into more frequent use after the Battle of Nanking, when Chiang Kai-shek evacuated the government of the Republic of China to Chongqing.
| Free China | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 The extent of Japanese control of China as of 1940. The area in white constitutes "Free China". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中華民國自由地區 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中华民国自由地区 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Free Area of the Republic of China (full form used only occasionally) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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History
In the final days of the Battle of Nanking, the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army helped to evacuate the Chiang Kai-shek government to Chongqing, which was declared the provisional capital of the Republic of China. The Japanese, following their victory at Nanjing, created yet another puppet government, the Reformed Government of the Republic of China, which was later merged with the Provisional Government of the Republic of China to create the Wang Jingwei Government. Many civilians from Japanese-controlled areas of China fled to Free China.
Conflict between the Communists and Kuomintang continued in the area of Free China, the most severe example being the New Fourth Army Incident. At the same time, Japanese action against the Communists and Nationalists continued; Chongqing was bombed 268 times, making it the most-frequently bombed city in all of World War II, and, even as late as December 1944, the Japanese Operation Ichi-Go succeeded in taking control of Guangxi, giving them a continuous railway link between Manchukuo and Southeast Asia. The Japanese also prepared to invade Sichuan in an attempt to destroy the KMT government in Chongqing.[1] In 1945, the Japanese got an operational victory in West Henan and North Hubei, but they were defeated in an attempt to invade West Hunan and expelled from occupied areas in Guangxi before the final surrender.
The term "Free area of the Republic of China" was later reused by the Nationalist government after their retreat to Taiwan to contrast their territory with that of the People's Republic of China.
References
Citations
- 昭和二十年の支那派遣軍（1）三月まで. 防衛庁防衛研修所戦史室. 戦史叢書 (in Japanese). 朝雲新聞社. 1971.
Bibliography
- Linebarger, Anthony; Paul Myron (1941). The China of Chiang Kai-shek: A Political Study. World Peace Foundation.
- Ride, Edwin. BAAG: Hong Kong Resistance 1942-1945. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. See chapter 2, "Escape to Free China".
- Yu, Patrick Shuk-Siu (2000). A Seventh Child and the Law. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
