Chronology of Tamil history
The following is a chronological overview of the history of the Tamil people, who trace their ancestry to the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the Indian Union territory of Puducherry, or the Northern, Eastern Province and Puttalam District[1] of Sri Lanka.[2]
| Part of a series on |
| History of Tamil Nadu |
|---|
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Pre-Sangam period
| Period | Events |
|---|---|
| c. 600 BCE | The Wootz steel production process started in the 6th century BC and exported globally by Chera dynasty what was termed the finest steel in the world, i.e. Seric Iron to the Romans, Egyptians, Chinese and Arabs by 500 BC and was used to make the famous damascus blades[3][4][5][6] |
| c. 600-500 BCE | Keezhadi excavation site.[7][8] This site is located 12 km southeast of Madurai in Tamil Nadu, near the town of Keezhadi in Sivagangai district. It comes under the Thiruppuvanam Taluk of Sivagangai district. This is a large-scale excavation carried out in Tamil Nadu after the Adichanallur archaeological site. The settlement lies on the bank of the Vaigai River and it reflects the ancient culture of Tamil people.[9] Epigraphist V. Vedachalam, who served as a domain expert for the excavation, dated the excavated remains between 6th century BCE and 3rd century CE.[10] |
| c. 400 BCE | Kaveripattinam, The ancient capital port city of the Chola Dynasty was destroyed by the sea[11][12][13] |
Sangam age
| Period | Events |
|---|---|
| c. 300 BCE-200 CE | Sangam age during which books of Sangam Literature are created [14] |
| c. 300 BCE | Greek ethnographer Megasthenes describes Pandya dynasty's capital Madurai[15][16] |
| c. 250 BCE | Ashoka's inscription recording the four kingdoms (Chera, Cholas, Pandya and Satyaputra) of the ancient Tamil country |
| c. 200 BCE | Elara, a Tamil prince and contemporary of Dutte Gamini, rules Lanka |
| c. 13 | Greek historian Nicolaus of Damascus met an ambassador sent by Pandyan King to Caesar Augustus, Strabo XV.1-73.[17] |
| c. 1-100 | The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea gives a detailed description of early Chera and Pandya kingdom and mentions a part of the Tamil country as Lymirike (misread as "Damirica" by some modern scholars).[18] |
| c. 77 and 140 | Greco-Roman writers Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy mention Madurai ruled by Pandyan. |
| c. 130 | Chera king Udayanjeral rules in the Chera country |
| c. 175-195 | Gajabahu I of Lanka a contemporary of Chera Senguttuvan and Karikala Chola (the Gajabahu synchronism) |
| c. 190 | Chera Kadukko Ilanjeral Irumporai rules in the Chera country [19] |
| c. 200 | Writing becomes widespread and vattezuttu evolved from the Tamil Brahmi becomes a mature script for writing Tamil [20] |
| c. 210 | Pandian Neduncheliyan rules in Madurai and defeats his enemies at the battle of Talaiyalanganam |
Post-Sangam period
| Period | Events |
|---|---|
| c. 300-590 | Kalabhras invade the Tamil country and displace the traditional rulers |
| c. 300-500 | Post-Sangam period, Tamil epics such as Silappatikaram written |
Pallava and Pandya
| Period | Events |
|---|---|
| c. 560-580 | Pallava Simhavishnu overthrows the Kalabhras in Tondaimandalam |
| c. 560-590 | Pandya Kadungon rules from Madurai and displaces the Kalabhras from the south |
| c. 590-630 | Pallava Mahendravarman I rules in Kanchipuram |
| c. 610 | Saiva saint Thirunavukkarasar (Appar) converts Mahendravarman from Jainism |
| c. 628 | Chalukya Pulakesi II invades the Pallava kingdom and lays siege on Kanchipuram |
| c. 630-668 | Pallava Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla) rules in Tondaimandalam |
| c. 642 | Pallava Narasimhavarman I launches a counter-invasion into the Chalukya country and sacks Vatapi. Pulakesi is killed in battle |
| c. 640-690 | CE-Pandya Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman rules in Madurai |
| c. 690-725 | Pallava Rajasimha builds the Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram and many of the shore temples in Mamallapuram |
| c. 710-730 | Pandya king Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran expands the Pandya kingdom into the Kongu country |
| c. 731 | Pandya Maravarman Rajasimha aligns with the Chalukya Vikramaditya II and attacks the Pallava king Nandivarmam |
| c. 731-765 | Pandya Maravarman Rajasimha aligns with the Chalukya Vikramaditya II and attacks the Pallava king Nandivarmam |
| c. 735 | Chaluka Vikramaditya II invades the Pallava country and occupies the capital Kanchipuram |
| c. 760 | Pallava Nandivarman II invades and defeats the Ganga kingdom at the battle of Villande |
| c. 768-815 | Pandya Parantaka Nedunchadaiyan (Varaguna Pandyan) rules in Madurai[21] |
| c. 767 | Pandya forces defeat the Pallavas on the south banks of the Kaveri |
| c. 800-830 | Varagunan I becomes Pandya king and extends his empire up to Tiruchirapalli by defeating the Pallava king Dandivarman |
| c. 830-862 | Pandya Sirmara Srivallabha rules in Madurai |
| c. 840 | Srimara invades Lanka and captures the northern provinces of the Lanka king Sena I[22] |
| c. 848 | Rise of Vijayalaya Chola in Tanjavur after defeating the Muttaraiyar[23]Muthuraja rulers of kaveri delta |
| c. 846-869 | Pallava Nadivarman III leads an invasion against the Pandya kingdom and defeats the Pandyas at the battle of Tellaru. Pallava kingdom extends up to the river Vaigai |
| c. 859 | Pandya Srivallaba defeats the Pallavas at a battle at Kumbakonam |
| c. 862 | Sinhala forces under Sena II invade the Pandya country and sack Madurai. Srimara is killed in battle |
Chola period
| Period | Events |
|---|---|
| c. 903 | Chola king Aditya I defeats the Pallava king Aparajitavarman[24] |
| c. 949 | Battle of Takkolam. |
| c. 985 | Accession of Rajaraja Chola I[24] |
| c. 1010 | Rajaraja completes the Brihadisvara Temple |
| c. 1012 | Accession of Rajendra Chola I[24] |
| c. 1017 | Rajendra completely conquered Lanka.[25] The king and captured Mahinda's crown, queen, daughter, vast amount of wealth and the king himself whom he took as a prisoner to Tamilnadu, where he eventually died in exile in 1029 |
| c. 1023 | Rajendra's Expedition to the Ganges[26] |
| c. 1025 | Chola navies defeat the king of Srivijaya[27] |
| c. 1054 | Rajadhiraja Chola dies in the battle of Koppam against Western Chalukyas[27] |
| c. 1070 | Accession of Kulothunga Chola I[27] |
| c. 1118 | Vikrama Chola[27] |
| c. 1133 | Kulothunga Chola II[27] |
| c. 1146 | Rajaraja Chola II[27] |
| c. 1163 | Rajadhiraja Chola II[27] |
| c. 1178 | Kulothunga Chola III[27] |
| c. 1216 | Rajaraja Chola III[27] |
| c. 1246 | Rajendra Chola III[27] |
Chola to Pandya transition
| Period | Events |
|---|---|
| c. 1190-1260 | Bana Dynasty rule Magadaimandalam with family title of 'ponparappinan' and headquarters at Aragalur [27] |
| c. 1216 - 1238 | Kadava Dynasty and Maravarman Sundara Pandyan ruled regions of South India[28] |
Pandiya revival and Muslim rule
| Period | Events |
|---|---|
| 1251 | Accession of Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I[29] |
| 1279 | End of the Chola dynasty with the death of Rajendra Chola III[27] |
| 1268-1310 | Kulasekara Pandiyan rules in Madurai[29] |
| 1308 | Malik Kafur a general of Allaudin Khilji invades Devagiri en route to Tamil Nadu[30] |
| 1310 | Sundara Pandian III, son of Kulasekara Pandiyan, appointed as co-regent by his father. This provoked his another son Vira Pandyan and killed his father and defeated elder brother, who then fled to Aludin Khilji, to become king. .[31] |
| 1311 | Malik Kafur, invades Pandiya country and attacks Madurai[30] |
| 1327-1370 | Madurai under the rule of Madurai Sultanate[30] |
Vijayanagar and Nayak period
| Period | Events |
|---|---|
| 1370 | Bukka, the Vijayanagara ruler and his son Kumara Kamapna capture the entire Tamil country |
| 1518 | Portuguese land on the Coromandel Coast in Pulicat[32] |
| 1532 to 1580 | Sevappa Nayak rules as the first independent Nayak ruler in Tanjavur |
| 1600to 1645 | Ragunatha Nayak, the greatest of the Tanjavur Nayaks |
| 1609 | the Dutch establish a settlement in Pulicat |
| 1623 to 1659 | Tirumalai Nayak rules in Madurai |
| 1639 | British East India Company purchases Chennapatinam and establishes Fort St. George |
| 1652 | Tanjavur and Gingee fall to the Bijapur Sultan |
| 1656 | Mysore army invades Salem against the Madurai Nayak Tirumalai |
| 1676 | Maratha army from Bijapur marches into Tanjavur, Ekoji declares himself king[33] |
| 1692 | Nawab of Arcot established by Nawab Zulfiqar Ali Khan, a viceroy of the Moghul Emperor |
| 1746 | La Bourdonnais of the French East India company attacks and takes Fort St. George |
East India Company
| Period | Events |
|---|---|
| 1749 | British regain Fort St. George through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle arising out of the War of the Austrian Succession |
| 1751 | Robert Clive attacks Arcot and captures it.[34] |
| 1756 | The British and the French sign the first Carnatic treaty. Mahommed Ali Walajah was recognized as Nawab of the Carnatic |
| 1759 | French under Thomas Arthur, Comte de Lally, attack Madras |
| 1760 | Battle of Vandavasi between the British and the French. |
| 1767 | Hyder Ali, Sultan of Mysore attacks Madras against British, but defeated by the British at the Battle of Chengam |
| 1773 | British Government passes the Regulating Act. The administration of Madras comes under British Government review |
| 1777-1832 | Serfoji II rules in Tanjavur |
| 1799 | Serfoji cedes the Tanjavur kingdom to the British. |
| 1801 | Maruthu Pandiyar of Sivaganga organise the South Indian Chieftains against East India Company. After a series of battles, they were captured and hanged in Tiruppathur Fort. |
| 1803 | Bentinck appointed governor of Madras |
| 1800-1805 | Poligar Wars |
| 1806 | Vellore Mutiny East India Company's Indian soldiers in Vellore mutiny against governor Bentinck in Vellore fort. 114 British officers killed and 19 mutineers executed. |
British rule
| Period | Events |
|---|---|
| 1892 | British government passes the Indian Councils Act |
| 1909 | 'Minto-Morley Reforms'. Madras Legislative Council formed |
| 1921 | First regional elections held in Madras. Justice party forms government[35] |
| 1927 | Madras Congress passes a resolution for 'Full Independence' |
| 1928 | Simon Commission visits Madras. Mass protests result in several deaths |
| 1937 | Congress party under C. Rajagopalachari wins provincial elections and forms government in Madras |
| 1938 | E. V. Ramasamy organises a separatist agitation demanding Dravida Nadu consisting of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala |
| 1944 | "Periyar" E.V. Ramasamy and C. N. Annadurai found Dravidar Kazhagam (DK) |
Post independence period
| Period | Events |
|---|---|
| 1947 | Madras Presidency, comprising Tamil Nadu and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka established |
| 1949 | Annadurai leaves the DK to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) |
| 1953 | Madras State comes into being along linguistic lines |
| 1965 | Widespread agitations in response to the Union government's directive of Hindi being the National Language |
| 1967 | An alliance led by the DMK replaces the Congress government in Madras State ; Annadurai becomes the Chief Minister |
| 1969 | Madras state is renamed as Tamil Nadu (Country of the Tamils)[36][37] |
References
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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External links
- Tamil Sentiment. Tamil shrines, Tamil culture, the history of Tamils, by Kavi Yogi Dr. Shuddhananda Bharati
- Historical Atlas of South India-Timeline-http://www.ifpindia.org/Historical-Atlas-of-South-India-Timeline.html (French Institute of Pondicherry)
- Codrington, Humphry William, A Short History of Lanka <http://lakdiva.org>
- Veluppillai, Prof. A., Religious Traditions of the Tamils http://tamilelibrary.org/
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