Chrysophyllum

Chrysophyllum is a group of trees in the Sapotaceae described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753.[2][3]

Chrysophyllum
Chrysophyllum oliviforme
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Sapotaceae
Subfamily: Chrysophylloideae
Genus: Chrysophyllum
L.[1]
Synonyms[1]
  • Achrouteria Eyma
  • Austrogambeya Aubrév. & Pellegr.
  • Cainito Adans.
  • Chloroluma Baill.
  • Cornuella Pierre
  • Cynodendron Baehni
  • Dactimala Raf.
  • Donella Pierre ex Baill.
  • Fibocentrum Pierre ex Glaz., nom. inval.
  • Gambeya Pierre
  • Gambeyobotrys Aubrév.
  • Guersentia Raf.
  • Martiusella Pierre
  • Nycterisition Ruiz & Pav.
  • Nycteristion Ruiz & Pav.
  • Prieurella Pierre
  • Ragala Pierre
  • Villocuspis (A.DC.) Aubrév. & Pellegr.

The genus is native to tropical regions throughout the world, with the greatest number of species in northern South America. One species, C. oliviforme, extends north to southern Florida.[4][5]

Description

Chrysophyllum members are usually tropical trees, often growing rapidly to 10–20 m or more in height. The leaves are oval, 3–15 cm long, green above, densely golden pubescent below, from which the genus is named.[6] The flowers are small (3–8 mm), purplish white and have a sweet fragrant smell; they are clustered several together, and are hermaphroditic (self fertile). The fruit is edible; round, usually purple skinned (sometimes greenish-white), often green around the calyx, with a star pattern in the pulp; the flattened seeds are light brown and hard. The fruit skin is chewy like gum, and contrary to some reports, is edible. [7][8]

Species

Currently accepted species include:[4]

  1. Chrysophyllum acreanum - Brazil (Acre, Amazonas)
  2. Chrysophyllum africanum - W + C Africa
  3. Chrysophyllum akusae - Ivory Coast
  4. Chrysophyllum albidum - W + C Africa
  5. Chrysophyllum albipilum - Peru (San Martín)
  6. Chrysophyllum amazonicum - Amazon Basin
  7. Chrysophyllum arenarium - E Brazil
  8. Chrysophyllum argenteum - West Indies, Central America, N South America
  9. Chrysophyllum asraoi - Maharashtra
  10. Chrysophyllum aulacocarpum - Miranda
  11. Chrysophyllum bicolor - Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
  12. Chrysophyllum bombycinum - Loreto, Amazonas
  13. Chrysophyllum brenesii - Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
  14. Chrysophyllum brevicaule – New Guinea
  15. Chrysophyllum cainito - Belize, Jamaica, Cayman Is
  16. Chrysophyllum calophyllum - Príncipe
  17. Chrysophyllum colombianum - Central America, NW South America
  18. Chrysophyllum contumacense - Peru
  19. Chrysophyllum cuneifolium - N South America
  20. Chrysophyllum dubardii
  21. Chrysophyllum durifructum - Amazonas
  22. Chrysophyllum emarginatum
  23. Chrysophyllum engleri
  24. Chrysophyllum euryphyllum - Colombia
  25. Chrysophyllum eximium - Suriname, N. Brazil
  26. Chrysophyllum flexuosum - Brazil
  27. Chrysophyllum gollmerianum
  28. Chrysophyllum gonocarpum - Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay, N Argentina
  29. Chrysophyllum hirsutum - Panama, Costa Rica
  30. Chrysophyllum imperiale - E Brazil
  31. Chrysophyllum inornatum - S Brazil
  32. Chrysophyllum januariense - Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro
  33. Chrysophyllum karstenii
  34. Chrysophyllum lanatum - Colombia
  35. Chrysophyllum longipes – Democratic Republic of the Congo
  36. Chrysophyllum lucentifolium - Panama, Costa Rica, South America
  37. Chrysophyllum macoucou – French Guiana
  38. Chrysophyllum manabiense - Ecuador
  39. Chrysophyllum manaosense - N South America
  40. Chrysophyllum manglillo
  41. Chrysophyllum marginatum - South America
  42. Chrysophyllum mexicanum - Mexico, Central America
  43. Chrysophyllum michino
  44. Chrysophyllum millerianum
  45. Chrysophyllum novoguineense - New Guinea
  46. Chrysophyllum ogowense - Gabon
  47. Chrysophyllum oliviforme - Florida, West Indies
  48. Chrysophyllum ovale - Peru, Bolivia, Acre
  49. Chrysophyllum panariense
  50. Chrysophyllum papuanicum - Papua New Guinea
  51. Chrysophyllum paranaense - São Paulo, Paraná
  52. Chrysophyllum parvulum - Colombia, Venezuela
  53. Chrysophyllum pauciflorum - Puerto Rico to Virgin Islands
  54. Chrysophyllum perpulchrum - W + C Africa
  55. Chrysophyllum peruvianum
  56. Chrysophyllum pomiferum - tropical South America
  57. Chrysophyllum prieurii - Panama, tropical South America
  58. Chrysophyllum pyriforme
  59. Chrysophyllum reitzianum – Santa Catarina
  60. Chrysophyllum revolutum - Peru
  61. Chrysophyllum revolutus
  62. Chrysophyllum roxburghii - SE Asia, New Guinea, Australia, S China, India, Madagascar
  63. Chrysophyllum rufum - E Brazil
  64. Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum - tropical South America
  65. Chrysophyllum sapini - Zaïre
  66. Chrysophyllum scalare - Peru, Venezuela
  67. Chrysophyllum sparsiflorum - Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Bolivia
  68. Chrysophyllum splendens - E Brazil
  69. Chrysophyllum striatum - Panama
  70. Chrysophyllum subnudum - tropical Africa
  71. Chrysophyllum subspinosum - Bahia
  72. Chrysophyllum superbum - Amazonas
  73. Chrysophyllum torulosum – New Guinea
  74. Chrysophyllum ucuquirana-branca - S Venezuela, N Brazil
  75. Chrysophyllum venezuelanense - tropical South America, Central America, Mexico
  76. Chrysophyllum villocuspis
  77. Chrysophyllum viride - Brazil
  78. Chrysophyllum welwitschii - tropical Africa
  79. Chrysophyllum wilsonii - Amazonas
  80. Chrysophyllum zimmermannii - Tanzania
Formerly included[5]
  • Donella ambrensis Aubrév. (as C. ambrense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella analalavensis Aubrév. (as C. analalavense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella bangweolensis (R.E.Fr. & Pellegr.) Mackinder (as C. bangweolense R.E.Fr. & Pellegr.)
  • Donella capuronii (G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.) Mackinder & L.Gaut. (as C. capuronii G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella delphinensis Aubrév. (as C. delphinense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella fenerivensis Aubrév. (as C. fenerivense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella guereliana (Aubrév.) Mackinder (as C guerelianum (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella masoalensis Aubrév. (as C. masoalense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella perrieri Lecomte (as C. perrieri (Lecomte) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella pruniformis (Engl.) Pierre ex Engl. (as C. pruniforme Engl.)
  • Donella viridifolia (J.M.Wood & Franks) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. viridifolium J.M.Wood & Franks)
  • Donella ubangiensis (De Wild.) Aubrév. (as C. ubangiense (De Wild.) Govaerts)
  • Englerophytum longepedicellatum (De Wild.) L.Gaut. (as C. longifolium De Wild.)
  • Englerophytum magalismontanum (Sond.) T.D.Penn. (as C. magalismontanum Sond.)
  • Englerophytum oblanceolatum (S.Moore) T.D.Penn. (as C. tessmannii Engl. & K.Krause)
  • Gambeya azaguieana (J.Miège) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. azaguieanum J.Miège)
  • Gambeya beguei (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. beguei (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Aubrév. & Pellegr.)
  • Gambeya boiviniana Pierre (as C. boivinianum (Pierre) Baehni)
  • Gambeya boukokoensis Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. boukokoense (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) L.Gaut.)
  • Gambeya gigantea (A.Chev.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. giganteum A.Chev.)
  • Gambeya gorungosana (Engl.) Liben (as C. gorungosanum Engl.)
  • Gambeya lacourtiana (De Wild.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. lacourtianum De Wild.)
  • Gambeya lungi (De Wild.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. lungi De Wild.)
  • Gambeya muerensis (Engl.) Liben (as C. muerense Engl.)
  • Gambeya taiensis (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. taiense Aubrév. & Pellegr.)
  • Jacquinia arborea Vahl (as C. barbasco Loefl.)
  • Micropholis rugosa (Sw.) Pierre (as C. rugosum Sw.)
  • Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob. (as C. philippense Perr.)
  • Pouteria alnifolia (Baker) Roberty (as C. alnifolium Baker)
  • Pouteria gardneri (Mart. & Miq.) Baehni (as C. gardneri Mart. & Miq.)
  • Pouteria macrophylla (Lam.) Eyma (as C. macrophyllum Lam.)
  • Pouteria reticulata (Engl.) Eyma (as C. reticulatum Engl.)
  • Pradosia brevipes (Pierre) T.D.Penn. (as C. soboliferum Rizzini)
  • Pradosia lactescens (Vell.) Radlk. (as C. burahem Riedel)

References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrysophyllum.
Wikispecies has information related to Chrysophyllum.
  1. "Genus: Chrysophyllum L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-03-31. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
  2. Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 192 in Latin
  3. Tropicos, Chrysophyllum L.
  4. Chrysophyllum L. World Flora Online. Accessed 3 December 2022.
  5. Chrysophyllum L. Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Accessed 3 December 2022.
  6. The generic name is derived from the Greek words χρυσός (chrysos), meaning "gold," and φυλλον (phyllos), meaning "leaf." See Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. I A-C. CRC Press. p. 534. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
  7. Flora of North America Vol. 8 Page 245 Cainito Chrysophyllum Linnaeus
  8. Flora of China, Vol. 15 Page 208 金叶树属 jin ye shu shu Chrysophyllum Linnaeus
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