Demography of Birmingham

Birmingham, England is an ethnically and culturally diverse city. The city is the core of the second most populous urban area[1] in the United Kingdom after London and is the largest city proper.

Population density in the 2011 census in Birmingham.

Demographics of Birmingham
Population pyramid of Birmingham
Population1,147,316 (2020 estimate)

Population
Historical populations
YearPop.±%
15381,300—    
16505,472+320.9%
170015,032+174.7%
173123,286+54.9%
177842,250+81.4%
178552,250+23.7%
180173,670+41.0%
181185,753+16.4%
1821106,722+24.5%
1831146,986+37.7%
1841182,922+24.4%
1851232,638+27.2%
1861296,076+27.3%
1871343,787+16.1%
1881400,774+16.6%
1891478,113+19.3%
1901522,204+9.2%
1911525,833+0.7%
1921919,444+74.9%
19311,002,603+9.0%
1939995,039−0.8%
19511,112,685+11.8%
19611,107,187−0.5%
19711,098,654−0.8%
1981996,365−9.3%
19911,005,764+0.9%
2001977,091−2.9%
20111,073,045+9.8%
20201,147,316+6.9%
[2][3][4][5]

Birmingham city's total population was 977,099 in 2001. The 2005 estimate for the population of the district of Birmingham was 1,001,200. This is the first time the population has broken the 1,000,000 barrier since 1996.[6] This was a population increase of 0.9% (8,800) from 2004, higher than the 0.6% for the United Kingdom as a whole and 0.7% for England. It is believed to have been caused as a result of increased numbers of births, increased migration and a decrease in deaths in the district.[6] The population of Birmingham is predicted to increase, though it cannot be predicted at certainty due to fluctuations in previous years in migration. The population in Birmingham is predicted to increase by 12.2% (121,500) from 992,100 in 2003 to 1,113,600 in 2028. This is an increase of around 4,000 - 5,000 each year until 2028.[7]

The mid-year population estimates from previous years have showed a general decrease in the population of Birmingham from 1982 to 2002, before beginning to increase again up to 2005, with the increase from 2004 to 2005 being the largest population increase recorded. Though, in total, the overall decline in the population of Birmingham has been by just over 1%. The dependent population (0-14 and 65+) has declined since 2001 as the working population (15-64) has increased.[6]

The ward with the lowest population following the boundary readjustments of 2004 was Ladywood with 14,801.[8] Prior to the boundary readjustments, it had a population of 23,789.[9] The ward with the highest population following the boundary readjustments of 2004 was Sparkbrook with a population of 31,485, which is an increase from 28,311 prior to the boundary adjustments.[10]

Age
Historical population of Birmingham, England[11]

Birmingham has a young population compared to England as a whole. The mid-year population estimates of 2005 estimate that Birmingham has a younger age structure compared to England, with a higher proportion of the population of Birmingham being under the age of 34, and lower proportion being above the age of 35, than England.[6][12] In the 20 to 24 year age group, the proportion in Birmingham is about 2% above the national figure.[13]

23.4% of people were aged under 16, 57.7% were aged between 16 and 59, while 18.9% were aged over 60. The average age was 36, compared with 38.6 years for England.[13]

The district of Ladywood was found to have the lowest proportion of people who are 60 years and over than all other districts. Sutton Coldfield district had the highest proportion of people aged 60 years and over. Hodge Hill was found to have the highest population of people from the age of 0 to 15 whilst the districts of Edgbaston and Sutton Coldfield had the lowest.[8]

Population density

The population density is 3,649 people per square km compared to the 377.2 people per square km for England. The district of Hall Green had the most persons per acre at 55.22. Sutton Coldfield had the lowest number of persons per acre at 15.47, a difference of 39.75.[14]

Gender

Females represented 51.6% of the population whilst males represented 48.4%. These percentages are above and below the national, regional and county average respectively.[14] However, the 2005 mid-year estimates recorded that there were more males in the city up to the 35-39 age group. 66% of the population of Birmingham that were aged 80 or over were women, and the population of women who were aged 80 or over was 5% of the Birmingham total, as opposed to 3% for males.[6]

The district of Ladywood had the highest percentage of males in its population at 49.7%, whilst Northfield had the lowest at 47.45%. The ward of Ladywood was the only ward which percentage of males exceeded 50%, with a figure of 50.74%. Shard End had the lowest male population percentage at 46.68%.[14]

Obesity

Birmingham is considered the United Kingdom's fattest city. 29% of the adult population are classified as obese while the European average is 14%. A quarter of Birmingham's 11- and 12-year-olds are considered obese.[15]

Ethnicity
Ethnic makeup of Birmingham in single year age groups in 2021

The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents in estimations for 1961, 1966, 1971, and in the 1991 to 2021 censuses in Birmingham.

Population pyramid of Birmingham by ethnicity in 2021
Ethnic Group 1961 estimations[16] 1966 estimations[16] 1971 estimations[17] 1981 estimations[18] 1991[19][20] 2001[21] 2011[22] 2021[23]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 1,079,018 97.6% 1,014,350 95.3% 921,819 90.9% 834,616 84.8% 754,274 78.48% 687,406 70.35% 621,636 57.93% 556,608 48.7%
White: British – – – – – – – – – –641,34565.64%570,21753.14% 491,211 42.9%
White: Irish – – – – – – – – 38,290 3.98%31,4673.22%22,0212.05% 16,964 1.5%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller[note 1] – – – – – – – – – –––4080.04% 686 0.1%
White: Roma – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1,833 0.2%
White: Other – – – – – – – – – –14,5941.49%28,9902.70% 45,914 4.0%
Asian or Asian British: Total – – – – – – – – 138,867 14.44% 195,794 20.04% 285,640 26.62% 355,384 31%
Asian or Asian British: Indian – – – – – – – – 51,075 5.31%55,7495.71%64,6216.02% 66,519 5.8%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani – – – – – – – – 66,085 6.87%104,01710.65%144,62713.48% 195,102 17.0%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi – – – – – – – – 12,739 1.32%20,8362.13%32,5323.03% 48,232 4.2%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese[note 2] – – – – – – – – 3,315 0.34%5,1060.52%12,7121.18% 12,487 1.1%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian – – – – – – – – 5,653 0.58%10,0861.03%31,1482.90% 33,044 2.9%
Black or Black British: Total – – – – – – – – 56,376 5.86% 59,832 6.12% 96,360 8.98% 125,760 10.9%
Black or Black British: African – – – – – – – – 2,803 0.29%6,2060.64%29,9912.79% 66,822 5.8%
Black or Black British: Caribbean – – – – – – – – 44,770 4.65%47,8314.90%47,6414.44% 44,718 3.9%
Black or Black British: Other Black – – – – – – – – 8,803 0.91%5,7950.59%18,7281.75% 14,220 1.2%
Mixed: Total – – – – – – – – – – 27,946 2.86% 47,605 4.44% 55,205 4.8%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – – – – – – – –15,6441.60%24,7202.30% 25,119 2.2%
Mixed: White and Black African – – – – – – – – – –1,4460.15%3,2230.30% 4,680 0.4%
Mixed: White and Asian – – – – – – – – – –6,3070.65%11,1861.04% 13,130 1.1%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – – – – – – –4,5490.47%8,4760.79% 12,276 1.1%
Other: Total – – – – – – – – 11,524 1.19% 6,109 0.63% 21,804 2.03% 51,965 4.6%
Other: Arab[note 3] – – – – – – – – – –––10,9101.02% 19,196 1.7%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – – – – – – – 11,524 1.19%6,1090.63%10,8941.02% 32,769 2.9%
Ethnic minority: Total 28,169 2.4% 49,870 4.7% 92,466 9.1% 149,301 15.2% 206,767 21.52% 289,681 29.65% 451,409 42.07% 588,314 51.3%
Total 1,107,187 100% 1,064,220 100% 1,014,285 100% 983,917 100% 961,041 100% 977,087 100% 1,073,045 100% 1,144,922 100%

Notes for table above

  1. New category created for the 2011 census
  2. In 2001, listed under the 'Chinese or other ethnic group' heading.
  3. New category created for the 2011 census

In 2007, it was estimated[24] 33.3% of Birmingham's population was non-white, whereas London, commonly seen as the most diverse of British cities was 30.4% non-white. This is compared to Liverpool which was only 7.7% non-white. However, there are some smaller towns with larger non-white populations, such as Dewsbury, Batley, or Nelson.

At the time of the 2001 census, 70.4% of the population was White (including 3.22% Irish & 1.49% Other White), 19.5% British Asian, 6.1% Black or Black British, 0.52% Chinese, 2.9% of mixed race and 0.63% of other ethnic heritage.[25] 16.5% of the population was born outside the United Kingdom and 13.42% (131,091) was born outside of the European Union.[26]

The district with highest percentage of its population being white was Sutton Coldfield at 90.95%.[27]

In research conducted by the University of Manchester, Birmingham is believed to become Britain's second plural city, where no ethnicity forms a majority, in 2024. Leicester is expected to become the first white minority city in 2019. The white ethnic group is still expected to be the largest.[28]

White

There were 679,600 people living in Birmingham, who, according to 2005 estimates,[29] said that they belonged to one of the three White ethnic groups, British, Irish or White 'Other', representing a total of 67.8% of the population. As a percentage share of population, Birmingham ranked at 338 out of 354 English local authorities for people belonging to the White ethnic group. The only two boroughs outside London to rank lower than Birmingham were Slough (56.8%) ranked at 345 and Leicester (62.6%) at 344.[30]

The proportion of white people aged 15 years old or under in Birmingham and England was lower than that of their general populations. The proportion of white people of working age (16 to pensionable age) in Birmingham (60.2%) was higher than the general population in Birmingham (59.8%). Locally (20.7%) and nationally (19.6%), the proportion of white people of pensionable age was higher when compared with their respective general populations in Birmingham (16.7%) and England (18.4%).[30]

Mixed

There were 15,644 people living in Birmingham, who, according to the 2001 Population Census, described their ethnicity as Mixed White & Black Caribbean. As a 1.6% percentage share, Mixed White & Black Caribbean people ranked at 5 (out of 354 English local authorities).[31] There were 1,446 people living in Birmingham, who, according to the 2001 Population Census, described their ethnicity as Mixed White & Black African. As a 0.1% percentage share, Mixed White & Black Africans ranked at 64 (out of 354 English local authorities). The London Borough of Lambeth was ranked at 1 with 0.8% (2,159).[31] There were 6,307 people, who, according to the 2001 Population Census, described their ethnicity as Mixed White & Asian, representing 0.6% of the population of Birmingham and 2.2% of the non-white population. As a percentage share of population, Birmingham ranked at number 34 (out of 354 English local authorities) for people describing their ethnicity as Mixed White & Asian. The London Borough of Westminster ranked at number 1 with 1.3% (2,436).[31] There were 4,549 people of Mixed 'Other' ethnicity living in Birmingham according to the 2001 Population Census, representing 0.5% of the population of Birmingham and 1.6% of the non-white population. As a percentage share of population, Birmingham ranked at number 43 (out of 354 English local authorities) for people describing their ethnicity as Mixed 'Other'. Kensington and Chelsea were ranked at number 1 with 1.4% (2,295).[31]

Asian

There were a large number of people living in Birmingham, who, according to the 2001 Population Census, said that they belonged to one of the four Asian ethnic groups; Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi or Asian 'Other'. This represents 19.5% of the population and 65.8% of the non-white population. As a percentage share of population, Birmingham was ranked at 11 (out of 354 English local authorities) for people belonging to one of the Asian ethnic groups. Outside of the London boroughs only Leicester (29.9%) and Blackburn with Darwen (20.6%) ranked higher at 3 and 10 respectively.[32]

The proportion of people aged 15 years and under in Birmingham (34.1%) and England (28.7%) was far higher for Asian people than for their general population populations in Birmingham (23.4%) and England (20.2%). The proportion of people of working age (16 to pensionable age) in Birmingham was similar for Asian people (59.6%) and the general population (59.8%). Nationally the proportion was higher for Asian people at 64.6% compared with 61.5%. Locally at 6.3% and nationally at 6.7% the proportion of people of pensionable age was significantly lower for Asian people than their general populations of Birmingham (16.7%) and England (18.4%).[32]

The 2011 population census recorded that Birmingham had a Pakistani origin population of 140,000; with Small Heath and Alum Rock having the highest Pakistani population in Birmingham and Northfield, the lowest.[27] The highest percentages of Muslims and Asians are found just east and south of the city centre. The neighbourhoods of Birmingham with the highest percentage of Muslim Asians are Sparkbrook, Sparkhill, Springfield, Small Heath, Saltley, Bordesley Green, Alum Rock, Washwood Heath, Ward End, Greet, Hockley, Witton, Aston, Nechells, Duddeston, Highgate and Balsall Heath.

Gypsy and Traveller

Birmingham has a Gypsy and Irish Traveller population of 53,554, making them 5.2% of the total population of the city.[33][34] This population lives mainly in housing and several self-owned caravan sites, most notably in Shipway Road Hay Mills and Castle Vale. The Irish Traveller Movement in Britain has an office based in Victoria Square (Birmingham City Centre),[35] and there is also a law firm on Corporation Street that works solely with this community.[36]

A notable Traveller family, from the Showmen sub-group, is the Wilson family who own and run Bob Wilson's Fairgrounds; they are based in Hay Mills and Brierley Hill.[37] The footballer Freddy Eastwood is from the West Midlands county and is a British Romanichal Gypsy.

Black

There were 59,832 people living in Birmingham, who, according to the 2001 Population Census, said that they belonged to one of the three Black ethnic groups; Black Caribbean, Black African or Black 'Other'. This represents 6.1% of the population and 20.7% of the non-white population. As a percentage share of population Birmingham ranked at 25 (out of 354 English local authorities) for people belonging to one of the Black ethnic groups. Outside of London only Luton (6.3%) ranked higher at 23. Southwark was ranked at 1 with 25.9% (63,416).[38]

The proportion of people aged 15 years or under in Birmingham and England was higher for black people than for their general populations. In Birmingham, the proportion was 24% compared with 23.4% and England 26% compared with 20.2%. The neighbourhoods in North Birmingham with large Black Jamaican and Afro Caribbean populations and communities are Handsworth, Aston, Lozells, Newtown, Nechells, Perry Barr, Winson Green, Birchfield, Soho, Jewellery Quarter, Erdington, Bromford and Duddeston. Areas in South Birmingham with large black Jamaican and Afro Caribbean population and communities are Highgate, Balsall Heath, Lee Bank, Edgbaston, Ladywood, Moseley, Stirchley, Kings Heath, Cotteridge, Selly Park, Kings Norton, Druids Heath, Edgbaston and Digbeth. Similarly, the proportion of Black people of working age (16 to pensionable age) in Birmingham (62.9%) and England (65.7%) was higher than for the general populations of Birmingham (59.8%) and England (61.5%). Locally at 13.1% and nationally at 8.3% the proportion of people of pensionable age was lower for Black people than for their respective general population in Birmingham (16.7%) and England (18.4%).[38] Estimates for Birmingham's Black community are currently thought to be much higher with around 60,000 Jamaicans alone,[39] and 130,000 Afro-Caribbeans in the Birmingham metro area (2005 est).[40]

Chinese

There were 5,106 people of Chinese ethnicity living in Birmingham according to the 2001 Population Census, this represents 0.5% of the population of Birmingham and 1.8% of the non-white population. As a percentage share of population, Birmingham ranked at number 62 (out of 354 English local authorities) for people describing their ethnicity as Chinese. The London borough of Westminster was ranked at number 1 with 2.3% (4,077).[41]

At 15.5%, the proportion of Chinese people aged 15 years old and under was lower than for Chinese people in England (18.2%) and the general populations in Birmingham (23.4%) and England (20.2%). The working age population (16 to pensionable age) was similar for the Birmingham (75.4%) and England (75.3%) Chinese Ethnic groups. This was significantly higher than for the general populations Birmingham (59.8%) and England (61.5%). The proportion of Chinese people of pensionable age in Birmingham (9.1%) and England (6.5%) was much lower than that for the general populations of Birmingham (16.7%) and England (18.4%).[41]

Other

There were 6,109 people living in Birmingham, who, according to the 2001 Population Census, described their ethnicity as 'Other' ethnic group. As a 0.6% percentage share of population, Birmingham was ranked at 41 (out of 354 English local authorities). Of the local authorities ranked above Birmingham only Westminster with 7,426 (4.1%) residents had a greater number of residents.[42]

There were 27.1% of people aged 15 and under from the 'Other' ethnic group, this was higher than for the general population of Birmingham (23.4%). Nationally, the opposite was true, where the proportion of people from the 'Other' ethnic group was 19.2% compared with 20.2% for the general population. The proportion of people in Birmingham (68.6%) from the 'Other' ethnic group of working age (16 to pensionable age) was significantly lower than those from the 'Other' ethnic group in England (76.8%). Both groups were significantly higher than their respective general populations in Birmingham (59.8%) and England (61.5%). The proportion of people of pensionable age from the 'Other' ethnic group in Birmingham (4.3%) and England (4.0%) was much lower than for their respective general populations of 16.7% and 18.4%.[42]

Distribution of ethnic groups in Birmingham according to the 2011 census.
  • White
    White
  • White-British
    White-British
  • White-Irish
    White-Irish
  • White-Other
    White-Other
  • Asian
    Asian
  • Asian-Indian
    Asian-Indian
  • Asian-Pakistani
    Asian-Pakistani
  • Asian-Bangladeshi
    Asian-Bangladeshi
  • Asian-Chinese
    Asian-Chinese
  • Black
    Black
  • Black-African
    Black-African
  • Black-Caribbean
    Black-Caribbean
  • Other-Arab
    Other-Arab
  • Population pyramids of each ethnic group in Birmingham
  • White British
    White British

Ethnicity of school pupils
Ethnic group School year[43][44]
1971 estimations[17] 2004 2008 2012 2015/16 2021/2022
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total – 84.9% 80,070 52.6% 68,580 46.1% 60,585 39.8% 60,674 35.9% 65,246 31.6%
White: British – – 75,010 49.3% 63,923 43% 55,856 36.7% 53,490 31.7% 55,476 26.9%
White: Irish – – 2,010 1,609 1,018 753 508
White: Traveller of Irish heritage – – 40 35 32 38 36
White: Gypsy/Roma – – 20 24 119 733 1,048 0.5%
White: Other – – 2,990 2,979 3,558 5,660 8,178 4.0%
Asian / Asian British: Total – – 45,390 29.8% 50,696 34.1% 56,754 37.3% 64,096 38% 77,890 37.7%
Asian / Asian British: Indian – – 9,440 8,884 8,724 9,224 10,798 5.2%
Asian / Asian British: Pakistani – – 27,530 18.1% 32,121 37,209 42,108 24.9% 49,901 24.2%
Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi – – 5,890 6,858 8,214 9,484 12,124 5.9%
Asian / Asian British: Chinese – – 550 568 605 829 1,540 0.7%
Asian / Asian British: Other Asians – – 1,980 2,265 2,002 2,451 3,527 1.7%
Black / Black British: Total – – 13,470 8.8% 15,410 10.4% 17,455 11.5% 20,825 12.3% 26,015 12.6%
Black: Caribbean – – 8,510 7,706 7,455 6,916 6,515 3.2%
Black: African – – 3,580 2.4% 6,173 8,274 11,727 16,903 8.2%
Black: Other Blacks – – 1,390 1,528 1,727 2,182 2,597 1.3%
Mixed / British Mixed – – 8,890 5.8% 9,190 6.2% 10,550 6.9% 13,054 7.7% 19,950 9.7%
Other: Total – – 2,500 1.6% 3,593 2.4% 5,235 3.4% 7,742 4.6% 11,964 5.8%
Unclassified – – 1,930 1.3% 444 0.3% 1,591 1.5% 2,420 1.4% 5,304 2.6%
Ethnic minority: Total 18,549 15.1% 72,180 47.4% 79,333 53.9% 91,585 60.2% 108,137 64.1% 141,123 68.4%
Total: – 100% 152,210 100% 148,640 100% 152,170 100% 168,811 100% 206,369 100%

Ethnicity of births

Ethnic Group 1981 estimates[45] 2021[46]
Number % Number %
White: Total – 75% 5,058 34.9%
White: British – – 4,029 27.8%
White: Other – – 1,029 7.1%
Asian / Asian British: Total – – 5,595 38.6%
Asian / Asian British: Indian – – 759 5.2%
Asian / Asian British: Pakistani – – 3,417 23.6%
Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi – – 708 4.9%
Asian / Asian British: Other Asians – – 711 4.9%
Black / Black British: Total – – 1,735 12%
Black: Caribbean – – 419 2.9%
Black: African – – 1,128 7.8%
Black: Other Blacks – – 188 1.3%
Mixed / British Mixed – – 1,455 10.1%
Other: Total – – 578 4.0%
Not Stated – – 55 0.4%
Non-White: Total (not including Not stated) – 25% 9,363 64.7%
Total: – 100% 14,476 100%

Country of birth
UK born and foreign born in Birmingham in 2021. Males and females representing the UK born population while foreign males and females representing the foreign born population.
Country of birth Year
1951[47] 1961[47] 1971[47] 2021[48]
Number % Number % Number % Number %
 United Kingdom 1,054,806 94.9% 1,011,316 91.3% 883,610 87.1% 838,959 73.3%
Foreign born 56,946 5.1% 95,865 8.7% 131,060 12.9% 305,960 26.7%
Total 1,111,752 100% 1,107,181 100% 1,014,670 100% 1,144,919 100%

Languages

The most common main languages spoken in Birmingham according to the 2011 census are shown below.[49]

RankLanguageUsual residents aged 3+Proportion
1English866,83384.70%
2Urdu29,4032.87%
3Punjabi21,1662.07%
4Bengali (with Sylheti and Chatgaya)14,7181.44%
5Pakistani Pahari (with Mirpuri and Potwari)10,8271.06%
6Polish8,9520.87%
7Somali8,1390.80%
8Arabic6,9210.68%
9Pashto6,1230.60%
10Gujarati4,8710.48%
11Persian3,0310.30%
12French2,5580.25%
13Hindi1,5400.15%
14Romanian1,2330.12%
15Cantonese Chinese1,1980.12%
16Tagalog/Filipino1,1860.12%
17Portuguese1,1270.11%
18Tigrinya1,0740.10%
19German1,0090.10%
20Tamil9990.10%
Other30,4782.98%

It's worth bearing in mind that according to another study that references 2011 census data, Polish becomes the second most popular language, behind Punjabi, within the West Midlands Region, of which Birmingham is the largest constituent.[50]

Religion
Religious makeup of Birmingham in single year age groups in 2021
Main article: Religion in Birmingham
Serbian Orthodox Church in Bournville

In 2001, the main religion in Birmingham was Christianity, as 59.1% (577,783) of the population were Christians. The second largest religion was Islam, adhered to by 14.3%. Meanwhile, 12.4% of the population had no religion.[51] 8.39% (81,959) did not state their religion, above the national average of 7.7%.[52][53]

Birmingham's percentage of Christians is below the national, regional and county average. The percentage of Muslims in Birmingham is above the national, regional and county average, as are the Buddhist (0.3%) and Hindu (1.98%) percentages. The Sikh percentage, 2.93%, is higher than the national and regional percentage, yet below the county figure. The percentage of Jewish population in Birmingham (0.24%) is higher than the regional and county average yet almost half that of the national average.[52]

There were only 21 out of 354 local authorities in England where the proportion of self-described Christians was lower than that of Birmingham. There were only six authorities with a higher percentage of Muslims. Birmingham's total Muslim population of 140,033 was the highest of any local authority area.[53]

The majority of people classifying themselves in one of the White or Black ethnic groups said that they were Christian. At the same time, 29.6% (1,840) Black Africans and 10.8% (1,581) people from the White 'Other' ethnic group said they were Muslim. Over 90% of people in the Bangladeshi and Pakistani groups said they were Muslim. Indian people in the main, said they were Sikh (47.9%) or Hindu (32.7%) . Over 50% of Chinese people said that they had no religion and 18.3% were Buddhist. There were 42.6% (2,605) people from the 'Other' ethnic group who said they were Muslim and 26.6% (1,622) who said they were Christian.[53]

Darul Barakaat Mosque in Birmingham

The majority of Christians lived in the north, east and south of Birmingham, on the outskirts of the city, with far fewer living in inner-city areas. 51.7% of Birmingham's Hindu population lived in six wards of the city; Handsworth Wood (2,461), Springfield Sparkhill, Sparkrbook, Small Heath, Alum Rock, Ward End, Saltley, Bordesley Green, Washwood Heath, Stechford (2,023), Erdington, Bromford Lozells and East Handsworth (1,761), Soho (1,699), Hall Green (1,224) and Sparkbrook (845). Almost 65% of Birmingham's Jewish population lived within five wards of Birmingham; Edgbaston (586), Selly Oak (361), Moseley and Kings Heath (321), Bournville (131) and Erdington (104). 71.7% of Birmingham's Muslim population lived in seven wards of Birmingham; Sparkbrook, Sparkhill, Small Heath, Alum Rock, Ward End, Saltley, (19,372), Bordesley Green (18,629), Washwood Heath Stechford, (16,847), Springfield (13,461), Aston (12,381), Lozells and East Handsworth (10,853) and Nechells Erdington, Bromford (8,822), all inner-city wards. The majority of Sikhs were found to live in the west and south east of the city. The ward with the highest proportion of Buddhists was Edgbaston at 1.4% (257).[53]

The following table shows the religion of respondents in estimations for 1991 and in the 2001, 2011 and 2021 censuses in Birmingham.

Religion 1991 estimations[54] 2001[55] 2011[56] 2021[57]
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Christian – –577,78359.13%494,35846.07%389,40634.0%
Buddhist – –2,9770.30%4,7800.45%4,3400.4%
Hindu – –19,3581.98%22,3622.08%21,9971.9%
Jewish – –2,3430.24%2,2050.21%1,6870.1%
Muslim 80,461 8%140,03314.33%234,41121.85%341,81129.9%
Sikh – –28,5922.93%32,3763.02%33,1262.9%
Other religion – –2,5010.26%5,6460.53%6,3670.6%
No religion – –121,54112.44%206,82119.27%276,32724.1%
Religion not stated – –81,9598.39%70,0866.53%69,8566.1%
Total 1,005,764 100%977,087100.00%1,073,045100.00%1,144,917100.00%
Distribution of religions in Birmingham according to the 2011 census.
  • Christianity
    Christianity
  • Islam
    Islam
  • Judaism
    Judaism
  • Hinduism
    Hinduism
  • Sikhism
    Sikhism
  • Buddhism
    Buddhism
  • Other religion
    Other religion
  • No religion
    No religion

Industry
Birmingham's industry over time

The majority of Birmingham works in the service industry, with manufacturing which used to take 50% of jobs collapsing in proportion of industrial sector in the latter half of the 20th century.

See also

References
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