Foreign relations of Ecuador

This article describes the diplomatic affairs, foreign policy and international relations of Ecuador Ecuador is a founding member of the UN and a member of many of its specialized agencies; it is also a member of the Organization of American States (OAS), as well as many regional groups, including the Rio Group, the Latin American Economic System, the Latin American Energy Organization, the Latin American Integration Association, and the Andean Pact.[1]

Politics of Ecuador
Constitution
Executive
Legislative
Judiciary
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs
    Minister: José Valencia Amores (list)
flag Ecuador portal
Nations with which Ecuador has diplomatic relations.

Ecuador's principal foreign-policy objectives have traditionally included defense of its territory from both external aggression and internal subversion as well as support for the objectives of the UN and the OAS. Although Ecuador's foreign relations were traditionally centered on the United States, Ecuador's membership in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in the 1970s and 1980s allowed Ecuadorian leaders to exercise somewhat greater foreign policy autonomy. Ecuador's foreign policy goals under the Borja government in the late 1980s were more diversified than those of the Febres Cordero administration, which closely identified with the United States. For example, Ecuador was more active in its relations with the Third World, multilateral organizations, Western Europe, and socialist countries.[2]

Ecuador has offered humanitarianian aid to many countries, is a supporter of the United Nations, and currently contributes troops to the UN mission in Haiti. Ecuador has also been an elective member of the UN Security Council.

In Antarctica, Ecuador has maintained a peaceful research station for scientific study in the British-claimed territory and is a member nation of the Antarctica Treaty.

Domestic politics
Further information: Foreign policy of Rafael Correa

The Presidency of Rafael Correa in the early 21st century saw a radical change in the country's foreign policy. Traditional ties with the United States grew more acrimonious and there were increased ties with the governments of Russia and Iran.[3] The relations with the United States, however, improved significantly during the presidency of his successor Lenin Moreno since 2017.[4]

Relations by country

List of countries which Ecuador maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  Mexico 10 July 1831
2  Peru 26 September 1831[5]
3  Colombia 10 February 1832
4  Venezuela 18 August 1835
5  Chile 1836
6  France 1836, broke off 27 November 1942 – 12 April 1944
7  United Kingdom 1837
8  Bolivia 1840
9  Spain 16 February 1840,[6] broke off 1846-1847, 1865-1879
10  Brazil November 1844[7]
11  United States 12 August 1848[8]
12  Germany 1873, broke off 8.12.1917-10.3.1922, 27.1.1942-4.71952[9]
13   Vatican 1877[10]
14  Belgium 16 July 1879
15  Paraguay 15 December 1880[11]
16  Costa Rica 26 October 1885[12]
17  Uruguay 17 December 1887
18  El Salvador 29 March 1890[13]
19  Guatemala 6 May 1890[14]
20  Nicaragua 1890
21  Honduras 1896[15]
22  Italy 27 July 1900, broke off 27.1.1942-2.5.1946
23  Argentina 11 August 1901
24  Panama 1 September 1908[16]
25  Cuba 1 April 1912, broke off 3.4.1962-23.8.1979
26  Japan 26 August 1918,[17] broke off 27.1.1942-30.9.1954
27  Sweden 21 September 1931
28  Switzerland 9 October 1933
29  Czechia 22 March 1935, broke off 3.4.1962-6.5.1969
30  Poland 5 August 1935, with PRL 10 July 1946, broke off 3.4.1962-7.11.1969
31  Norway 22 October 1936[18]
32  Dominican Republic 14 April 1937
33  Netherlands 24 April 1939
34  Portugal 15 November 1940
35  Russia 16 June 1945, broke off 3.1.1955-12.11.1969
36  Denmark 11 June 1946
37  Austria 27 June 1947
38  Haiti 14 November 1949, broke off 26.7.1967[19]-April 1972
39  Lebanon 1950
---  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 13 October 1953, broke off 10.2.2012-10.3.2020
40  Serbia 10 January 1956[20]
41  Luxembourg 24 April 1956
42  Israel 18 June 1957[21]
43  Turkey 11 December 1959
44  Egypt 8 November 1960[22]
45  Canada 29 December 1960
46  South Korea 5 October 1962[23]
47  Finland 5 February 1965[24]
48  Morocco 22 April 1966,[25] broke off 15.11.1983, established 25 February 1988[26]
49  Greece 5 July 1966
50  Trinidad and Tobago 9 October 1967
51  Romania 12 November 1968[27]
52  India 1969[28]
53  Hungary 23 January 1970[29]
54  Bulgaria 28 April 1971[30]
55  Philippines 1971
56  Syria 1971
57  Algeria 2 July 1973
58  Iran 19 July 1973[31]
59  Jamaica 10 September 1973[32]
60  Iraq 10 February 1974[33]
61  Guyana 2 July 1974[34]
62  Australia 3 February 1975
63  United Arab Emirates 9 June 1975[35]
64  Qatar 20 June 1975
65  Kuwait 30 July 1975[36]
66  New Zealand 1978[37]
67  Bahamas 27 April 1978[38]
68  Suriname 22 June 1978[39]
69  Barbados 23 June 1978[40]
70  Libya 2 September 1978
71  Grenada June 1979
72  Pakistan 23 July 1979[41]
73  Nigeria 10 December 1979
74  Cyprus 14 December 1979[42]
75  Jordan 1 January 1980[43]
76  Malta 1 January 1980[44]
77  Saint Lucia 1 January 1980[45]
78  Vietnam 1 January 1980[46]
79  People's Republic of China 2 January 1980[47]
80  Thailand 15 January 1980[48]
81  Tunisia 29 January 1980
82  Albania 31 January 1980
83  Togo 11 February 1980[49]
84  Republic of Congo 12 February 1980
85  Democratic Republic of Congo 29 February 1980[50]
86  Liberia 31 March 1980[51]
87  Indonesia 29 April 1980[52]
88  Senegal 25 August 1980[53]
89  Equatorial Guinea 8 September 1980[54]
90  Gabon 11 November 1980[55]
91  Oman 9 July 1982
92  Mongolia 30 October 1982[56]
---  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 14 November 1983, broke off 19.6.2004-8.2.2006
93  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 August 1989[57]
94  Malaysia 1989
95  Namibia 12 July 1990[58]
96  Afghanistan 23 August 1990[59]
97  Seychelles 6 December 1991[60]
98  Lithuania 20 October 1992[61]
99  Latvia 21 October 1992[62]
100  Estonia 22 October 1992[63]
101  Slovakia 1 January 1993[64]
102  Ukraine 27 April 1993[65]
103  Belarus 5 May 1993[66]
104  Cambodia 29 June 1994[67]
105  South Africa 22 September 1994[68]
106  Singapore 23 September 1994[69]
107  Croatia 22 February 1996[70]
108  Andorra 7 May 1996[71]
109  Mozambique 3 December 1996[72]
110  Guinea-Bissau 10 December 1996[73]
111  Slovenia 18 April 1997[74]
112  Armenia 20 May 1997[75]
113  Turkmenistan 11 June 1997[76]
114  Angola 17 June 1997[77]
115  Liechtenstein 1997
116  Bosnia and Herzegovina 26 January 1998[78]
117  Georgia 28 January 1998[79]
118  Belize 14 October 1999[80]
119  Ireland 20 October 1999[81]
120  North Macedonia 22 June 2000[82]
121  Bahrain 26 June 2000[83]
122  Brunei 19 March 2001[84]
123  Monaco 5 April 2001
124  Mauritius 13 May 2003[85]
125  Iceland 11 December 2003[86]
126  Azerbaijan 22 March 2004[87]
127  Guinea 28 November 2005
128    Nepal 21 June 2006[88]
129  Ghana 10 May 2007
130  Botswana 4 June 2007[89]
131  San Marino 27 June 2008[90]
132  Saudi Arabia 23 January 2009[91]
133  Antigua and Barbuda 10 August 2009[92]
134  Dominica 24 June 2009[93]
135  Montenegro 24 September 2009[94]
136  Cape Verde 10 August 2010[95]
137  Maldives 14 March 2011[96]
138  Sri Lanka 9 May 2011[97]
139  Uzbekistan 19 July 2011[98]
140  Timor Leste 8 September 2011[99]
141  Laos 12 September 2011[100]
142  Tuvalu 19 September 2011[101]
143  Moldova 8 November 2011[102]
144  Gambia 1 December 2011[103]
145  Samoa 20 December 2011[104]
146  Solomon Islands 20 December 2011[105]
147  Kazakhstan 23 January 2012[106]
148  Ethiopia 23 January 2012[107]
149  Burkina Faso 8 February 2012[108]
150  Fiji 12 February 2013[109]
151  Eritrea 13 March 2013[110]
---  Palestine 25 May 2013
152  Zambia 17 July 2013
153  Mauritania 28 September 2014[111]
154  Zimbabwe 10 February 2015[112]
155  Sierra Leone 12 February 2015[113]
156  Central African Republic 20 February 2015[114]
157  Burundi 27 February 2015[115]
158  Sudan 13 March 2015[116]
159  Mali 17 April 2015[117]
160  South Sudan 8 May 2015[118]
161  Cote d'Ivoire 3 June 2015[119]
162  Tanzania 16 June 2015[120]
163  Comoros 15 October 2015[121]
164  Djibouti 20 November 2015[122]
165  Bangladesh 13 April 2016
166  Tajikistan 12 July 2016[123]
167  Kyrgyzstan 13 December 2016[124]
168  Myanmar 6 April 2017[125]
169  Kenya 8 December 2017
170  Vanuatu 26 September 2018[126]
171  Marshall Islands 24 September 2019[127]
172  Benin 7 October 2019[128]
173  Rwanda 17 October 2019[129]
174  Palau 24 October 2022[130]

Former diplomatic relations:

  1.  Taiwan (6 January 1946 – 17 November 1971)
  2.  German Democratic Republic (23 July 1973 – 3 October 1990)
Country Formal Relations B Notes
 ArmeniaMay 20, 1997

Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 20, 1997.[131]

 Azerbaijan March 22, 2004

[132]

 Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 22, 2004.[132]
 Argentina
 Australia

A number of Australia–Ecuador bilateral treaties have been agreed between the two countries – such as extradition.

  • Australia is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Canberra.
 Belarus
  • Belarus is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.
  • Ecuador is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Belgium Belgium
 BelizeOctober 14, 1999
 Bolivia
  • Bolivia has an embassy in Quito.
  • Ecuador has an embassy in La Paz.
 Canada
  • Canada has an embassy in Quito.
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Ottawa.
 ChileSee Chile–Ecuador relations.
  • Chile has an embassy in Quito.
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Santiago.
Czech Republic Czech Republic
 ChinaFebruary 1, 1980See China–Ecuador relations

Formal relations started on 1980-01-02 and seven months later China set up its embassy in Ecuador. In July 1981, Ecuador set up its embassy in China. Sino-Ecuadorian relations have been advancing smoothly. The two sides maintain high-level political contacts and exchanges in trade, economic progress, science, technology, culture and education. In international affairs, the two countries understand and support each other.

In September 2012, the two nations signed a Commercial and Security Agreement to allow Ecuador to sell easily seafood, cocoa and bananas in China, with the Chinese agreeing to ease tariffs on further food items. In the same period China established an $80 million line of credit for Ecuador with the EximBank to help Ecuador build a road to the re-sited Quito airport.[136]

 ColombiaSee Colombia–Ecuador relations
See also: 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis

Ecuador's President Rafael Correa withdrew his government's ambassador in Bogotá, Colombia, and ordered troops to the country's border following a Colombian raid against leftist rebels inside Ecuador March 2, 2008.[137] The Colombian director of national police claimed three captured computers from the deceased FARC rebel leader Raúl Reyes document "tremendously revealing" and "very grave" links between Ecuador and Colombian rebels.March 2, 2008.[138] However, Colombia's actions were condemned across the board by all South American nations, with only the US supporting Colombia. For example, Brazil's foreign minister, Celso Amorim, condemned the Colombian incursion into Ecuador.[138] Furthermore, he suggested that Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez recently gave the leftist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia $300 million.[138] Ecuador's president Rafael Correa said March 3, 2008, that a deal to release political prisoners—including former Colombian Sen. Ingrid Betancourt—was nearly complete before the March 1, 2008, Colombian raid into his country.[138] Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez on March 5, 2008, called the announced movement of Colombian forces in Ecuador a "war crime," and joined Ecuador's president Rafael Correa in demanding international condemnation of the cross-border attack. The presidents of Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador March 7, 2008, signed a declaration to end a crisis sparked when Colombian troops killed a rebel leader and 21 others inside Ecuadoran territory (2008 Andean diplomatic crisis).[139] In January 2021, Ecuadorian President Lenin Moreno and Colombian President Ivan Duque made a joint statement on the good realations of the two countries.[140]

 Egypt
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in Quito.
Finland Finland
 Germany See Ecuador–Germany relations
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Germany.
  • Germany has an embassy in Quito.
Greece Greece
 GuyanaJuly 2, 1974
 IndiaSee Ecuador–India relations

On November 16, 2008, the Foreign Minister of Ecuador Maria Isabel Salvador met her counterpart, Pranab Mukherjee, with a close relationship in oil and defence between these geographically distant countries high on the agenda. On the oil front, the new government in Ecuador has reversed the earlier revenue-sharing arrangements with western oil companies and is now keen on striking new partnerships with state-owned ONGC Videsh of India. In the defence sector, Ecuador became the first country to sign a contract for purchasing the Indian-made Dhruv helicopters, of which one will be for use by its president. The embassy has expanded its setup with the appointment of a Military Attache and prospects appear bright for more defence exports as Ecuador has agreed to be the servicing hub in South America for Indian defence equipment.[143]

 IranSee Ecuador–Iran relations

Ecuador has maintained trade relations with Iran. In December 2008, Iran's Supreme National Security Council Secretary Saeed Jalili visited Ecuador. Alongside president Rafael Correa he called for greater "South–South" co-operation, a term denoting greater exchange of resources, technology, and knowledge between the global South.[144] Iranian president Ahmadinejad also attended the inauguration of President Correa in January 2007.[145]

 JapanAugust 26, 1918See Ecuador–Japan relations
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Quito.
 MalaysiaSee Ecuador–Malaysia relations

Relations with Malaysia covers on political, commercial, cultural and social activities.[146] Both countries are the members of Non-Aligned Movement.[147] Ecuador trade value with Malaysia are worth about US$15 million.[147][148]

 MexicoJune 1830See Ecuador–Mexico relations
Netherlands Netherlands
 New Zealand
  • Ecuador is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.
 Pakistan

Pakistan is enjoying deep rooted diplomatic, political and economic relations with other Latin American countries. Islamabad considers Ecuador significant to Pakistan's growing demands of opening up new avenues of cooperation and investment opportunities for businessmen. Both the countries have identity of views on the issue of UN reforms and expansion of the Security Council.

 Palestine2010

Ecuador recognized the State of Palestine in 2010.[151]

 Paraguay
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Asuncion.
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Quito.
 PeruSee Ecuador–Peru relations

The Paquisha War was a brief military clash that took place between January and February 1981 between Ecuador and Peru over the control of three watchposts. Since the 1990s, Ecuadoran foreign policy has been focused on the country's border dispute with Peru, an issue that has festered since independence. The boundary dispute led to the Cenepa War between Ecuador and Peru in early 1995; after a peace agreement brokered by the four Guarantors of the Rio Protocol (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and the United States), the Military Observers Mission to Ecuador-Peru (MOMEP) was set up to monitor the zone. In 1998, Presidents Jamil Mahuad of Ecuador and Alberto Fujimori of Peru signed a comprehensive settlement over control of the disputed zone.

 Poland
  • Ecuador is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
  • Poland is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Lima, Peru.[133]
Romania Romania
 RussiaSee Ecuador–Russia relations
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Quito.
South Africa South Africa
 South KoreaOctober 5, 1962
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Quito.
 Spain1840See Ecuador–Spain relations
 Sweden
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Stockholm.[154]
  • Sweden has a consulate in Quito.[155]
Thailand Thailand
  • Thailand is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Lima, Peru, and holds a consulate general in Quito.[133]
  • Ecuador has an consulate in Bangkok.[156]
 Turkey1950[157]See Ecuador–Turkey relations
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Quito and a consulate in Guayaquil.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 117 million USD USD in 2019 (Ecuadorian exports/imports: 58/59 million USD.[157]
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates
 United Kingdom

Relations between the United Kingdom and Ecuador were traditionally regarded as "low-key but cordial", especially before the election of Rafael Correa; the Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall visited the country in 2009, as part of a tour celebrating the bicentenary of Charles Darwin. President Correa visited London in the same year, speaking mostly in English at the London School of Economics about the changes his government was making.[159]

In 2012, relations became strained when Julian Assange, founder of the WikiLeaks website, entered the Ecuadorian embassy in London and sought asylum. Assange had lost legal appeals against his extradition to Sweden where he was wanted for questioning about alleged sexual assault and rape, but while within the embassy he was on diplomatic territory and beyond the reach of the British police.[160] The United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office delivered a note to the Ecuadorian government in Quito reminding them of the provisions of the Diplomatic and Consular Premises Act 1987 which allow the British government to withdraw recognition of diplomatic protection from embassies; the move was interpreted as a hostile act by Ecuador, with Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño stating that this "explicit threat" would be met with "appropriate responses in accordance with international law".[161] Assange was granted diplomatic asylum on August 16, 2012, with Foreign Minister Patiño stating that Assange's fears of political persecution were "legitimate".[162] Finally, President Lenín Moreno revoked Assange's asylum in April 2019. In reaction, the British Foreign Secretary, Jeremy Hunt, thanked Moreno for his cooperation to "ensure Assange faces justice".[163]

 United StatesSee Ecuador–United States relations

The United States and Ecuador used to maintain close ties based on mutual interests in maintaining democratic institutions; combating cannabis and cocaine; building trade, investment, and financial ties; cooperating in fostering Ecuador's economic development; and participating in inter-American organizations. Ties were further strengthened by the presence of an estimated 150,000–200,000 Ecuadorians living in the United States and by 24,000 U.S. citizens visiting Ecuador annually, and by approximately 15,000 U.S. citizens residing in Ecuador. The United States assisted Ecuador's economic development directly through the Agency for International Development (USAID) program in Ecuador and through multilateral organizations such as the Inter-American Development Bank and the World Bank. In addition, the U.S. Peace Corps operates a sizable program in Ecuador. More than 100 U.S. companies are doing business in Ecuador. The relations deteriorated greatly during the Presidency of Rafael Correa since 2007 until 2017. The relations, however, improved significantly during the Presidency of Lenin Moreno since 2017. In February 2020, his visit to Washington was the first meeting between an Ecuadorian and U.S. president in 17 years.[4]

  • Ecuador has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and several consulates throughout the country.
  • United States has an embassy in Quito.
 UruguaySee Ecuador–Uruguay relations
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Quito.
 VenezuelaSee Ecuador–Venezuela relations

Diplomatic ties trace back to the Spanish colonization of the Americas. With the independence both countries united under the Gran Colombia along with New Granada (then Colombia and Panama).

After the dissolution of the Gran Colombia, Ecuador named Don Pedro Gual as plenipotentiary minister with the main task of resolving the debt acquired while part of the Gran Colombia union as well as to establish diplomatic relations with the New Granada and Venezuela. On August 4, 1852, Venezuela sent a diplomatic delegation in Quito and named José Julián Ponce as finance administrator.

The relations remained cordial and entered into a second period between 1910 and 1963 with two diplomatic incidents occurring in 1928 and 1955. Ecuador and Venezuela strengthened ties in politics, diplomacy and military.

During the presidency of Lenin Moreno since 2017, Ecuador broke diplomatic relations with Venezuela. Ecuador did not any more recognize the regime of Nicholas Maduro. Instead, Ecuador recognized and supported opposition leader Juan Guaidó as Interim President of Venezuela.[164][165]

  • Ecuador has an embassy in Caracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Quito.

See also

References
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