List of governors of Alabama

The governor of Alabama is the head of government of the U.S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Alabama's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws.

Governor of Alabama
Seal of the Governor
Standard of the Governor
Incumbent
Kay Ivey
since April 10, 2017
Government of Alabama
Style
Status
ResidenceAlabama Governor's Mansion
Term lengthFour years, renewable once consecutively
PrecursorGovernor of Alabama Territory
Inaugural holderWilliam Wyatt Bibb
FormationDecember 14, 1819 (1819-12-14)
DeputyLieutenant Governor of Alabama
Salary$127,833 (2022)[1]
Websitehttp://www.governor.state.al.us

There have officially been 54 governors of the state of Alabama; this official numbering skips acting and military governors.[2] The first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the total number of people serving as governor to 59, spread over 63 distinct terms. Four governors have served multiple non-consecutive terms: Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom, and Fob James each served two, and George Wallace served three non-consecutive periods. Officially, these non-consecutive terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity.

The longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served 16 years over four terms. The shortest term for a non-acting governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four and a half months after replacing the resigning Clement Comer Clay. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first woman to serve as governor of Alabama, and the third woman to serve as governor of any state. The current governor is Republican Kay Ivey, who took office on April 10, 2017 following Robert J. Bentley's resignation amidst a corruption scandal. She is the second female governor of Alabama.

Governors

Governor of the Territory of Alabama

Alabama Territory was formed on March 3, 1817, from Mississippi Territory.[3] It had only one governor appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state; he became the first state governor.

Governor of the Territory of Alabama
No. Governor Term in office Appointed by
1 William Wyatt Bibb
(1781–1820)
[4][5][6][7]		 September 25, 1817[lower-alpha 1]
–
November 9, 1819[lower-alpha 2]
(elected state governor)		 James Monroe

Governors of the State of Alabama
Seal for use by the Governor-Elect
Governor's Flag before 1939

Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14, 1819.[13] It seceded from the Union on January 11, 1861,[14] and was a founding member of the Confederate States of America on February 4, 1861.[15] Following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14, 1868.[16]

The first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than 4 out of every 6 years.[17] This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years.[18] The current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years,[19] but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves.[20] Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once; a governor serving two consecutive terms can run again after waiting out the next term.[21] The constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governor's term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election.[20] However, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled in 1911 that a governor's term ends at midnight at the end of Monday, and the next governor's term begins the next day, regardless of if they were sworn in on Monday.[22]

The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868,[23] abolished in 1875,[24] and recreated in 1901.[25] According to the current constitution, should the governor be out of the state for more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor becomes acting governor, and if the office of governor becomes vacant the lieutenant governor ascends to the governorship.[26] Earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor,[27] but the official listing includes these as full governors.[2] The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket.

Alabama was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic-Republican and Democratic parties. It had two Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 112 years passed before voters chose another Republican.

Governors of the State of Alabama
No.[lower-alpha 3] Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5][28]
1   William Wyatt Bibb
(1781–1820)
[4][5][6][7]		 November 9, 1819[lower-alpha 2]
–
July 10, 1820[lower-alpha 6]
(died in office)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1819 Office did not exist
2 Thomas Bibb
(d. 1839)
[30][31][32]		 July 10, 1820[lower-alpha 7]
–
November 9, 1821
(did not run)		 Democratic-
Republican		 Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
3 Israel Pickens
(1780–1827)
[33][34][35]		 November 9, 1821
–
November 25, 1825
(term-limited)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1821
1823
4 John Murphy
(d. 1841)
[36][37][38]		 November 25, 1825
–
November 25, 1829
(term-limited)		 Jackson
Democrat		 1825
1827
5 Gabriel Moore
(1785–1844)
[39][40][41]		 November 25, 1829
–
March 3, 1831
(resigned)[lower-alpha 8]		 Jackson
Democrat		 1829
6 Samuel B. Moore
(1789–1846)
[42][43][44]		 March 3, 1831
–
November 26, 1831
(lost election)		 Democratic Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
7 John Gayle
(1792–1859)
[45][46][47]		 November 26, 1831
–
November 21, 1835
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1831
1833
8 Clement Comer Clay
(1789–1866)
[48][49][50]		 November 21, 1835
–
July 17, 1837[lower-alpha 9]
(resigned)[lower-alpha 10]		 Democratic 1835
9 Hugh McVay
(1766–1851)
[53][54][55]		 July 17, 1837[lower-alpha 9]
–
November 21, 1837
(did not run)		 Democratic Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
10 Arthur P. Bagby
(1794–1858)
[56][57][58]		 November 21, 1837[59]
–
November 22, 1841
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1837
1839
11 Benjamin Fitzpatrick
(1802–1869)
[60][61][62]		 November 22, 1841
–
December 10, 1845
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1841
1843
12 Joshua L. Martin
(1799–1856)
[63][64][65] 		December 10, 1845
–
December 16, 1847
(did not run)[lower-alpha 11]		 Independent 1845
13 Reuben Chapman
(1799–1882)
[67][68][69]		 December 16, 1847
–
December 17, 1849
(lost nomination)[lower-alpha 12]		 Democratic 1847
14 Henry W. Collier
(1801–1855)
[70][71][72]		 December 17, 1849
–
December 20, 1853
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1849
1851
15 John A. Winston
(1812–1871)
[73][74][75]		 December 20, 1853
–
December 1, 1857
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1853
1855
16 Andrew B. Moore
(1807–1873)
[76][77][78]		 December 1, 1857
–
December 2, 1861
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1857
1859
17 John Gill Shorter
(1818–1872)
[79][80][81]		 December 2, 1861
–
December 1, 1863
(lost election)		 Democratic 1861
18 Thomas H. Watts
(1819–1892)
[82][83][84]		 December 1, 1863
–
May 3, 1865[lower-alpha 13]
(arrested and removed)[lower-alpha 14]		 Whig 1863
— Vacant May 3, 1865[lower-alpha 13]
–
June 21, 1865		 — Office vacated
after civil war
19 Lewis E. Parsons
(1817–1895)
[87][88][89]		 June 21, 1865
–
December 13, 1865
(did not run)		 — Provisional
governor
appointed by
President
20 Robert M. Patton
(1809–1885)
[90][91][92]		 December 13, 1865
–
July 13, 1868[lower-alpha 15]
(did not run)		 Whig 1865[lower-alpha 16]
— Wager Swayne
(1834–1902)
[99]		 March 2, 1867[lower-alpha 17]
–
January 11, 1868
(removed)[lower-alpha 18]		 — Military
occupation[lower-alpha 16]
21 William Hugh Smith
(1826–1899)
[96][100][101]		 July 13, 1868[lower-alpha 15]
–
November 26, 1870[lower-alpha 19]
(lost election)		 Republican 1868
  Andrew J. Applegate
(took office August 13, 1868)
(died August 21, 1870)
Vacant
22 Robert B. Lindsay
(1824–1902)
[103][104][105]		 November 26, 1870
–
November 25, 1872
(did not run)		 Democratic 1870[lower-alpha 19] Edward H. Moren
23 David P. Lewis
(1820–1884)
[106][107][108]		 November 25, 1872[109]
–
November 24, 1874
(lost election)		 Republican 1872 Alexander McKinstry
24 George S. Houston
(1811–1879)
[110][111][112]		 November 24, 1874
–
November 27, 1878
(did not run)[lower-alpha 20]		 Democratic 1874 Robert F. Ligon
1876 Office did not exist
25 Rufus W. Cobb
(1829–1913)
[113][114][115]		 November 27, 1878[116]
–
December 1, 1882
(did not run)		 Democratic 1878
1880
26 Edward A. O'Neal
(1818–1890)
[117][118][119]		 December 1, 1882
–
December 1, 1886
(did not run)		 Democratic 1882
1884
27 Thomas Seay
(1846–1896)
[120][121][122]		 December 1, 1886
–
December 1, 1890
(did not run)[lower-alpha 21]		 Democratic 1886
1888
28 Thomas G. Jones
(1844–1914)
[123][124][125]		 December 1, 1890
–
December 1, 1894
(did not run)		 Democratic 1890
1892
29 William C. Oates
(1835–1910)
[126][127][128]		 December 1, 1894
–
December 1, 1896
(did not run)[lower-alpha 22]		 Democratic 1894
30 Joseph F. Johnston
(1843–1913)
[129][130][131]		 December 1, 1896
–
December 1, 1900
(did not run)[lower-alpha 23]		 Democratic 1896
1898
— William D. Jelks
(1855–1931)
[133][134][135]		 December 1, 1900
–
December 26, 1900
(acting)[lower-alpha 24]		 Democratic President of
the Senate
acting
31 William J. Samford
(1844–1901)
[136][137][138]		 December 1, 1900
–
June 11, 1901
(died in office)		 Democratic 1900
32 William D. Jelks
(1855–1931)
[133][134][135]		 June 11, 1901
–
January 14, 1907
(term-limited)		 Democratic Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
1902[lower-alpha 25] Russell McWhortor Cunningham
(acted as governor
April 25, 1904–March 5, 1905)[lower-alpha 26]
33 B. B. Comer
(1848–1927)
[142][143][144]		 January 14, 1907
–
January 16, 1911
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1906 Henry B. Gray
34 Emmet O'Neal
(1853–1922)
[145][146][147]		 January 17, 1911[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 18, 1915
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1910 Walter D. Seed Sr.
35 Charles Henderson
(1860–1937)
[149][150][151]		 January 19, 1915[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 20, 1919
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1914 Thomas Kilby
36 Thomas Kilby
(1865–1943)
[152][153][154]		 January 21, 1919[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 15, 1923
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1918 Nathan Lee Miller
37 William W. Brandon
(1868–1934)
[155][156][157]		 January 16, 1923[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 17, 1927
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1922 Charles S. McDowell
(acted as governor
July 10, 1924–July 11, 1924)[lower-alpha 28]
38 Bibb Graves
(1873–1942)
[158][159][160]		 January 18, 1927[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 19, 1931
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1926 William C. Davis
39 Benjamin M. Miller
(1864–1944)
[161][162][163]		 January 20, 1931[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 14, 1935
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1930 Hugh Davis Merrill
38 Bibb Graves
(1873–1942)
[158][159][160]		 January 15, 1935[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 16, 1939
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1934 Thomas E. Knight
(died May 17, 1937)
Vacant
40 Frank M. Dixon
(1892–1965)
[164][165][166]		 January 17, 1939[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 18, 1943
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1938 Albert A. Carmichael
41 Chauncey Sparks
(1884–1968)
[167][168][169]		 January 19, 1943[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 20, 1947
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1942 Leven H. Ellis
42 Jim Folsom
(1908–1987)
[170][171][172]		 January 21, 1947[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 15, 1951
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1946 James C. Inzer
43 Gordon Persons
(1902–1965)
[173][174][175]		 January 16, 1951[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 17, 1955
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1950 James Allen
42 Jim Folsom
(1908–1987)
[170][171][172]		 January 18, 1955[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 19, 1959
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1954 William G. Hardwick
44 John M. Patterson
(1921–2021)
[176][177][178]		 January 20, 1959[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 14, 1963
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1958 Albert Boutwell
45 George Wallace
(1919–1998)
[179][180][181]		 January 15, 1963[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 16, 1967
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1962 James Allen
46 Lurleen Wallace
(1926–1968)
[182][183][184]		 January 17, 1967[lower-alpha 27]
–
May 7, 1968
(died in office)		 Democratic 1966 Albert Brewer
(acted as governor
July 25, 1967)[lower-alpha 29]
47 Albert Brewer
(1928–2017)
[186][187][188]		 May 7, 1968
–
January 18, 1971
(lost nomination)[lower-alpha 30]		 Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
45 George Wallace
(1919–1998)
[179][180][181]		 January 19, 1971[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 15, 1979
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1970 Jere Beasley
(acted as governor
June 5, 1972–July 7, 1972)[lower-alpha 31]
1974
48 Fob James
(b. 1934)
[192][193]		 January 16, 1979[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 17, 1983
(lost nomination)[lower-alpha 32]		 Democratic 1978 George McMillan
45 George Wallace
(1919–1998)
[179][180][181]		 January 18, 1983[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 19, 1987
(did not run)		 Democratic 1982 Bill Baxley
49 H. Guy Hunt
(1933–2009)
[194][195]		 January 20, 1987[lower-alpha 27]
–
April 22, 1993
(resigned)[lower-alpha 33]		 Republican 1986 Jim Folsom Jr.[lower-alpha 34]
1990
50 Jim Folsom Jr.
(b. 1949)
[197][198]		 April 22, 1993
–
January 16, 1995
(lost election)		 Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
48 Fob James
(b. 1934)
[192][193]		 January 17, 1995[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 18, 1999
(lost election)		 Republican 1994 Don Siegelman[lower-alpha 34]
51 Don Siegelman
(b. 1946)
[199][200]		 January 19, 1999[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 20, 2003
(lost election)		 Democratic 1998 Steve Windom[lower-alpha 35]
52 Bob Riley
(b. 1944)
[201][202]		 January 21, 2003[lower-alpha 27]
–
January 17, 2011
(term-limited)		 Republican 2002 Lucy Baxley[lower-alpha 34]
2006 Jim Folsom Jr.[lower-alpha 34]
53 Robert J. Bentley
(b. 1943)
[203][204]		 January 18, 2011[lower-alpha 27]
–
April 10, 2017
(resigned)[lower-alpha 36]		 Republican 2010 Kay Ivey
2014
54 Kay Ivey
(b. 1944)
[206][207]		 April 10, 2017
–
Incumbent[lower-alpha 37]		 Republican Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
2018 Will Ainsworth
2022

See also

Notes
  1. Records are scarce as to when Bibb was actually appointed. The territory was formed on March 3, 1817, but he was appointed by President James Monroe, who did not take office until the next day. Other resources indicate that other major appointments for the territory were made on March 6.[8] However, the earliest contemporary news report on his nomination so far found was on May 23,[9] and other major sources say he first received his commission on September 25.[10] He was formally nominated on December 12,[11] and confirmed by the Senate on December 15.[12]
  2. Bibb was inaugurated on November 9, 1819, even though Alabama did not formally become a state until December 14.[2][4][6]
  3. Repeat governors are officially numbered only once;[2] subsequent terms are marked with their original number italicized.
  4. The office of Lieutenant Governor was created in the 1868 constitution,[23] abolished in the 1875 Constitution,[24] and recreated in the 1901 Constitution.[25]
  5. Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  6. Some sources say Bibb died on July 9, 1820[4] but contemporary sources reported the death as happening on July 10.[29]
  7. Multiple sources state that Thomas Bibb did not succeed William Wyatt Bibb until either July 15, 1820[31] or July 25.[2] It is unknown if this was the formal inauguration, or if a vacancy existed in the office; it is assumed that succession was automatic, as per the constitution, and that Thomas Bibb's term began on July 10.
  8. Moore resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[40]
  9. Sources disagree on the exact date McVay succeeded Clay, with the Alabama Department of Archives and History and National Governors Association mentioning both July 16, 1837, and July 17, though July 17 is used more prominently. However, the earliest contemporary news report of Clay's resignation is August 6.[51] Clay did not take office in the Senate until September 4.[52]
  10. Clay resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[49]
  11. One contemporary source states Martin withdrew in the final days of the election,[66] but the major sources state he simply did not run.
  12. Chapman lost the Democratic nomination to Henry W. Collier.[68]
  13. Modern sources disagree on when Watts was removed and arrested, but contemporary news sources report he was arrested on May 3, 1865.[85][86]
  14. Watts was arrested by Union forces soon after the American Civil War ended; he was released a few weeks later.[83][84]
  15. Sources, even contemporary reporting, disagree on when Smith succeeded Patton. Modern sources tend to say Patton left office on July 24, 1868,[91][92] but older sources place it on July 12,[93] July 13,[94][95] or July 14.[96][97] As news tended to link Smith taking office with the passage of the 14th amendment, which occurred on July 13,[98] that date is used.
  16. The United States Congress stripped Patton of most of his authority in March 1867, after which time the state was effectively under the control of Major General Swayne.[91]
  17. The date given for Swayne is the date of the first Reconstruction Act, which placed Alabama into the Third Military District; all references only say "March 1867"[91] and when the Reconstruction Acts were passed.[92]
  18. In December 1867, President Andrew Johnson ordered the removal of Major General Swayne. He was replaced on January 11, 1868, by Major General Julius Hayden.[99]
  19. Lindsay was sworn into office on November 26, 1870, but Smith refused to leave his seat for two weeks, claiming Lindsay was fraudulently elected; he finally left office on December 8, when a court so ordered.[102]
  20. Houston instead successfully ran for United States Senate.[111]
  21. Seay instead unsuccessfully ran for United States Senate.[120]
  22. Oates instead unsuccessfully ran for United States Senate.[126]
  23. Johnston instead unsuccessfully ran for the Democratic nomination to United States Senate.[132]
  24. At the start of Samford's term, he was out of state seeking medical treatment; President of the Senate Jelks acted as governor in his absence.[135]
  25. First term under the 1901 constitution, which lengthened terms to four years.[19]
  26. Jelks was out of state for medical treatment for nearly a year; Lieutenant Governor Cunningham acted as governor in his absence.[139][140][141]
  27. The constitutional start date for 1911 was January 16. However, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled in the case of Oberhaus v. State ex rel. McNamara that, regardless of when the swearing in took place, B. B. Comer's term did not end until the end of Monday, and Emmet O'Neal's term did not begin until the first minute of the next day.[22] This precedent appears to have quietly continued, as contemporary news coverage of Robert J. Bentley's inauguration noted he would not officially take office until midnight.[148] Therefore, governors since 1911 that served to the end of their term are noted as leaving office on Monday, and their successor taking office on Tuesday. It is assumed this did not apply ex post facto to terms between when the constitutional date was established in 1901, and the court ruling in 1911.
  28. Brandon was out of state for 21 days as a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention; Lieutenant Governor McDowell acted as governor for two days.[2]
  29. Wallace was out of state for 20 days for medical treatment. Lieutenant Governor Brewer became acting governor on July 25, 1967, and Wallace returned to the state later that day.[2][185]
  30. Brewer lost the Democratic nomination to George Wallace.[189]
  31. Wallace was out of state for 52 days for medical treatment following an assassination attempt while campaigning for President of the United States; Lieutenant Governor Beasley acted as governor for 32 days.[2][190][191]
  32. James lost the Democratic nomination to George Wallace.[192]
  33. Hunt was forced to resign upon being convicted of illegally using campaign and inaugural funds to pay personal debts; he was later pardoned by the state parole board.[194][195][196]
  34. Represented the Democratic Party[28]
  35. Represented the Republican Party[28]
  36. Bentley resigned from office as part of a plea deal involving campaign violations.[205]
  37. Ivey's second full term began on January 17, 2023, and will expire January 18, 2027; she will be term-limited.

References
General
  • "Alabama Governors". Alabama Department of Archives & History. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  • "Former Alabama Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  • Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. I. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466015. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  • McMullin, Thomas A. (1984). Biographical directory of American territorial governors. Westport, CT : Meckler. ISBN 978-0-930466-11-4. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
Constitutions
Specific
  1. "Governor of Alabama". Ballotpedia. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
  2. "Alabama Governors". Alabama Department of Archives and History. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  3. 3 Stat. 371
  4. Sobel p. 5
  5. McMullin pp. 1–2
  6. "William Wyatt Bibb". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  7. Dupre, Daniel S. (September 30, 2014). "William Wyatt Bibb (1819-20)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  8. Shearer, Benjamin (2004). The Uniting States – The Story of Statehood for the Fifty United States, Volume 1: Alabama to Kentucky. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780313331053. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
  9. "Bibb Appointed Governor of Alabama Territory". Weekly Raleigh Register. 1817-05-23. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-01-25 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. The Territorial Papers of the United States: Volume I: General. United States Government Publishing Office. 1934. p. 4.
  11. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 15th Cong., 1st sess., 12 December 1817, 95–96. Accessed January 23, 2023.
  12. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 15th Cong., 1st sess., 15 December 1817, 98. Accessed January 23, 2023.
  13. 3 Stat. 489, 3 Stat. 608
  14. "Secession Ordinances of 13 Confederate States". University of Houston. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  15. Constitution for the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America Archived August 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, accessed July 8, 2015
  16. Act authorizing readmission on ratification of 14th amendment: 15 Stat. 73. Proclamation of Alabama's ratification: 15 Stat. 704.
  17. 1819 Const. art. IV, § 4
  18. 1868 Const. art. V, § 2
  19. AL Const. art. V, § 114
  20. AL Const. art. V, § 116
  21. AL Const. amendment 282
  22. Oberhaus v. State ex rel. McNamara, pp. 483–499
  23. 1868 Const. art. V, § 1
  24. 1875 Const. art. V, § 1
  25. AL Const. art. V, § 112
  26. AL Const. art. V, § 127
  27. 1819 Const. art. IV, § 18; 1861 Const. art. IV, § 18; 1865 Const. art V, § 19; 1868 Const. art. V, § 15; 1875 Const. art. V § 15
  28. "Alabama Lieutenant Governors". Alabama Department of Archives and History. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  29. "Died". Hillsborough Recorder. Hillsborough, North Carolina. August 16, 1820. Retrieved July 11, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. On Monday morning the 10th ultimo, at his residence near Fort Jackson, his excellency William W. Bibb, governor and commander in chief of the state of Alabama
  30. Sobel pp. 5–6
  31. "Thomas Bibb". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  32. Dupre, Daniel S. (May 27, 2021). "Thomas Bibb (1820-21)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  33. Sobel pp. 6–7
  34. "Israel Pickens". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  35. Dupre, Daniel S. (June 9, 2021). "Israel Pickens (1821-25)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  36. Sobel p. 7
  37. "John Murphy". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  38. Bailey, Hugh C. (June 7, 2021). "John Murphy (1825-29)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  39. Sobel p. 8
  40. "Gabriel Moore". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  41. Amos Doss, Harriet E. (June 7, 2021). "Gabriel Moore (1829-31)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  42. Sobel pp. 8–9
  43. "Samuel B. Moore". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  44. McDaniel, Mary Jane (June 7, 2021). "Samuel B. Moore (1831)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  45. Sobel pp. 9–10
  46. "John Gayle". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  47. Wiggins, Sarah Woolfoolk (June 1, 2021). "John Gayle (1831-35)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  48. Sobel p. 10
  49. "Clement Comer Clay". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  50. Thornton, J. Mills (May 28, 2021). "Clement Comer Clay (1835-37)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  51. "McVay becomes Acting Governor". New York Daily Herald. 1837-08-15. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-01-25 – via Newspapers.com.
  52. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 25th Cong., 1st sess., 4 September 1837, 5. Accessed January 25, 2023.
  53. Sobel pp. 10–11
  54. "Hugh McVay". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  55. McDaniel, Mary Jane (June 4, 2021). "Hugh McVay (1837)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  56. Sobel p. 11
  57. "Athur Pendleton Bagby". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  58. McDaniel, Mary Jane (August 20, 2018). "Arthur P. Bagby (1837-41)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  59. "Inauguration". Voice of Sumter. 1837-11-28. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-02-05.
  60. Sobel p. 12
  61. "Benjamin Fitzpatrick". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  62. Thornton, J. Mills (June 1, 2021). "Benjamin Fitzpatrick (1841-45)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  63. Sobel pp. 12–13
  64. "Joshua Lanier Martin". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  65. Bailey, Hugh C. (June 4, 2021). "Joshua L. Martin (1845-47)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  66. "No title". Washington Telegraph. Washington, Arkansas. August 4, 1847. Retrieved July 12, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  67. Sobel pp. 13–14
  68. "Reuben Chapman". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  69. Mayfield, John (May 27, 2021). "Reuben Chapman (1847-49)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  70. Sobel p. 14
  71. "Henry Watkins Collier". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  72. Atkins, Leah Rawls (December 13, 2017). "Henry W. Collier (1849-53)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  73. Sobel pp. 14–15
  74. "John Anthony Winston". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  75. Barney, William L. (June 10, 2021). "John A. Winston (1853-57)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  76. Sobel pp. 15–16
  77. "Andrew Barry Moore". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  78. Atkins, Leah Rawls (September 30, 2014). "Andrew B. Moore (1857-61)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  79. Sobel p. 16
  80. "John Gill Shorter". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  81. McKiven, Henry M. Jr. (May 14, 2021). "John Gill Shorter (1861-63)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  82. Sobel p. 17
  83. "Thomas Hill Watts". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  84. McKiven, Henry M. Jr. (June 10, 2021). "Thomas Hill Watts (1863-65)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  85. "The Latest by Telegraph". Leavenworth Times. Leavenworth, Kansas. May 25, 1865. Retrieved July 11, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  86. "Gov. Watts Arrested". The Daily Progress. Raleigh, North Carolina. May 30, 1865. Retrieved July 11, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  87. Sobel pp. 17–18
  88. "Lewis Eliphalet Parsons". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  89. Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk (June 8, 2021). "Lewis Eliphalet Parsons (1865)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  90. Sobel pp. 18–19
  91. "Robert Miller Patton". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  92. Rogers, William Warren (June 8, 2021). "Robert M. Patton (1865-67)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  93. "Meade removes Patton as Governor". Iowa County Democrat. 1868-07-15. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-01-25 – via Newspapers.com.
  94. "Governor of Alabama Inaugurated". The Daily Standard. 1868-07-14. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-01-25 – via Newspapers.com.
  95. "Installation of State Officers and Assembling of the Legislature". New York Daily Herald. 1868-07-14. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-01-25 – via Newspapers.com.
  96. Sobel p.19
  97. "Meade removes Lt. Gov of Alabama". The New York Times. 1868-07-22. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-01-25 – via Newspapers.com.
  98. 15 Stat. 705
  99. Fitzgerald, Michael W. (June 28, 2013). "Wager T. Swayne". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  100. "William Hugh Smith". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  101. Fitzgerald, Michael W. (June 10, 2021). "William Hugh Smith (1868-1870)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  102. White, James Terry (1900). The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. James T. White & Company. p. 435. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
  103. Sobel pp. 19–20
  104. "Robert Burns Lindsay". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  105. Fitzgerald, Michael W. (June 3, 2021). "Robert Burns Lindsay (1870-72)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  106. Sobel pp. 20–21
  107. "David Peter Lewis". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  108. Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk (June 3, 2021). "David P. Lewis (1872-74)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  109. "Politics in Alabama". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore. November 26, 1872. Retrieved July 11, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  110. Sobel p. 21
  111. "George Smith Houston". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  112. Rogers, William Warren (June 2, 2021). "George S. Houston (1874-78)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  113. Sobel pp. 21–22
  114. "Rufus Willis Cobb". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  115. Ward, Robert David (November 13, 2016). "Rufus W. Cobb (1878-82)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  116. "Governor Cobb". Huntsville Independent. Huntsville, Alabama. November 28, 1878. Retrieved July 11, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  117. Sobel pp. 22–23
  118. "Edward Asbury O'Neal". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  119. McDaniel, Mary Jane (June 7, 2021). "Edward A. O'Neal (1882-86)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  120. Sobel p. 23
  121. "Thomas Seay". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  122. Ward, Robert David (March 4, 2020). "Thomas Seay (1886-90)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  123. Sobel p. 24
  124. "Thomas Goode Jones". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  125. Pruitt, Paul McWhorter Jr. (June 3, 2021). "Thomas Goode Jones (1890-94)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  126. Sobel pp. 24–25
  127. "William Calvin Oates". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  128. Pruitt, Paul McWhorter Jr. (June 8, 2021). "William Calvin Oates (1894-96)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  129. Sobel pp. 25–26
  130. "Joseph Forney Johnston". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  131. Perman, Michael (June 2, 2021). "Joseph F. Johnston (1896-1900)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  132. "Morgan Carries Alabama". The New York Times (published April 15, 1900). April 14, 1900. Retrieved January 18, 2023 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
  133. Sobel pp. 26–27
  134. "William Dorsey Jelks". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  135. Alsobrook, David E. (June 2, 2021). "William D. Jelks (1901-07)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  136. Sobel p. 27
  137. "William James Samford". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  138. Rickard, Marlene Hunt (June 9, 2021). "William J. Samford (1900-01)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  139. Sobel p. 28
  140. Rikard, Marlene Hunt (June 1, 2021). "Russell M. Cunningham (1904-05)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  141. "Russell McWorther Cunningham". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  142. Sobel pp. 28–29
  143. "Braxton Bragg Comer". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  144. Harris, David Alan (October 12, 2022). "Braxton Bragg Comer (1907-11)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  145. Sobel pp. 29–30
  146. "Emmet O'Neal". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  147. Rosenburg, R. B. (June 7, 2021). "Emmet O'Neal (1911-15)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  148. White, David (January 17, 2011). "Robert Bentley ready to take office as next Alabama governor". The Birmingham News. Retrieved December 10, 2018. Bentley under state law won't officially be governor until just after the stroke of midnight Tuesday morning.
  149. Sobel p. 30
  150. "Charles Henderson". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  151. Allen, Lee N. (June 1, 2021). "Charles Henderson (1915-19)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  152. Sobel pp. 30–31
  153. "Thomas Erby Kilby". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  154. Breedlove, Michael A. (June 3, 2021). "Thomas E. Kilby (1919-23)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  155. Sobel pp. 31–32
  156. "William Woodward Brandon". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  157. Allen, Lee N. (December 5, 2017). "William W. Brandon (1923-27)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  158. Sobel pp. 32–33
  159. "David Bibb Graves". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  160. Flynt, J. Wayne (June 1, 2021). "David Bibb Graves (1927-31, 1935-39)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  161. Sobel p. 33
  162. "Benjamin Meek Miller". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  163. Feldman, Glenn (June 4, 2021). "Benjamin Meek Miller (1931-35)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  164. Sobel pp. 33–34
  165. "Frank Murray Dixon". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  166. Feldman, Glenn (June 1, 2021). "Frank M. Dixon (1939-43)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  167. Sobel pp. 34–35
  168. "Chauncey Sparks". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  169. Jackson, Harvey H. (June 10, 2021). "Chauncey Sparks (1943-47)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  170. Sobel p. 35
  171. "James Elisha Folsom, Sr". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  172. Grafton, Carl; Permaloff, Anne (April 1, 2019). "James E. "Big Jim" Folsom Sr. (1947-51, 1955-59)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  173. Sobel p. 36
  174. "Seth Gordon Persons". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  175. Bass, S. Jonathan (June 9, 2021). "Seth Gordon Persons (1951-55)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  176. Sobel pp. 36–37
  177. "John Malcolm Patterson". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  178. Grafton, Carl; Permaloff, Anne (June 7, 2021). "John M. Patterson (1959-63)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  179. Sobel pp. 37–38
  180. "George Corley Wallace". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  181. Eskew, Glenn T. (June 10, 2021). "George C. Wallace (1963-67, 1971-79, 1983-87)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  182. Sobel pp. 38–39
  183. "Lurleen Burns Wallace". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  184. Eskew, Glenn T. (June 30, 2017). "Lurleen B. Wallace (1967-68)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  185. Owen, Thomas McAdory (1979). Alabama Official and Statistical Register. Alabama Department of Archives & History. p. 17. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
  186. Sobel p. 39
  187. "Albert Preston Brewer". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  188. Harvey, Gordon (November 13, 2020). "Albert P. Brewer (1968-71)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  189. Sobel p. 39
  190. Sobel p. 40
  191. Armbrester, Margaret E. (December 19, 2017). "Jere Beasley Sr. (1972)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  192. "Forrest Hood James". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  193. Stewart, William H. (June 2, 2021). "Forrest "Fob" James Jr. (1979-83, 1995-99)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  194. "Harold Guy Hunt". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  195. Stewart, William H. (June 6, 2021). "Guy Hunt (1987-93)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  196. Nossiter, Adam (12 June 1997). "Ex-Gov. Hunt of Alabama Cleared by Pardon Board". The New York Times. p. 18. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
  197. "James Elisha Folsom, Jr". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  198. Stewart, William H. (June 1, 2021). "James E. Folsom Jr. (1993-95)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  199. "Donald Eugene Siegelman". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  200. Webb, Samuel L.; Armbrester, Margaret E. (June 9, 2021). "Don Siegelman (1999-2003)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  201. "Bob Riley". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  202. Armbrester, Margaret E. (June 9, 2021). "Robert "Bob" Riley (2003-11)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  203. "Robert Bentley". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  204. "Robert Bentley (2011-17)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  205. Blinder, Alan (10 April 2017). "Robert Bentley, Alabama Governor, Resigns Amid Scandal". The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
  206. "Kay Ivey". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  207. Wilson, Claire (May 1, 2020). "Kay Ivey (2017- )". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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