Graveyard of empires

The graveyard of empires is a sobriquet often associated with Afghanistan. It originates from the numerous historical examples of foreign powers such as the Achaemenid Empire, Macedonia, Umayyad Caliphate, Mongol Empire, Timurid Empire, Mughal Empire, Sikh Empire, British Empire, the Soviet Union, and the United States being unable to achieve military victory in Afghanistan. Furthermore, all foreign armies that have invaded Afghanistan have conducted a full military withdrawal by the end of the conflict.[2][3] Alternatively, the term has been applied to Mesopotamia.[4] Elsewhere, a very similar phrase, "the graveyard of nations and empires," has been used in a figurative sense to describe the Old Testament's Book of Isaiah.[5] It is unclear who coined the phrase, and its historical accuracy has been disputed.[6]

For the fourth studio album by Evans Blue, see Graveyard of Empires (album).
Remnants of an Army, depicting the British retreat from Kabul, presents imagery commonly associated with the sobriquet.[1]

Background
Further information: Invasions of Afghanistan, The Great Game, and 2021 Taliban offensive

During the history of Afghanistan, several great powers have attempted to invade Afghanistan without maintaining a stable, permanent rule. Modern examples included the British Empire during the First, Second, and Third Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839–1842, 1878–1880, 1919); the Soviet Union in the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989); and the United States in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021).[2][3] Some have attributed ancient and medieval empires to the narrative, including the Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, and Mongols.[7] The difficulty in invading Afghanistan was attributed to the prevalence of fortress-like qalats,[8] the deserts, the mountainous terrain of Afghanistan, its severe winter and its enduring clan loyalties,[9] various empires fighting each other while attempting to conquer Afghanistan, and outside neighboring countries support such as Pakistan, where foreign invaders were unable or not permitted to cross into such nations to destroy their enemy sanctuaries.[10]

Usage

The anthropologist Thomas Barfield has noted that the narrative of Afghanistan as an unconquerable nation has been used by Afghanistan itself to deter invaders.[11] In October 2001, during the United States invasion of Afghanistan, the Taliban founder and leader Mohammed Omar Mujahid threatened the United States with the same fate as the British Empire and the Soviet Union.[12] US President Joe Biden referred to the sobriquet while he delivered a public statement after the 2021 fall of Kabul as evidence that no further commitment of American military presence would consolidate the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan against the Taliban.[13]

Criticism

The New York Times foreign correspondent Rod Nordland has stated that "in truth, no great empires perished solely because of Afghanistan."[6] Joint Services Command and Staff College lecturer Patrick Porter called the attribution "a false extrapolation from something that is true - that there is tactical and strategic difficulty."[9]

The British Empire was not destroyed after the Third Anglo-Afghan War,[14] and the collapse of the British Empire was more commonly attributed to World War II.[9] While the Soviet–Afghan War was a major factor in the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the opposition in Afghanistan was only possible with foreign aid, primarily from the United States.[15][10] Furthermore, there is reason to believe that the Soviet Union would have collapsed regardless of the campaign.[14] Nonetheless, the narrative allowed for argument from analogy and the thesis of "history repeating itself," which proved accepted amongst authors and political experts.[14][15]

References
  1. Dawson, Tyler (2021-08-19). "Is Afghanistan really a 'graveyard of empires'?". National Post. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  2. McCarthy, Niall (2021-07-26). "Infographic: Afghanistan: The Graveyard Of Empires". Statista Infographics. Archived from the original on 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  3. Bearden, Milton (2001). "Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  4. Burnham, Sarah Maria (1891). Struggles of the Nations; Or, The Principal Wars, Battles, Sieges, and Treaties of the World, Vol. 1. Lea and Shepard. p. 31. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  5. Gillett, Ezra Hall (1867). Ancient Cities and Empires: Their Prophetic Doom, Read in the Light of History and Modern Research. Presbyterian Publication Committee. p. 301. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  6. Nordland, Rod (2017-08-29). "The Empire Stopper". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  7. Innocent, Malou; Carpenter, Ted Galen (2009-09-14). "Escaping the "Graveyard of Empires": A Strategy to Exit Afghanistan". Cato Institute. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  8. Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (2017-06-30). "Why Is Afghanistan the 'Graveyard of Empires'?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  9. Neild, Barry (2011-07-05). "Is Afghanistan really a 'graveyard of empires?'". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  10. Coll, Steve (February 4, 2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden. Penguin Press HC. ISBN 1-5942-0007-6.
  11. Barfield 2012, p. 347.
  12. Barfield 2012, p. 269.
  13. "Read the full transcript of President Biden's remarks on Afghanistan". The New York Times. 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-08-16.
  14. Kühn 2016, p. 155.
  15. Caryl, Christian (2010-07-26). "Bury the Graveyard". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2021-05-04. Retrieved 2021-08-12.

Bibliography
  • Barfield, Thomas (2012). Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15441-1.
  • Kühn, Florian P. (2016). "Afghanistan and the 'Graveyard of Empires': Blumenberg, Under-complex Analogy and Basic Myths in International Politics". Myth and Narrative in International Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK: 147–172. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-53752-2_8. ISBN 978-1-137-53751-5.
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