Haplogroup D-M55

Migration route of haplogroup D

Migration route of Y-DNA haplogroups in East Asia

Among the subgroups of Haplogroup D, the ancestor of D-M55 went eastward to reach the Japanese archipelago.[10] According to Michael F. Hammer of the University of Arizona, haplogroup D originated near the Tibetan Plateau and migrated into Japan were it eventually became D-M55.[11] Mitsuru Sakitani said that Haplogroup D1 came from Tibet to northern Kyushu via the Altai Mountains and the Korean Peninsula more than, and Haplogroup D-M55 (D1a2a) was born in the Japanese archipelago.[10]

Recent studies suggest that D-M55 became dominant during the late Jōmon period, shortly before the arrival of the Yayoi, suggesting a population boom and bust.[12]

The average frequency in Japanese is about 33%.[3][4][6][7] High frequencies are found in various places in Japan, especially in Hokkaidō, eastern Honshū, and Okinawa.

• Ainu people：87.5%（Tajima et al. 2004[8]）
• Asahikawa (Hokkaido): 63.7% (estimated from Y-STR haplotypes)[6]
• Chiba： 45.5%[13]
• Tokyo： 40.4% (21/57 = 36.8% JPT, 23/52 = 44.2%[13])
• Okinawa: 37.6% (0/7 Hateruma,[14] 1/20 = 5.0% Iriomote,[14] 8/29 = 27.6% Katsuren,[14] 10/32 = 31.3% Yomitan,[14] 16/49 = 32.7% Ishigaki,[15] 13/38 = 34.2% Miyako,[15] 13/36 = 36.1% Haebaru,[15] 7/19 = 36.8% Gushikami,[14] 35/87 = 40.2% Okinawa estimated from Y-STR haplotypes,[6] 38/80 = 47.5% Itoman,[14] 25/45 = 55.6% Okinawa[4])
• Kanto region: 37.6%[3]
• Nagoya: 34.3% (estimated from Y-STR haplotypes)[6]
• Sapporo： 33.9% (100/302 = 33.1%,[7] 72/206 = 35.0%[7])
• Kawasaki： 33.0%[7]
• Shizuoka：32.8%[4]
• Kanazawa： 32.6% (97/298 = 32.6%,[7] 76/232 = 32.8%[7])
• Aomori： 31.1% (22/79 = 27.8%,[15] 11/27 = 40.7%[4])
• Kyushu： 30.2% (29/104 = 27.9% Kyushu,[8] 90/300 = 30.0% Nagasaki,[7] 39/129 = 30.2% Saga,[15] 34/102 = 33.3% Fukuoka[7])
• Tokushima： 29.9% (18/70 = 25.7%,[4] 119/388 = 30.7%[7]）
• Micronesia：9.5％（Hammer et al. 2006[4]）
• South Korea: 4.0% (Hammer et al. 2006[4]), 3.8% (estimated from Y-STR haplotypes),[6] 1.6% (Kim et al. 2011[16])
• Timor Island：0.2%（Meryanne et al. 2014[17]）

A Jōmon period man excavated from Funadomari remains (about 3,800 - 3,500 YBP) in Rebun Island in Hokkaido belongs to Haplogroup D1a2a2a(D-CTS220).[18]

The analysis of an Jōmon sample (Ikawazu) and an ancient sample from the Tibetan Plateau (Chokhopani, Ch) found only partially shared ancestry, suggesting a positive genetic bottleneck regarding the spread of haplogroup D from an ancient population related to the Tibetan Chokhopani sample (and modern Tibeto-Burmese groups).[19]

By ISOGG tree（Version: 14.151）.[20]

• DE (YAP)
  • D (CTS3946)
    • D1 (M174/Page30, IMS-JST021355, Haplogroup D-M174)
      • D1a (CTS11577)　
        • D1a1 (F6251/Z27276)
          • D1a1a (M15)　Tibet
          • D1a1b (P99)　Tibet, Mongol, Central Asia
        • D1a2(Z3660)
          • D1a2a (M64.1/Page44.1, M55) 　 Japan(Yamato people、Ryukyuan people、Ainu people)
          • D1a2b (Y34637)　Andaman Islands（Onge people, Jarawa people）[21][22]
      • D1b (L1378) 　 Philippines[23]
    • D2 (A5580.2) 　Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Syria[24][25]