Kapu (caste)

Kapu is a Hindu caste primarily found in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. They are classified as a Forward caste. They are a community of land-owning agriculturists. Historically, they have also been warriors in medieval armies. They are one of the dominant castes of Andhra Pradesh and are particularly effective in the erstwhile Godavari districts.[1] They are distinct from three other Kapu communities — the Munnuru Kapu of Telangana, the Turpu Kapu of Uttarandhra, and the Balija of Rayalaseema — that were present in the state prior to its bifurcation with the creation of Telangana in 2014.[2]

Kapu
ClassificationForward caste
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesTelugu
CountryIndia
Populated statesAndhra Pradesh,
Telangana
RegionSouth India

Etymology

Kāpu literally means cultivator or agriculturist in Telugu.[3] Various subgroups of Kapus branched off into separate communities in the post-Kakatiya period (Velamas, Panta Kapus and Pakanati Kapus—both of whom got labelled Reddys, and Kapus of Kammanadu—eventually labelled Kammas).[4] The remaining Kapus continue to use the original label. All the cultivator caste clusters have a common ancestry in the legends.[5] In several places, the landowning cultivators are addressed by the agricultural labourers as 'Kapu'.[6]: 11  According to Cynthia Talbot, the transformation of occupational identities as caste labels occurred in the late Vijayanagara period (17th century) or later.[7]

Subgroups

Telaga and Ontari are the subgroups of Kapu caste. D. Parthasarathy notes that Kapu, Telaga, and Ontari are usually classed as a single unit.[8]: 47 

Ontari

Ontari, also called Vontari, Ontarlu, Vontarlu, are a section of Kapu.[9][10] Historically, Ontaris were exclusively into military service.[11] They were a clan of warriors in medieval Andhra who engaged in hand-to-hand combat and wielded heavy weapons like maces.[12] Ontari literally means 'a lone one' which referred to their bravery in the context of historical warfare.[13] Currently, they are landholding agriculturists.[9]

Srinatha mentions Ontarlu in his Palnati-vira-charitra, written in early 15th century.[12] Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma notes that Ontari was the vernacular equivalent of the Sanskrit word Ekangavira — the hero who fights the combat alone. Analysing literary sources, he notes that Ontaris or Ekkatis took part in hand-to-hand fight called Ekkati kayyamu, the combat of singles. He adds, "Ontari forces served as the reserve army, and each fighter in this division was probably a great wrestler and also wielded heavy weapons like maces and the like. The ekkatis of the Reddi period gradually formed into a separate military caste or community, and are now popularly called Vantarlu. These now form one of the three sections of the Telaga community, the other two being the Telaga (proper), and the Kapu".[12] They received grants of land (inam) for their services as warriors.

Telaga
Main article: Telaga

Telaga is a subcaste of Kapu and both terms are often used synonymously.[22] They are classified as a Forward caste.[31] They are a land-owning agrarian community.[38] Historically, they were a warrior caste before taking up cultivation.[48] Telaga are also referred to as Pedda Kapu or Telaga Naidu.[53]

As per historians, Telugu Choda dynasties like Durjayas of Velanadu who ruled Coastal Andhra, later came to be called Telagas over a period of time.[54][55][56] In pre-independent India, Telaga-Kapu also ruled Andhra as Zamindars. In Guntur district, one of the four major Zamindars, the Malraju family of Narasaraopet were Telagas.[57]: 268 [58][59] During the colonial era, Telagas were noted to be of a high social position.[57]: 274 [60]

Geographic distribution

Kapus are spread across erstwhile districts of East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, and other parts of Andhra Pradesh.[61][62] They are the dominant caste in the Godavari districts.[63]

Politics

During the 1920s and 1930s, Kapus, along with other feudal landed castes, were major supporters of the Justice Party.[64][65][66] Prominent Kapu leader Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu[64][19] was a member of the Justice Party and formulated policies that promoted social equality, abolition of untouchability, and social reform.[67][68] In 1920, the first legislative council elections to Madras Presidency were held after the passing of the Government of India Act 1919. Naidu was one of the three ministers in the Cabinet holding the portfolios of Development and Industries.[69][68][70] In 1936, he was appointed as the Governor of Madras Presidency, one of the only two Indians in history to have held the post.[68] In 1937, he was elected as the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency.[68] He was the only person to have held both the posts of Chief Minister and Governor of the Madras Presidency.[71]

In the 2019 Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections, 24 Kapus were elected as MLAs, next only to Reddys and higher than Kammas. Together, these three upper castes accounted for nearly two-thirds of unreserved seats in the Assembly.[72][73]

Status

The four-tier varna system of ranking never really took hold in South Indian society. In South India, on the other hand, there existed only three distinguishable classes—the Brahmins, the non-Brahmins and the Dalits.[78] The two intermediate dvija varnas—the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas—did not exist.[81] The Kapus are considered to be a "Sat Shudra" (also known as "upper/high-caste/clean Shudra")[82] community in the traditional Hindu ritual ranking system.[85] Kapus are referred to as a non-Brahmin upper-caste.[93]

In 1982, Barbara D. Miller of Syracuse University remarked, "Generally the Telaga-Kapu rank fairly high in status".[94] K. C. Suri notes that non-Brahman caste groups like Kapus, whose main occupation has been cultivation, are the most important social groups in Andhra Pradesh in terms of numerical strength, land control, and access to political power.[6]: 10 

K. Srinisavulu notes that the Reddys and Kammas are the politically dominant communities of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, and that the Kapus are among a group with lesser but still significant influence, despite their small population. They are particularly effective in the erstwhile districts of East Godavari and West Godavari.[1]

1980s–present

Kapunadu movement was formed in the 1980s and under the leadership of Vangaveeti Mohana Ranga they demanded quotas for Kapu, Telaga, Balija, and Ontari communities.[95][8]: 48  However, the N. K. Muralidhar Rao commission in 1982 did not recommend quotas for Kapus and noted as follows:

"Kapus are land owners and enjoy social status in the villages. They are already politically conscious and socially forward. On the educational side also they are not backward as the students belonging to the Kapu Community are in considerable number in the educational institutions in the state. The literacy in this community is higher than the state average. There is a good representation from Kapu Community in the employment under the state government, semi-government and local bodies. The Commission thinks that it is not necessary to disturb this."[96]

In early 2016, the Kapus of the residual Andhra Pradesh state launched an agitation demanding quotas, leading to violent protests.[97][98] The Indian National Congress party and the YSR Congress party have supported their demand.[99] The then-ruling Telugu Desam Party was said to be opposed to the demand.[100] As of 2023, Kapus do not avail any quotas and are classified as a Forward caste.[101]

Notable people

Politics

Social Activists

Film

Arts

Sports

Literature

Sciences

References

Citations

  1. Srinivasulu, K. (September 2002). Caste & Class Articulation of Andhra Pradesh (PDF). London: Overseas Development Institute. p. 3, 4. ISBN 0-85003-612-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  2. Gudavarthy, Ajay (2014). Maoism, Democracy and Globalisation: Cross-currents in Indian Politics. SAGE Publishing India. p. 81. ISBN 978-9-35150-425-2.
  3. Talbot 2001, p. 74.
  4. Talbot 2001, pp. 192, 206.
  5. Talbot 2001, p. 206.
  6. K. C. Suri (September 2002). "Democratic Process and Electoral Politics in Andhra Pradesh, India" (PDF). Overseas Development Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2021.
  7. Talbot 2001, p. 86.
  8. Parthasarathy, D. (1997). Collective Violence in a Provincial City. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-564139-4.
  9. Singh, K. S. (1998). India's Communities. Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 2673, 2674. ISBN 978-0-19-563354-2.
  10. Census of India, 1971: Andhra Pradesh. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1976. p. 232.
  11. Sarma, Mallampalli Somasekhara (1946). History Of The Reddi Kingdoms. Andhra University. p. 277.
  12. Sarma, Mallampalli Somasekhara (1946). History Of The Reddi Kingdoms. Andhra University. p. 241. Another important division of the infantry was ekkatlu, the plural form of the term ekkati, a contracted form of Ekkatidu. Ekkati, otherwise called Ontari, was, as his name indicates, brought into the field of battle almost at the end of the fight, when it was a losing game, and was ordered to take part in hand to hand fight. Ekkati kayyamu, the combat of singles, began only after every prospect of victory was lost. The ekkati forces served probably as the reserve army, and each fighter in this division was probably a great wrestler and wielded also heavy weapons like maces and the like. There were ekkatis in every important town and village in the kingdom. The ekkatis of Velanturu (Vellaturu), Tangeda and Polepalli are mentioned in the records of the Reddi period. From the way in which these ekkatis made gifts to local gods, we come to know that they were remunerated for their services by grants of land. All these sections of infantry are mentioned in the Palnativiracaritra, produced in this period. In this work ekkatlu are referred to as Ontarlu (Selagola prajalanu heccu vantarla; Vantari is the corrupt form of Ontari). Ekkati and its synonym Ontari seem to have been the vernacular equivalents of the Sanskrit word Ekangavira, the hero who fights the combat singly. These ekkatis of the Reddi period gradually formed into a separate military caste or community, and are now popularly called Vantarlu. These now form one of the three sections of the Telaga community, the other two being the Telaga (proper), and the Kapu.
  13. Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1326. ISBN 978-81-7671-006-0.
  14. Murty, K. Ramachandra (2001). Parties, Elections, and Mobilisation. Anmol Publications. p. 21. ISBN 978-81-261-0979-1. The Kapus of Godavari Districts are quite well off and politically dynamic. They proudly declare themselves as Telagas.
  15. Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 851. ISBN 978-81-7671-006-0. The term Kapu is variously used in different regions of Andhra Pradesh. They are equated with Reddis in Rayalaseema districts (Thurston, 1909). In East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, and Guntur districts, the same term refers to a forward caste, often synonymously used with the Telaga and Ontari.
  16. Grover, Verinder; Arora, Ranjana (1996). Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Deep & Deep. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-7100-730-1. The Kapus constitute a separate caste in the Coastal districts of West Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Vijayanagaram and Srikakulam. The Kapus of Coastal regions are politically dynamic. They proudly declare themselves as Telagas.
  17. Kantha Rao, A study of the socio political mobility of the kapu caste (1999), Chapter 2, p. 67: "The Kapus are found all over Andhra Pradesh and they are sub-divided into the Turpu Kapus and Telagas. The Kapus of the East and West Godavari call themselves Telagas or Pedda (Big) Kapus and claim to be superior to the Turpu (East) Kapus. The Turpu Kapus are those belonging to the districts of Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam."
  18. Subrahmanyam, Y. Subhashini (1975). Social Change in Village India: An Andhra Case Study. Prithvi Raj Publishers. pp. 74, 75. The Kapu form the bulk of the population and are agriculturists and horticulturists. The Kapus of the East Godavari call themselves Telaga or Pedda (Big) Kapus.
  19. Reddy, G. Samba Siva (2011). "Dethroning Dominance: Caste Associations in Colonial Andhra, 1901-1947". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 72: 771. ISSN 2249-1937. Telagas termed themselves as Kapus and by profession were agriculturists. The first Telaga Mahajana Sabha of the region met at Railway Kodur in Kadapa district in September 1920. The later Telaga Conferences were held mostly in the Coastal Andhra areas than in the Rayalaseema region since the population of Telagas was more in the former region than in the latter. But some of the leaders of the region participated in these conferences as they had good rapport, with the prominent Coastal Andhra leaders like Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu, who seldom visited the region.
  20. Satyanarayana, A. (2005). Dalits and Upper Castes: Essays in Social History. Kanishka Publishers, Distributors. p. 152. ISBN 978-81-7391-703-5.
  21. Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1817. ISBN 978-81-7671-006-0. The Telaga are a Telugu speaking dominant cultivator community, concentrated in all the coastal towns and hinterlands of East and West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur and Nellore districts of Coastal Andhra and in all the ..... Today we find the Kapu, Ontari and Balija of the state often call themselves Telaga, and the Telaga in some parts also use Kapu as synonym. The Telaga occupy a higher status in the hierarchy among these groups.
  22. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
  23. Bulletin. Madras Institute of Development Studies. 1990. p. 123. Taking Andhra Pradesh alone, all the populous land-owning castes such as Reddy, Kamma, Kapu, Telaga, Velama, Raju, etc. (which are among the forward sections), constitute definitely more than nine percent of the total population which is the proportion of the land-owning castes in the above extrapolation for northern India.
  24. Murty, K. Ramachandra (2001), Parties Elections And Mobilisation, Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited, p. 158, ISBN 978-81-261-0979-1: "Srikakulam district: ... The Brahmins, Rajus (Kshatriya), Komati, and Telaga communities are considered to be forward communities and these castes constitute around 8 percent of the district."
  25. Census of India, 1971: Andhra Pradesh. Vol. 6. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1976. p. 236. It is also seen that Brahmin, Vysya, Telaga, Kapu who are considered to be socially and economically forward castes ....
  26. Bernstorff, Dagmar (1973). "Eclipse of "Reddy-Raj"? The Attempted Restructuring of the Congress Party Leadership in Andhra Pradesh". Asian Survey. 13 (10): 970. doi:10.2307/2643005. ISSN 0004-4687. Other forward communities are Brahmins, Vaishyas, Kshatriyas, Telagas, Khaists.
  27. Hauck, Gerhard (1973). "Gewaltlosigkeit und Gleichheit als Ideologie: Eine Studie über den Gandhiismus in Indien" [Nonviolence and Equality as Ideology: A Study of Gandhiism in India]. Soziale Welt (in German). 24 (1): 102. ISSN 0038-6073.
  28. Naidu, D. Suran (1991). The Congress Party in Transition: A Study in Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh. National Book Organisation. p. 27. ISBN 978-81-85135-64-9. The Brahmin, Raju (Kshatriya), Komati (Vaisya) and Telaga castes are considered 'forward communities' in the district.
  29. Raju, Rapaka Satya (1989). Urban Unorganised Sector in India. Mittal Publications. p. 158. Among the forward communities, Vysya, Telaga and Brahmin communities had higher representation in that order.
  30. D V Ramana Murty; G Arti; M. Vivekananda Murty (2018). "Estimation of Strength of Different Population Groups Existing In Andhra Pradesh – A deductive approach" (PDF). International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 8 (1): 15–20. ISSN 2250-3226.
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  32. Census of India, 1961. 6. Vol. 2. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1961. p. 8. The Kapus who are otherwise popularly known as Telagas in these parts primarily belong to a caste of cultivators and land owners. They are among the most respected of the non-Brahmins. It is said that in the past they were soldiers in the armies of the Hindu Sovereigns.
  33. Narayan-Parker, Deepa; Petesch, Patti L. (1 January 2002). From Many Lands. World Bank Publications. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-8213-5049-2. About half the 153 households in the village are from the dominant Telaga caste of landed farmers ....
  34. Arnold, David (1986). Police Power and Colonial Rule, Madras, 1859-1947. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-561893-8.
  35. K. Veeram Reddy (1987). Land Reforms and the Emergence of New Agrarian Structure in Andhra Pradesh: A Case Study of Chittoor District. p. 63. It was because of the caste composition of land ownership, for most of the agricultural land is owned by the dominant castes - Kamma, Reddy, Velama, Telaga, and Kshatriya communities.
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  40. Brand, Coenraad M. (1973). State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology. University of California Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-520-02490-8. ... local warrior castes such as Rajus, Kammas, Velamas, Kapus, and Telagas dominated military occupations.
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