List of alismatid families

The alismatid monocots are a group of 15 interrelated families of flowering plants, named for their largest order, Alismatales. Like other monocots,[lower-alpha 1] they usually have a single embryonic leaf (cotyledon) in their seeds, leaves with parallel veins, scattered vascular systems, flowers with parts in threes or multiples of three, and roots that can develop in more than one place along the stems.[3] Plants in the alismatid grade[lower-alpha 2] have adapted to thrive in oceans, temperate zones, deserts, the tropics, and even glacial regions.[5]

a large inflorescence
The titan arum in the aroid family
tiny plants
Duckweed; each speck is an individual plant.
For the other monocot families, see List of lilioid families and List of commelinid families.

The alismatid monocots were the first orders to diverge from the other monocots, during the Cretaceous Period.[6][7] Like the earliest monocots, many of them are aquatic, and some grow completely submerged. Apart from the sweet-flag family of wetlands plants, all the alismatid families are in Alismatales. Some of the plants in this order are invasive aquatic weeds that can disrupt and destabilize ecosystems. Others grow in a variety of habitats, especially the plants in the aroid family. This family includes the titan arum, with the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, and also the world's smallest flowering plant, duckweed.[2][6][8][9]

Legend
Legend
Family Etymology of the type genus (except as noted) Global distribution Description and uses Order Images
Family and vernacular (common) name Associated meaning, derivation or person (a naturalist, unless otherwise noted) Global distribution of the species in this family Description and uses Order Images for a member of the type genus

Alismatid families
Alismatid families
Family
[10][lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4]		 Etymology of the type genus (except as noted) Global distribution Description and uses[lower-alpha 5] Order[10] Images
Acoraceae
(sweet-flag family)		 Acorus, the only genus, comes from a Latin plant name.[12][13] North America, Europe and Asia[14] These non-woody aromatic plants have thin, sword-shaped leaves. The rhizomes are essentially non-vascular.[14] Acorales Acorus calamus
"Acorus calamus flowers"
Acorus calamus
"Acorus calamus and habitat"
Acorus calamus
Alismataceae
(water-plantain family)		 Alisma comes from a Greek plant name.[15][16][17] Worldwide These non-woody, latex-bearing aquatic plants are usually perennials. They take root in freshwater beds, and some remain submerged.[18][19] Two species are consumed in Asia, and another was a food source for Native Americans.[18][19] C4 photosynthesis[lower-alpha 6] has been observed in Sagittaria.[6] Alismatales Alisma plantago-aquatica
"Alisma plantago-aquatica flowers"
Alisma plantago-aquatica
"Alisma plantago-aquatica"
Alisma plantago-aquatica and habitat
Aponogetona­ceae
 Aponogeton, the only genus, is from the Latin for "near (the hot springs at) Aponus".[20] Africa, Oceania, and South and Southeast Asia[21] These are non-woody smooth-stemmed freshwater perennials, usually with long leaf-stalks.[22] Cape pondweed flowers are consumed as a delicacy in South Africa; the tubers are also edible.[21] Alismatales Aponogeton distachyos
"Aponogeton distachyos flowers"
Aponogeton distachyos
"Aponogeton distachyos and habitat"
Aponogeton distachyos
Araceae
(aroid family)[23]		 Arum comes from a Greek plant name.[24][25][26] Worldwide, especially in the tropics[27] This family includes plants that grow in soil, in water and on trees. Most species are sappy and non-woody; some are woody climbers. Many cultures have relied on taro plants (which are toxic when raw) as a staple crop.[27][28] Alismatales Arum maculatum
"Arum maculatum flowers"
Arum maculatum
"Arum maculatum and habitat"
Arum maculatum
Butomaceae
(flowering-rush family)		 Butomus, the only genus, is from the Greek for "ox-wounding", named for the sharp leaves.[29][30] Temperate Europe and Asia[31] These are smooth-stemmed non-woody aquatic, swamp or marsh plants, usually with milky latex.[32] They are consumed in parts of Russia, in bread or as a vegetable.[31] Alismatales Butomus umbellatus
"Butomus umbellatus flowers"
Butomus umbellatus
"Butomus umbellatus and habitat"
Butomus umbellatus
Cymodocea­ceae
(turtle-grass family)		 Cymodocea was named for Cymodoce, a Greek sea nymph.[33][34] Tropical and warm temperate seas[35] These plants are large perennials,[35] up to 30 cm (12 in) long in the genus Cymodocea.[36] They nourish and shelter many crustaceans and fish that are harvested commercially.[35] Alismatales Cymodocea nodosa
"Cymodocea nodosa flowers"
Cymodocea nodosa
"Cymodocea nodosa and habitat"
Cymodocea nodosa
Hydrocharita­ceae
(frogbit family)		 Hydrocharis is from the Greek for "water grace".[37][38] Worldwide[39] These are annual and perennial aquatics. One species is consumed in Asia. Many invasive genera have become entrenched, causing considerable economic damage.[39] Alismatales Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
"Hydrocharis morsus-ranae flowers"
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
"Hydrocharis morsus-ranae and habitat"
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
Juncaginaceae
(arrowgrass family)		 Juncago (an earlier synonym for the type genus, Triglochin) is from the Latin for "a rush-like plant".[40][41] Northern temperate zones, South America, Oceania and parts of Africa[40] These are non-woody plants with grass-like leaves that grow in soil or water.[40][42] Two species are edible.[40] Alismatales Triglochin palustris
"Triglochin palustris flowers"
Triglochin palustris
"Triglochin palustris and habitat"
Triglochin palustris
Maundiaceae
(Maund's-arrowgrass family)		 Maundia, the only species in the family, was named for John Maund (1823–1858), a physician and chemist.[43] Eastern Australia[44] These aquatic perennials have leaves up to 80 cm (31 in) long. The family is likely to become endangered as water tables recede in eastern Australia.[44] Alismatales Maundia triglochinoides
"Maundia triglochinoides flowers"
Maundia triglochinoides
"Maundia triglochinoides and habitat"
Maundia triglochinoides
Posidoniaceae
(tapeweed family)		 Posidonia, the only genus, was named for Poseidon, a Greek god.[45] The Mediterranean and oceans south and west of Australia[46] These submerged plants have long linear leaves. Genetically identical beds of Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean can be kilometers wide and persist for many thousands of years. [46] Alismatales Posidonia oceanica
"Posidonia oceanica flowers"
Posidonia oceanica
"Posidonia oceanica and habitat"
Posidonia oceanica
Potamogetona­ceae
(pondweed family)		 Potamogeton, the only genus, comes from Greek and Latin plant names.[47][48] Worldwide[49] These aquatic plants are usually perennials with simple leaves.[49][50] The plants are an important food source for many birds and aquatic animals.[49] Alismatales Potamogeton natans
"Potamogeton natans flowers"
Potamogeton natans
"Potamogeton natans and habitat"
Potamogeton natans
Ruppiaceae
(tasselweed family)		 Ruppia, the only genus, was named for Heinrich Bernhard Ruppius (1688–1719).[51] Worldwide, in scattered ponds, marshes and shallow seas[46] These submerged non-woody plants are usually annuals with stalkless linear leaves.[46][52] Alismatales Ruppia polycarpa
"Ruppia polycarpa flowers"
Ruppia polycarpa
"Ruppia polycarpa"
Ruppia polycarpa
Scheuchzeria­ceae
(Rannoch-rush family)		 Scheuchzeria, the only genus, was named for Johann Gaspar Scheuchzer (1684–1738) and his brother Johann Jacob.[53] Arctic sphagnum bogs[54] These perennials have linear leaves with parallel veins.[54] Alismatales Scheuchzeria palustris
"Scheuchzeria palustris fruits"
Scheuchzeria palustris
"Scheuchzeria palustris and habitat"
Scheuchzeria palustris
Tofieldiaceae
(false-asphodel family)		 Tofieldia was named for Thomas Tofield (1730–1779).[55][56] Northern boreal and montane zones, with some species in the US, China and Japan[57] These non-woody rhizomatous perennials have linear leaves, generally attached at the plant's base.[57][58] This is the earliest-diverging family in the order (around 100 million years ago).[7] Alismatales Tofieldia calyculata
"Tofieldia calyculata flowers"
Tofieldia calyculata
"Tofieldia calyculata and habitat"
Tofieldia calyculata
Zosteraceae
(eelgrass family)		 Zostera is from the Greek for "belt".[59][60] Temperate and subtropical sea beds[59] These perennials have simple, linear leaves.[59][61] The plants have been used as packing material. The dense growths support commercially important fish and shrimp.[59] Alismatales Zostera marina
"Zostera marina leaves"
Zostera marina
"Zostera marina and habitat"
Zostera marina

See also

Notes
  1. Monocots as a whole are the plants responsible for most of the global agricultural output, including those in the grass, palm, banana, ginger, asparagus, pineapple, sedge and onion families.[1][2]
  2. A grade of plants forms a sequence of branches in a taxonomic tree.[4]
  3. Each family's formal name ends in the Latin suffix -aceae and is derived from the name of a genus that is or once was part of the family.[11]
  4. The vernacular names immediately follow the family names in the cited source.
  5. For everything cited here from Plants of the World Online (POWO), see their license. Some of POWO's data originally appeared in different databases; see the "General information" tab for each family.
  6. See Photosynthesis#C3 : C4 photosynthesis research for the chemistry of C4 photosynthesis.

Citations
  1. Givnish et al. 2010, p. 585.
  2. Royal Botanic Gardens.
  3. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 115–116.
  4. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 10, 646.
  5. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 115–131.
  6. Stevens 2023.
  7. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 10.
  8. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016.
  9. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 117–120.
  10. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 117–131.
  11. ICN, art. 18.
  12. Coombes 2012, p. 30.
  13. Stearn 2002, p. 30.
  14. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 117.
  15. Coombes 2012, p. 36.
  16. Stearn 2002, p. 38.
  17. IPNI, Alismataceae, Type.
  18. POWO, Alismataceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  19. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 122.
  20. Stearn 2002, p. 48.
  21. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 126.
  22. POWO, Aponogetonaceae, Flora of Somalia.
  23. POWO, Araceae, Neotropikey.
  24. Coombes 2012, p. 52.
  25. Stearn 2002, p. 53.
  26. IPNI, Araceae, Type.
  27. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 118–120.
  28. POWO, Rapateaceae, Flora of West Tropical Africa.
  29. Coombes 2012, p. 72.
  30. Stearn 2002, p. 73.
  31. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 123.
  32. POWO, Butomaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  33. Burkhardt 2018, p. C-77.
  34. IPNI, Cymodoceaceae, Type.
  35. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 131.
  36. POWO, Cymodoceaceae, Flora of Somalia.
  37. Stearn 2002, p. 170.
  38. IPNI, Hydrocharitaceae, Type.
  39. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 123–125.
  40. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 126–127.
  41. USDA, Juncaginaceae, Type.
  42. POWO, Juncaginaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  43. Burkhardt 2018, p. M-34.
  44. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 127.
  45. Burkhardt 2018, p. P-60.
  46. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 130.
  47. Stearn 2002, p. 247.
  48. IPNI, Potamogetonaceae, Type.
  49. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 128–129.
  50. POWO, Potamogetonaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  51. Burkhardt 2018, p. R-55.
  52. POWO, Ruppiaceae, Neotropikey.
  53. Burkhardt 2018, p. S-22.
  54. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 125.
  55. Burkhardt 2018, p. T-26.
  56. USDA, Tofieldiaceae, Type.
  57. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 121.
  58. POWO, Tofieldiaceae, Neotropikey.
  59. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 127–128.
  60. IPNI, Zosteraceae, Type.
  61. POWO, Zosteraceae, Neotropikey.

References
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