List of civil wars
The following is a list of civil wars, fought between organized groups within the same state or country. The terms "intrastate war", "internecine war" and "domestic war" are often used interchangeably with "civil war", but "internecine war" can be used in a wider meaning, referring to any conflict within a single state, regardless of the participation of civil forces. Thus, any war of succession is by definition an internecine war, but not necessarily a civil war.
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In modern geopolitics since 1945, "civil war" is also used in a loose sense to refer to any large scale military conflict within a single country (i.e. used as a strict synonym of the generic term "internecine war"), creating terminological overlap with insurgencies or coups d'état.
Terminology
The Latin term bellum civile was used to describe wars within a single community beginning around 60 A.D. The term is an alternative title for the work sometimes called Pharsalia by Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) about the Roman civil wars that began in the last third of the second century BC.[1] The term civilis here had the very specific meaning of 'Roman citizen'.
Since the 17th century, the term has also been applied retroactively to other historical conflicts where at least one side claims to represent the country's civil society (rather than a feudal dynasty or an imperial power).[2]
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Ongoing civil wars
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Somali civil war map, showing control of the land by warring factions.
The following civil wars are ongoing as of April 2023. Only ongoing conflicts which meet the definition of a civil war are listed. See List of ongoing armed conflicts and lists of active separatist movements for lists with a wider scope.
Myanmar, Internal conflict in Myanmar, since 1948;Myanmar Civil War since 2021
Colombia, Colombian conflict, since 1964
Somalia, Somali Civil War, since 1978
Afghanistan, Afghanistan conflict, since 1978
DR Congo, Allied Democratic Forces insurgency, since 1996; Ituri conflict, since 1999; Kivu conflict, since 2004
Nigeria, Communal conflicts in Nigeria, since 1998; Boko Haram insurgency, since 2009; Nigerian bandit conflict, since 2011- Maghreb, Insurgency in the Maghreb, since 2002
Iraq, Iraq conflict, since 2003
Sudan, Sudanese nomadic conflicts, since 2008; 2023 Sudan conflict, since 2023
Mexico, Mexican Drug War, since 2006
Syria, Syrian civil war, since 2011- Sahel, Islamist insurgency in the Sahel, since 2011
Mali, Mali War, since 2012
Burkina Faso, Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso, since 2015
Niger, Jihadist insurgency in Niger, since 2016
Central African Republic, Central African Republic Civil War, since 2012
Yemen, Yemeni civil war, since 2014
Cameroon, Anglophone Crisis (Cameroonian Civil War), since 2017
Mozambique, Insurgency in Cabo Delgado, since 2017
Past civil wars
Ancient and early medieval (before 1000)
This is a list of intrastate armed conflicts that fulfill the definition set by this article: civil. Note that some conflicts lack both an article or citation. Without citation, they have not been guaranteed to have happened.
- The First Intermediate Period of Egypt, Second Intermediate Period of Egypt and Third Intermediate Period of Egypt were periods of political disunity in Ancient Egypt's history, characterized by frequent warfare between dynasties competing for dominance
- Roman civil wars (a list of numerous civil wars in the late Roman Republic and in the Roman Empire, between 100 BC and AD 400)
- First Fitna, 656–661, the first Islamic "civil war" between Ali and the Umayyads
- Second Fitna, c. 680/683 – c. 685/692, the second Islamic "civil war" between the Umayyads and Ibn al-Zubayr
- Twenty Years' Anarchy, 695–717, prolonged period of internal instability in the Byzantine Empire
- Civil War between Artabasdos and Constantine V, 741–743
- Third Fitna, 744–752, including the Umayyad civil wars of 744–748 and the Abbasid Revolution
- An Lushan Rebellion, December 16, 755 – February 17, 763
- Fourth Fitna, 809–827, including the Abbasid civil wars and other regional conflicts
- Anarchy of the 12 Warlords, 944–968
Medieval (1000–1600)
- Fitna of al-Andalus, 1009–1031
- Civil war era in Norway, 1130–1240
- Danish Civil Wars, 1131–1157[3]
- The Anarchy, 1135–1153
- Revolt of 1173–1174
- Civil war in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem between King Baldwin III and dowager Queen Melisende (1152–1153)
- First Barons' War, 1215–1217
- Age of the Sturlungs, 1220 – 1262/64
- Second Barons' War, 1264–1267
- Hungarian Civil War, 1264–1265
- Civil War of Livonia between Livonian Order and the city of Riga and the Archbishopric of Riga, 1297–1330.
- Despenser War, 1321–1322
- Invasion of England, 1326. Continuation of the Despenser War.
- Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
- Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
- Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357
- Castilian Civil War, 1366–1369
- Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379
- Jingnan campaign, 1399-1402
- Welsh Revolt, 1400–1415
- Ottoman Interregnum, 1402–1413
- Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War, 1407–1435
- Hussite Wars, 1420–1434
- Great Feudal War in Russia, 1425–1453
- Wars of the Roses, 1455–1485
- Catalan Civil War (1462–1472)
- Ōnin War, 1467–1477
- Sengoku period, 1467–1615
- War of the Castilian Succession, 1475–1479
- Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe
- German Peasants' War, 1524–1525
- Civil War in Kazakh Khanate, 1522–1538
- Inca Civil War, 1529–1532
- Count's Feud, 1534–1536
- French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598
- Marian civil war, 1568–1573
- War against Sigismund, 1598–1599
Early modern (1600–1800)
- Civil War Era in Vietnam, 1533–1789 [4]
- Lê–Mạc Dynasties War, 1533–1677
- Trịnh–Nguyễn Lords War, 1627–1772; 1774–1775
- Tây Sơn wars, 1771–1802
- Zebrzydowski rebellion, 1606–1609
- Shimabara Rebellion, 1637–1638
- Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639–1651 involved a number of civil wars:
- Irish Confederate Wars, some parts of which were a civil war.[5]
- Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, to some extent a civil war, 1644–1652
- English Civil War, 1642–1651
- First English Civil War, 1642–1646
- Second English Civil War, 1648–1649
- Third English Civil War, 1650–1651
- Acadian Civil War, 1640–1645
- The Fronde, 1648–1653
- The Ruin, 1659–1686
- Brunei Civil War, 1660s—1673
- Lubomirski's rebellion, 1665–1666
- Monmouth Rebellion, May–July 1685
- Glorious Revolution, 1688–1689
- War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–1714
- Choctaw Civil War, 1747–1750
- Pugachev's Rebellion, 1773–1775[6]
- War in the Vendée, 1793–1804; between Royalist and Republican forces, part of the French Revolutionary Wars
- Afghan Civil War, 1793–1809
Modern (1800–1945)
- Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition, 1812–1813
- Argentine Civil Wars, 1814–1880
- Ndwandwe–Zulu War, 1817–1819
- Long Expedition, 1819, 1821
- Greek Civil Wars, 1823–1825
- Ochomogo War, 1823
- Fredonian Rebellion, 1826–1827
- Liberal Wars, 1828–1834
- Chilean Civil War, 1829–1830
- Revolutions of 1830; numerous European countries, 1830
- Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)
- Carlist Wars, 1833–1839, 1846–1849, and 1872–1876
- Texas Revolution 1835–1836
- Ragamuffin War, 1835–1845
- League War, 1835
- Chimayó Rebellion, 1837
- Córdova Rebellion, 1838
- Uruguayan Civil War, 1839–1851
- War of the Supremes, 1839–1842
- Rio Grande Rebellion, 1840
- Yucatán Rebellion, 1841–1848
- The New Zealand Wars, 1845 - 1872
- Bear Flag Revolt, 1846
- Sonderbund War, November 1847
- Revolutions of 1848; numerous European countries, 1848–1849
- Revolution of 1851
- Taiping Rebellion, 1851–1863
- Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1858
- Indian Rebellion of 1857
- Utah War, 1857–1858
- War of Reform, 1857–1861
- Federal War, 1859–1863
- American Civil War, 1861–1865
- Afghan Civil War, 1863–1869
- Austro-Prussian War, 1866
- Klang War; also known as Selangor Civil War, 1867–1874
- Boshin War, 1868–1869
- Satsuma Rebellion, 1877
- Jementah Civil War, 1878
- Afghan Civil War, 1880–1881
- The North-West Rebellion, 1885
- Revolution of the Park, 1890
- Chilean Civil War, 1891
- Argentine Revolution of 1893, 1893
- War of Canudos, 1896–1897
- Banana Wars, 1898–1934
- Federal Revolution, 1899
- Thousand Days' War, 1899–1902
- Liberating Revolution (Venezuela), 1901–1903
- Argentine Revolution of 1905, 1905
- Persian Constitutional Revolution, 1905–1911, Civil War considered to begin after 1908
- Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920
- Warlord Era; period of civil wars between regional, provincial, and private armies in China, 1912–1928
- Russian Civil War, 1917–1923
- Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, 1918–2003
- Finnish Civil War, 1918
- Ukrainian Civil War, 1917–1921
- German Revolution, 1918–1919
- Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence, includes conflict between the Imperial Ottoman Government and the Turkish National Movement, 1919–1922
- Irish Civil War, 1922–1923
- Paraguayan Civil War, 1922–1923
- Nicaraguan Civil War, 1926–1927
- Cristero War, 1926–1929
- Chinese Civil War, 1927–1937, 1945–1949 (de facto)
- Afghan Civil War, 1928–1929
- Brazilian Civil War, 1932
- Austrian Civil War, February 1934
- Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
- Ukrainian Insurgent Army insurgency, 1943–1956
- Italian Civil War during WWII 1943–1945
Since 1945
- Iran crisis of 1946, 1945–1946
- Greek Civil War, 1946–1949
- Paraguayan Civil War, 1947
- Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, 1947–1948
- Costa Rican civil war, 1948
- 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 1948
- Yeosu–Suncheon rebellion, 1948
- Jeju uprising, 1948
- La Violencia, 1948–1958
- Malayan Emergency, 1948–1960
- Internal conflict in Myanmar, ongoing since 1948
- Revolución Libertadora, 1955
- Cuban Revolution, 1953–1959
- Laotian Civil War, 1953–1975
- First Sudanese Civil War, 1955–1972
- Congo Crisis, 1960–1966
- Guatemalan Civil War, 1960–1996
- North Yemen Civil War 1962–1970
- Communist insurgency in Sarawak, 1962–1990
- Nicaraguan Civil War, 1962–1990
- Dominican Civil War, 1965
- Rhodesian Bush War, 1965–1980
- First Chadian Civil War, 1965-1979
- Communist insurgency in Thailand, 1965–1983
- Cambodian Civil War, 1967–1975
- Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970
- Communist insurgency in Malaysia, 1968–1989
- Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971
- Ethiopian Civil War, 1974–1991
- Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990
- Mozambican Civil War, 1975–1992
- Angolan Civil War, 1975–2002
- Insurgency in Aceh, 1976–2005
- Soviet–Afghan War, part of / also called Afghanistan conflict (1978–present), December 24, 1979 – February 15, 1989 (Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years from 1979 to 1989 and was part of the Cold War)
- Salvadoran Civil War, 1979–1992
- Second Sudanese Civil War, 1983–2005
- Sri Lankan Civil War, 1983–2009
- South Yemen Civil War, 1986
- Afghan Civil War (1989–1992), February 15, 1989 – April 30, 1992. The continuing part of the civil war after the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan, leaving the Afghan communist government to fend for itself against the Mujahideen months later part of / also called Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)
- First Liberian Civil War, 1989–1996
- Rwandan Civil War, 1990–1994
- Casamance conflict, 1990–2006
- Georgian Civil War, 1991–1993
- Iraqi uprisings, 1991
- Sierra Leone Civil War, 1991–2002
- Djiboutian Civil War, 1991-1994
- Algerian Civil War, 1991–2002
- Tajikistani Civil War, 1992–1997
- Afghan Civil War (1992–1996), April 30, 1992 – September 27, 1996. When the Afghan communist government falls to the Mujahideen there was a rise in different kinds of ideology, power-sharing, Belligerents and violent fighting continue to escalate part of / also called Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)
- Burundian Civil War, 1993–2005
- First Republic of the Congo Civil War, 1993-1994
- First Yemeni Civil War, 1994
- Iraqi Kurdish Civil War, 1994–1997
- Afghan Civil War (1996–2001), September 27, 1996 – October 7, 2001. In 1996 the Taliban captured the Afghan capital Kabul and established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan part of / also called Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)
- First Congo War, 1996–1997
- Clashes in Cambodia, 1997
- Nepalese Civil War, 1996–2006
- Albanian Civil War, 1997
- Second Republic of the Congo Civil War, 1997–1999
- Guinea-Bissau Civil War, 1998–1999
- Second Congo War, 1998–2003
- Kosovo War (1998–1999)
- Second Liberian Civil War, 1999–2003
- First Ivorian Civil War, 2002–2007
- War in Darfur, 2003-2020
- First Central African Republic Civil War, 2004-2007
- Second Chadian Civil War, 2005-2010
- Iraqi Civil War, 2006–2008
- First Libyan Civil War, 2011
- Second Ivorian Civil War, 2011
- South Sudanese Civil War, 2013-2020
- Second Libyan Civil War, 2014–2020
- Tigray War, 2020–2022
See also
References
- "Lucan | Roman author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
- OED: "war between the citizens or inhabitants of a single country, state, or community". Early use of the term in reference to neither the Roman Republic nor the English Civil War include the War in the Vendée (1802) and the civil war in Portugal ( 1835, 1836).
- Bøgh, Anders (26 May 2015). "The Civil War periode 1131–1157". danmarkshistorien.dk/ (in Danish). Aarhus Universitet. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
- Early Modern Wars 1500–1775. Amber. 2013. ISBN 9781782741213.
- F. Warner, 1768
- Milner-Gulland, R. R.; Dejevsky, Nikolai J. (1989). Atlas of Russia and the Soviet Union. Phaidon atlases of world civilizations. Phaidon. p. 108. ISBN 9780714825496. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
1774 [...] the civil war against Pugachov reached its climax.
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