Monte Carlo chess tournament
The Monte Carlo chess tournament was established in 1901. There were a series of very strong tournaments held in Monte Carlo, from 1901 to 1904, and again after a long break from 1967 to 1969.
1901
    
- # - Player - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - Total - 1  Dawid Janowski (France) Dawid Janowski (France)- * - 1 - 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 - 1 - ½ - W - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 - 10.25 - 2 .svg.png.webp) Carl Schlechter (Austria-Hungary) Carl Schlechter (Austria-Hungary)- 0 - * - 0 - W - ½ - 1 - 1 - W - 1 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 9.50 - 3 .svg.png.webp) Theodor von Scheve (German Empire) Theodor von Scheve (German Empire)- 0 - 1 - * - 0 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - ½ - 1 - 9.00 - 4  Mikhail Chigorin (Russian Empire) Mikhail Chigorin (Russian Empire)- 0 - L - 1 - * - ½ - 0 - 1 - 1 - W - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 9.00 - 5  Simon Alapin (Russian Empire) Simon Alapin (Russian Empire)- 1 - ½ - ½ - ½ - * - ½ - W - ½ - 0 - 1 - 1 - ½ - W - 1 - 8.50 - 6 .svg.png.webp) Jacques Mieses (German Empire) Jacques Mieses (German Empire)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 - ½ - * - 0 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 7.00 - 7  Joseph Henry Blackburne (United Kingdom) Joseph Henry Blackburne (United Kingdom)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - L - 1 - * - 0 - 1 - 1 - L - 1 - 1 - 1 - 6.50 - 8  Isidor Gunsberg (United Kingdom) Isidor Gunsberg (United Kingdom)- 0 - L - 1 - 0 - ½ - ½ - 1 - * - 0 - W - 0 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 6.50 - 9 .svg.png.webp) Georg Marco (Austria-Hungary) Georg Marco (Austria-Hungary)- ½ - 0 - 0 - L - 1 - 0 - 0 - 1 - * - L - 1 - ½ - ½ - 1 - 6.00 - 10  Frank James Marshall (United States) Frank James Marshall (United States)- L - ½ - 0 - ½ - 0 - 0 - 0 - L - W - * - 1 - 1 - L - 1 - 5.50 - 11  Arturo Reggio (Italy) Arturo Reggio (Italy)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - W - 1 - 0 - 0 - * - 1 - 1 - 1 - 4.75 - 12  James Mason (United States) James Mason (United States)- 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - ½ - 0 - 0 - ½ - ½ - 0 - 0 - * - 1 - W - 4.25 - 13  Szymon Winawer (Russian Empire) Szymon Winawer (Russian Empire)- 0 - 0 - ½ - 0 - L - 1 - 0 - 0 - ½ - W - 0 - 0 - * - 1 - 4.00 - 14  M. Didier (France) M. Didier (France)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - L - 0 - * - 0.25 
The notation and point count was as follows (drawn games were replayed):[1]
- W means ½ for the first, 1 the second game = 3/4 points
- ½ means ½ for the first, ½ the second game = 1/2 points
- L means ½ for the first, 0 the second game = 1/4 points
1902
    
- # - Player - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 - 17 - 18 - 19 - 20 - Total - 1 .svg.png.webp) Géza Maróczy (Austria-Hungary) Géza Maróczy (Austria-Hungary)- * - 1 - ½ - 1 - 0 - ½ - 1 - ½ - 1 - 0 - 1 - W - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 14.75 - 2  Harry Nelson Pillsbury (United States) Harry Nelson Pillsbury (United States)- 0 - * - 1 - ½ - 1 - 1 - W - L - 1 - W - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - L - 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 - 14.50 - 3  Dawid Janowski (France) Dawid Janowski (France)- ½ - 0 - * - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 - W - 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - W - 1 - 1 - 14.00 - 4 .svg.png.webp) Richard Teichmann (German Empire) Richard Teichmann (German Empire)- 0 - ½ - 0 - * - ½ - 1 - ½ - 1 - 0 - 1 - W - 1 - ½ - W - 1 - 1 - 1 - W - 1 - 1 - 13.25 - 5-7 .svg.png.webp) Carl Schlechter (Austria-Hungary) Carl Schlechter (Austria-Hungary)- 1 - 0 - 1 - ½ - * - 0 - ½ - 0 - 0 - 1 - 1 - ½ - W - ½ - ½ - W - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 12.00 - 5-7 .svg.png.webp) Siegbert Tarrasch (German Empire) Siegbert Tarrasch (German Empire)- ½ - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 - * - 1 - 0 - 0 - W - ½ - 1 - 1 - ½ - W - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 12.00 - 5-7 .svg.png.webp) Heinrich Wolf (Austria-Hungary) Heinrich Wolf (Austria-Hungary)- 0 - L - 0 - ½ - ½ - 0 - * - 1 - 1 - W - L - 0 - 1 - 1 - 1 - W - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 12.00 - 8  Mikhail Chigorin (Russian Empire) Mikhail Chigorin (Russian Empire)- ½ - W - L - 0 - 1 - 1 - 0 - * - 0 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 11.50 - 9  Frank James Marshall (United States) Frank James Marshall (United States)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - * - 0 - 1 - 0 - 1 - L - 0 - 1 - 1 - W - 1 - 1 - 11.00 - 10  Isidor Gunsberg (United Kingdom) Isidor Gunsberg (United Kingdom)- 1 - L - 0 - 0 - 0 - L - L - 0 - 1 - * - 1 - ½ - 0 - 1 - 1 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 10.75 - 11  William Ewart Napier (United States) William Ewart Napier (United States)- 0 - 0 - 1 - L - 0 - ½ - W - 1 - 0 - 0 - * - 1 - 0½ - L - ½ - 0 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 9.50 - 12 .svg.png.webp) Jacques Mieses (German Empire) Jacques Mieses (German Empire)- L - 0 - 0 - 0 - ½ - 0 - 1 - 0 - 1 - ½ - 0 - * - 0 - 1 - 1 - W - 1 - L - 1 - 1 - 9.25 - 13  James Mason (United States) James Mason (United States)- ½ - 0 - 1 - ½ - L - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 - W - 1 - * - 0 - ½ - 1 - 0 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 9.00 - 14 .svg.png.webp) Adolf Albin (Austria-Hungary) Adolf Albin (Austria-Hungary)- 0 - 0 - 0 - L - ½ - ½ - 0 - 0 - W - 0 - W - 0 - 1 - * - W - 0 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 8.50 - 15 .svg.png.webp) Georg Marco (Austria-Hungary) Georg Marco (Austria-Hungary)- 0 - W - 0 - 0 - ½ - L - 0 - 0 - 1 - 0 - ½ - 0 - ½ - L - * - 0 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 7.75 - 16 .svg.png.webp) Ignatz von Popiel (Austria-Hungary) Ignatz von Popiel (Austria-Hungary)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - L - 0 - L - 1 - 0 - ½ - 1 - L - 0 - 1 - 1 - * - 0 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 7.25 - 17 .svg.png.webp) Theodor von Scheve (German Empire) Theodor von Scheve (German Empire)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 1 - * - ½ - ½ - 1 - 5.00 - 18  Louis Eisenberg (Russian Empire) Louis Eisenberg (Russian Empire)- 0 - 1 - L - L - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - L - 0 - 0 - W - ½ - 0 - 0 - 0 - ½ - * - 1 - 0 - 4.50 - 19 .svg.png.webp) Arturo Reggio (Italy) Arturo Reggio (Italy)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 - ½ - 0 - * - 1 - 2.50 - 20  James Mortimer (England) James Mortimer (England)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 - 0 - * - 1.00 
The notation and point count is the same as in 1901.[2]
1903
    
- # - Player - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - Total - 1 .svg.png.webp) Siegbert Tarrasch (German Empire) Siegbert Tarrasch (German Empire)- ** - ½½ - ½1 - 0½ - 0½ - 01 - 11 - 11 - 11 - 11 - 1½ - 11 - 11 - 11 - 20.0 - 2 .svg.png.webp) Géza Maróczy (Austria-Hungary) Géza Maróczy (Austria-Hungary)- ½½ - ** - ½½ - ½½ - ½½ - 11 - 01 - 11 - 01 - 01 - 11 - 11 - 11 - 11 - 19.0 - 3  Harry Nelson Pillsbury (United States) Harry Nelson Pillsbury (United States)- ½0 - ½½ - ** - 11 - 11 - 1½ - 1½ - 01 - 0½ - ½1 - 1½ - 1½ - 11 - 11 - 18.5 - 4 .svg.png.webp) Carl Schlechter (Austria-Hungary) Carl Schlechter (Austria-Hungary)- 1½ - ½½ - 00 - ** - ½½ - ½1 - 1½ - ½1 - 01 - ½0 - 1½ - 11 - 11 - 11 - 17.0 - 5 .svg.png.webp) Richard Teichmann (German Empire) Richard Teichmann (German Empire)- 1½ - ½½ - 00 - ½½ - ** - 10 - ½½ - 1½ - ½1 - 10 - 01 - 11 - 11 - 11 - 16.5 - 6 .svg.png.webp) Georg Marco (Austria-Hungary) Georg Marco (Austria-Hungary)- 10 - 00 - 0½ - ½0 - 01 - ** - 1½ - 11 - 1½ - 1½ - ½1 - ½0 - 11 - 11 - 15.5 - 7 .svg.png.webp) Heinrich Wolf (Austria-Hungary) Heinrich Wolf (Austria-Hungary)- 00 - 10 - 0½ - 0½ - ½½ - 0½ - ** - 01 - 1½ - 11 - 11 - 01 - 01 - 11 - 14.0 - 8 .svg.png.webp) Jacques Mieses (German Empire) Jacques Mieses (German Empire)- 00 - 00 - 10 - ½0 - 0½ - 00 - 10 - ** - 11 - 11 - 1½ - 01 - ½1 - 11 - 13.0 - 9  Frank James Marshall (United States) Frank James Marshall (United States)- 00 - 10 - 1½ - 10 - ½0 - 0½ - 0½ - 00 - ** - 11 - 01 - 01 - 10 - 11 - 12.0 - 10  Jean Taubenhaus (France) Jean Taubenhaus (France)- 00 - 10 - ½0 - ½1 - 01 - 0½ - 00 - 00 - 00 - ** - ½½ - 11 - 10 - 11 - 10.5 - 11  James Mason (United States) James Mason (United States)- 0½ - 00 - 0½ - 0½ - 10 - ½0 - 00 - 0½ - 10 - ½½ - ** - ½1 - 1½ - 11 - 10.5 - 12 .svg.png.webp) Adolf Albin (Austria-Hungary) Adolf Albin (Austria-Hungary)- 00 - 00 - 0½ - 00 - 00 - ½1 - 10 - 10 - 10 - 00 - ½0 - ** - 0½ - 11 - 8.0 - 13  Arturo Reggio (Italy) Arturo Reggio (Italy)- 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 10 - ½0 - 01 - 01 - 0½ - 1½ - ** - 11 - 7.5 - 14  Colonel Moreau (France) Colonel Moreau (France)- 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - ** - 0.0 
1904
    
- # - Player - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - Total - 1 .svg.png.webp) Géza Maróczy (Austria-Hungary) Géza Maróczy (Austria-Hungary)- ** - ½½ - ½1 - 1½ - ½1 - 11 - 7.5 - 2 .svg.png.webp) Carl Schlechter (Austria-Hungary) Carl Schlechter (Austria-Hungary)- ½½ - ** - ½½ - ½½ - 11 - 11 - 7.0 - 3  Frank James Marshall (United States) Frank James Marshall (United States)- ½0 - ½½ - ** - 1½ - 1½ - 11 - 6.5 - 4  Isidor Gunsberg (United Kingdom) Isidor Gunsberg (United Kingdom)- 0½ - ½½ - 0½ - ** - 0½ - ½1 - 4.0 - 5 .svg.png.webp) Georg Marco (Austria-Hungary) Georg Marco (Austria-Hungary)- ½0 - 00 - 0½ - 1½ - ** - 0½ - 3.0 - 6 .svg.png.webp) Rudolf Swiderski (German Empire) Rudolf Swiderski (German Empire)- 00 - 00 - 00 - ½0 - 1½ - ** - 2.0 
1904, Rice Gambit tournament
    
Also in 1904, a thematic tournament on the King's Gambit, Rice Gambit was held.[5]
- # - Player - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - Total - 1-2 .svg.png.webp) Rudolf Swiderski (German Empire) Rudolf Swiderski (German Empire)- ** - 11 - 01 - 01 - 01 - 01 - 6.0 - 1-2  Frank James Marshall (United States) Frank James Marshall (United States)- 00 - ** - 11 - 10 - 01 - 11 - 6.0 - 3 .svg.png.webp) Jacques Mieses (German Empire) Jacques Mieses (German Empire)- 10 - 00 - ** - ½1 - ½1 - ½1 - 5.5 - 4 .svg.png.webp) Georg Marco (Austria-Hungary) Georg Marco (Austria-Hungary)- 10 - 01 - ½0 - ** - 10 - 1½ - 5.0 - 5 .svg.png.webp) Theodor von Scheve (German Empire) Theodor von Scheve (German Empire)- 10 - 10 - ½0 - 01 - ** - 10 - 4.5 - 6 .svg.png.webp) Leó Forgács (Austria-Hungary) Leó Forgács (Austria-Hungary)- 10 - 00 - ½0 - 0½ - 01 - ** - 3.0 
1967
    
- # - Player - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - Total - 1  Robert James Fischer (United States) Robert James Fischer (United States)- x - ½ - 0 - 1 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 7.0 - 2  Vasily Smyslov (Soviet Union) Vasily Smyslov (Soviet Union)- ½ - x - ½ - ½ - 1 - ½ - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 6.5 - 3  Efim Geller (Soviet Union) Efim Geller (Soviet Union)- 1 - ½ - x - 0 - ½ - ½ - 1 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 6.0 - 4  Bent Larsen (Denmark) Bent Larsen (Denmark)- 0 - ½ - 1 - x - 0 - 1 - 1 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 6.0 - 5 .svg.png.webp) Aleksandar Matanović (Yugoslavia) Aleksandar Matanović (Yugoslavia)- ½ - 0 - ½ - 1 - x - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - 1 - 5.0 - 6 .svg.png.webp) Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia) Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia)- 0 - ½ - ½ - 0 - ½ - x - ½ - ½ - 1 - 1 - 4.5 - 7  William Lombardy (United States) William Lombardy (United States)- 0 - ½ - 0 - 0 - ½ - ½ - x - 1 - 1 - 1 - 4.5 - 8  Győző Forintos (Hungary) Győző Forintos (Hungary)- 0 - 0 - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - 0 - x - 1 - 1 - 4.0 - 9  Guy Mazzoni (France) Guy Mazzoni (France)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - ½ - 0 - 0 - 0 - x - ½ - 1.0 - 10  Volf Bergraser (France) Volf Bergraser (France)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - ½ - x - 0.5 
1968
    
- # - Player - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - Total - 1  Bent Larsen (Denmark) Bent Larsen (Denmark)- * - ½ - ½ - ½ - 0 - ½ - 1 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 9.5 - 2  Mikhail Botvinnik (Soviet Union) Mikhail Botvinnik (Soviet Union)- ½ - * - ½ - ½ - ½ - 1 - ½ - 1 - ½ - ½ - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 9 - 3-4  Vlastimil Hort (Czechoslovakia) Vlastimil Hort (Czechoslovakia)- ½ - ½ - * - ½ - ½ - 1 - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 8.5 - 3-4  Vasily Smyslov (Soviet Union) } Vasily Smyslov (Soviet Union) }- ½ - ½ - ½ - * - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - 1 - ½ - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 8.5 - 5  Robert Byrne (United States) Robert Byrne (United States)- 1 - ½ - ½ - ½ - * - 0 - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - 1 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 8 - 6-8  Lajos Portisch (Hungary) Lajos Portisch (Hungary)- ½ - 0 - 0 - ½ - 1 - * - ½ - ½ - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 7.5 - 6-8  Florin Gheorghiu (Romania) Florin Gheorghiu (Romania)- 0 - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - * - ½ - 1 - ½ - ½ - ½ - 1 - 1 - 7.5 - 6-8  Pal Benko (United States) Pal Benko (United States)- ½ - 0 - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - * - ½ - 1 - ½ - ½ - 1 - 1 - 7.5 - 9  Győző Forintos (Hungary) Győző Forintos (Hungary)- 0 - ½ - ½ - 0 - ½ - ½ - 0 - ½ - * - ½ - 1 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 6.5 - 10-11 .svg.png.webp) Mato Damjanović (Yugoslavia) Mato Damjanović (Yugoslavia)- 0 - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - 0 - ½ - 0 - ½ - * - 0 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 5.5 - 10-11  Wolfgang Uhlmann (East Germany) Wolfgang Uhlmann (East Germany)- 0 - ½ - ½ - ½ - 0 - 0 - ½ - ½ - 0 - 1 - * - 0 - 1 - 1 - 5.5 - 12  Nikola Padevsky (Bulgaria) Nikola Padevsky (Bulgaria)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - ½ - 0 - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - 1 - * - 1 - ½ - 5 - 13  Jean Claude Letzelter (France) Jean Claude Letzelter (France)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - * - ½ - 1.5 - 14  Sylvain Zinser (France) Sylvain Zinser (France)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - ½ - ½ - * - 1 
1969
    
- # - Player - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - Total - 1  Vasily Smyslov (Soviet Union) Vasily Smyslov (Soviet Union)- * - ½ - ½ - ½ - 1 - 1 - ½ - 1 - ½ - 1 - ½ - 1 - 8 - 2  Lajos Portisch (Hungary) Lajos Portisch (Hungary)- ½ - * - 0 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - ½ - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 8 - 3  Vlastimil Hort (Czechoslovakia) Vlastimil Hort (Czechoslovakia)- ½ - 1 - * - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - 1 - 1 - 7 - 4  William Lombardy (United States) William Lombardy (United States)- ½ - ½ - ½ - * - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - 1 - 1 - 6.5 - 5  Lothar Schmid (Germany) Lothar Schmid (Germany)- 0 - 0 - ½ - ½ - * - ½ - ½ - 1 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 6.5 - 6  Florin Gheorghiu (Romania) Florin Gheorghiu (Romania)- 0 - 0 - ½ - ½ - ½ - * - ½ - ½ - 1 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 6 - 7  Nicolas Rossolimo (United States) Nicolas Rossolimo (United States)- ½ - 0 - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - * - 0 - 1 - 1 - ½ - ½ - 5.5 - 8  Pal Benko (United States) Pal Benko (United States)- 0 - ½ - ½ - ½ - 0 - ½ - 1 - * - ½ - 0 - ½ - 1 - 5 - 9  Rudolf Teschner (Germany) Rudolf Teschner (Germany)- ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - ½ - 0 - 0 - ½ - * - ½ - 0 - 1 - 4.5 - 10  David Bronstein (Soviet Union) David Bronstein (Soviet Union)- 0 - 0 - ½ - ½ - 0 - ½ - 0 - 1 - ½ - * - 1 - ½ - 4.5 - 11  Karoly Honfi (Hungary) Karoly Honfi (Hungary)- ½ - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - ½ - ½ - 1 - 0 - * - 0 - 2.5 - 12 .svg.png.webp) Predrag Ostojić (Yugoslavia) Predrag Ostojić (Yugoslavia)- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - ½ - 0 - 0 - ½ - 1 - * - 2 
References
    
- Sericano, Claudio. "Montecarlo 1901". La grande storia degli scacchi (in Italian). Retrieved 2019-11-20.
- Sericano, Claudio. "2°torneo internazionale di Montecarlo, 1902". La grande storia degli scacchi (in Italian). Retrieved 2019-11-20.
- Sericano, Claudio. "Montecarlo 1903". La grande storia degli scacchi (in Italian). Retrieved 2019-11-20.
- "Montecarlo 1904". La grande storia degli scacchi (in Italian). Retrieved 2019-11-20.
- "Montecarlo, Rice 1904". La grande storia degli scacchi (in Italian). Retrieved 2019-11-20.
- "Major Chess Matches and Tournaments 1950-1985". .sympatico.ca. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- "Monte Carlo 1967". Queensac.com. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- Litmanowicz, Władysław & Giżycki, Jerzy (1986, 1987). Szachy od A do Z. Wydawnictwo Sport i Turystyka Warszawa. ISBN 83-217-2481-7 (1. A–M), ISBN 83-217-2745-X (2. N–Z)
- ChessBase Megabase 2008
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