Muhammad Alam

Muhammad Alam (Jawi: محمد عالم; Malay: Muhammad Alam ibni Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam; reign 1826 – 1828) was the 22nd Sultan of Brunei, then known as the Bruneian Empire. Due to his tough and strict attitude, he was nicknamed Raja Api (King of Fire) and Raja Marak Berapi (Flaming King of Fire).[1]

Muhammad Alam
22nd Sultan of Brunei
Reign1826–1828
PredecessorMuhammad Kanzul Alam
SuccessorOmar Ali Saifuddin II
BornMuhammad Alam
Brunei Town, Brunei
Died1828
SpouseTuan Zaidah
Pengiran Sandalam
IssuePrincess Nur Alam
Princess Salama
Prince Muhammad Jaya
Prince Muhammad Daud
Prince Rauf
Prince Kassim
Prince Mohd Tajuddin
Prince Abd Kahar
Names
Muhammad Alam ibni Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam
FatherMuhammad Kanzul Alam
MotherPengiran Anak Salama @ Salmah
ReligionSunni Islam

Early life

He was the son of Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam who reigned from 1807 until his death in 1826. Upon his father's death, he succeeded the throne and became Sultan Muhammad Alam.[2] Prior to his succession, he holds the title of Pengiran Muda (Prince).[3]

Reign (1826-1828)

His rise to power as the Sultan was disliked by most of the population of Brunei and ignored royal Bruneian tradition. In an attempt to shift public opinions on him, he began to remove people who went up against him but it backfired and made him even more unpopular. The Second Civil War broke out after the population began to rebel in support of his nephew Pengiran Omar Ali Saifuddin in becoming the Sultan.[1]

Death

After his defeat in 1828, he was given the choice of either surrendering or to be executed, he was garroted publicly and later succeeded by Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II.[4]

Legacy

References
  1. Tengah, Brahim; Mail, Asbol (16 October 2019). Politics of the Brunei Sultanate (1804-1906): Enduring the Storm to the Blessed Shores. Bandar Seri Begawan: Brunei Historical Society (PESEBAR). p. 27. ISBN 978-99917-961-7-8.
  2. "Pusat Sejarah Brunei - Sultan - Sultan Brunei". www.history-centre.gov.bn. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
  3. Nicholl, Robert (1995). From Buckfast to Borneo: Essays Presented to Father Robert Nicholl on the 85th Anniversary of His Birth, 27 March 1995. University of Hull. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-85958-836-2.
  4. Orr, Tamra (2008). Brunei. Marshall Cavendish. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7614-3121-3.
  5. Office, Great Britain Colonial (1971). Brunei. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 139.
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