Muhammad ibn Isma'il
Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq[1][2] (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن إسماعيل بن جعفر الصادق), also known in his own time as al-Maymūn and hence sometimes incorrectly identified as Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ,[3] was the son of Isma'il ibn Ja'far; he was an Ismāʿīlī Imam. The majority of Ismāʿīlī follow his descendants through his son Ahmad al-Wafi (Abd Allah ibn Muhammad). His descendants further founded the Fatimid dynasty, later called the Nizari and Musta'li.[4][1]
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Muhammad ibn Isma'il Seventh Imam of Isma'ilism | |
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| 7th Isma'ili Imam | |
| In office 762–813 | |
| Preceded by | Isma'il ibn Ja'far |
| Succeeded by | Ahmad al-Wafi |
| Title | ash-Shākir, al-Maktūm |
| Personal | |
| Born | 122 AH ≈ 740 AD |
| Died | 197 AH ≈ 813 AD |
| Resting place | 158 AH till 197 AH |
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| Parent |
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| Known for | Seventh Ismāʿīlī Imām, Imam and great scholar of All Islamic schools. |
| Relatives | Ali ibn Isma'il (Brother) |
Life
Muhammad was born on 12th Rabi' al-Awwal 128 AH/c. 740 AD. His early childhood was spent under the protection of his grandfather Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq in Medina. Throughout his time in Medina he wore a disguise to protect his identity, with only selected missionaries and loyal members knowing about his true identity.
As per the 4th volume of Uyun'l-Akhbar (comp. 842/1438), Muhammad resided in Medina to spread Isma'ilism and to search for a place of hiding for himself. The Abbasid caliph of the time, Harun al-Rashid, was investigating Muhammad's whereabouts and had forces deployed throughout Medina in search for him. On search of his place by Harun al-Rashid, he concealed himself in underground passage constructed in his house and then left his place keeping his whereabouts a secret. Due to Harun al-Rashid's wife, Rabaida, and her loyalty to Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl, Muhammad was able to evade enemy forces and migrate to Kufa.[5][6]
He remained in Kufa for an extended period of time and completed his Imamate, which lasted 45 years. He died on 11 th Shawwal 193 AH/27 July 809 AD in the region of Farghana. A letter written in 354/965 by the Fatimid Imam Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (d. 365/975) states that, "The da'is used their own names as nick-names for the Imams in order to protect them from persecution; some people were misled by this to such a degree that they said that the descendant of Muhammad ibn Isma'il was Abd Allah ibn Maymun al-Qaddah." According to Arif Tamir in al-Qaramita (p. 87), "When Muhammad ibn Isma'il fled from the east and established in Palmyra in Syria, the centers of his activities; he called himself Maymun al-Qaddah."[5]
His father Imam Ismāʿīl died during the lifetime of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq. Idris Imad al-Din (died 872 AH or 1468 AD), the 19th Da'i al-Mutlaq of the Tayyibis, says in his book Zahr al Ma’ani that Ja'far al-Sadiq appointed Musa al-Kazim as his successor, but that his goal in doing so was to protect the Imamate of Muhammad ibn Isma'il.[7] Muhammad was succeeded by his son Abd Allah ibn Muhammad (Ahmad al-Wafi), who became the 8th Ismāʿīlī Imam. The 8th, 9th and 10th Ismāʿīlī Imams are believed to have gone into seclusion because of the constant threat of death from the Abbasid dynasty.
References
- Öztürk, Yaşar Nuri, En-el Hak İsyanı (The Anal Haq Rebellion) – Hallâc-ı Mansûr (Darağacında Miraç - Miraç on Gallows), Vol 1, page 61, Yeni Boyut, İstanbul, 2011. (in Turkish) (Chapter on Qarmatians says that Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl disguised his true identity under the name of "Maymūn’āl-Qaddāḥ".)
- Balcıoğlu, Tahir Harimî [in Turkish] (1940). Hilmi Ziya Ülken (ed.). Türk tarihinde mezhep cereyanları (in Turkish). İstanbul: Kanaat Yayınları, Ahmed Sait tab'ı.
- "Encyclopædia Iranica, ʿAbdallāh bin Maymūn Al-Qaddāḥ". Archived from the original on 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
- Öz, Mustafa, Mezhepler Tarihi ve Terimleri Sözlüğü (The History of madh'habs and its terminology dictionary), Ensar Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2011. (in Turkish) (Muhammed ibn Ismā‘īl ibn Jā’far disguised himself under the name of Maymūn’āl-Qaddāh or later used his trainer name. He had established the principles of the Batiniyya Madh'hab, later.)
- ; MOHAMMAD BIN ISMAIL (158-197/775-813), 7TH IMAM; Encyclopaedia of Ismailism by Mumtaz Ali Tajddin
- The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines, By Farhad Daftary, p.95
- , Ismaili Imams: A brief look at the Ismaili Imams