October 1923

The following events occurred in October 1923:

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October 30, 1923:Ismet İnönü and Kemal Atatürk become prime minister and president of the new Republic of Turkey
October 10, 1923: U.S. President Coolidge throws out the first ball for the New York vs. New York World Series

October 1, 1923 (Monday)

October 2, 1923 (Tuesday)

October 3, 1923 (Wednesday)
Chancellor Stresemann

October 4, 1923 (Thursday)
  • In Columbus, Georgia, boxer Young Stribling (William Stribling Jr.) thought he was the new light-heavyweight boxing champion of the world after defeating Mike McTigue, but referee Harry Ertle released a written statement after leaving the arena saying the match was actually a draw. Ertle claimed that he felt threatened by promoters and the crowd of 8,000 fans, and feared that he wouldn't leave the arena alive if he didn't award the bout to the local fighter Stribling.[13][14][15][16]
  • Ohrbach's Department Store was launched by Nathan M. Ohrbach and Max Wiesen, starting with its store in New York City, and built a chain that would exist until 1987.[17]
  • Five men were rescued from a flooded mine at Redding, Falkirk, Scotland, after being trapped for ten days.[18]
  • The French evening newspaper Paris-soir ("Paris Evening News"), which would become the best-selling newspaper in Europe prior to World War II and founded by Jean Prouvost, published its first issue.[19] During the Nazi occupation of France, Prouvost would collaborate with the Vichy government, and the newspaper was closed down permanently on August 20, 1944, after France's liberation.
  • The drama film Slave of Desire starring George Walsh and Bessie Love was released.
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Estanislao Zeballos, 69, Foreign Minister of Argentina three times between 1889 and 1908, and former Speaker of the House of Representatives
    • Enrico Massi, Italian-born aviator who pioneered aviation in El Salvador, was killed in a plane crash.[21]

October 5, 1923 (Friday)
Cao Kun

October 6, 1923 (Saturday)

October 7, 1923 (Sunday)

October 8, 1923 (Monday)
Jack Trice

October 9, 1923 (Tuesday)

October 10, 1923 (Wednesday)

October 11, 1923 (Thursday)
  • The DeAutremont Brothers criminal gang attempted to rob Southern Pacific Railroad Train No. 13 as it passed through a tunnel in the Siskiyou Mountains. The engineer was ordered at gunpoint to stop the train, but the mail clerk saw what was happening and locked himself inside the mail car. A dynamite charge was used to blow open the car, but the explosion caused so much vision-obscuring smoke and dust that the brothers panicked and fled empty-handed after shooting four people to avoid witnesses to the crime.[45][46]
  • All 30 people on the freighter SS City of Everett died when the ship foundered in the Gulf of Mexico while carrying molasses from Santiago de Cuba to New Orleans.[47]
  • Eight children riding a horse-drawn school bus were killed near Rootstown, Ohio when the vehicle was struck by a Pennsylvania Railroad express train. The driver and two other children were seriously injured, while another five children were able to escape uninjured before the impact.[48]

October 12, 1923 (Friday)

October 13, 1923 (Saturday)
  • The capital of Turkey was moved to Ankara from Constantinople in advance of the October 29 declaration of the Republic of Turkey.[26]
  • The Soviet Union's secret intelligence agency, the NKVD, detonated the ammunition storage facility at Poland's Warsaw Citadel, killing 28 Polish Army soldiers and seriously injuring 40 others.[51]
  • By a vote of 316 to 24, Germany's Reichstag passed the Reichsermächtigungsgesetz emergency legislation transferring legislative powers to the government to take "in financial, economic and social spheres, the measures it deems necessary and urgent, regardless of the rights specified in the constitution of the Reich." Even with the German Nationalists boycotting the vote, the measure had more than the necessary two-thirds (306) votes needed for a constitutional change.[52][9][53]
  • Thuringian Prime Minister August Frölich allowed three Communists into his cabinet.[54]
  • Born: Faas Wilkes, Dutch footballer; in Rotterdam (d. 2006)

October 14, 1923 (Sunday)

October 15, 1923 (Monday)
  • The New York Yankees beat the New York Giants 4–2 to win the World Series, four games to two.[58]
  • The Rentenmark Ordinance was published in Germany, allowing for the creation of the new Rentenmark currency equivalent to the old prewar "gold mark". Since gold was no longer available to back the German currency, the new money was to be backed by the value of land owned by businesses and farmers, in the form of a forced mortgage to the government, as part of a system devised by Finance Minister Hans Luther and Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht. The new currency was introduced 30 days later, with one rentenmark (RM) to replace one trillion papiermarks.[59][60] A week earlier, the value of the papiermark had dropped to one U.S. dollar being worth 6.5 billion marks.[61]
  • "The Declaration of 46" was made by 46 leading Soviet Communists, led by Yevgeni Preobrazhensky and Leonid Serebryakov to the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party, supporting the concerns that leftist opposition Communists had about the Party.[62] The vast majority of the persons who signed the Declaration would be executed under the rule of Joseph Stalin during the Great Purge of 1937.[63]
  • A group of three young men from the Bombay Weightlifting Club in India— Jal P. Bapasola, Rustom B. Bhumgara and Adi B. Hakim, set out from Bombay (now Mumbai) with the goal of becoming the first people to travel around the world by bicycle. They would return on March 18, 1928, after traveling 44,000 miles (71,000 km).[64]
  • The U.S. Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys began hearings on the California and Teapot Dome oil leases. Montana Senator Thomas J. Walsh headed the committee.[65]
  • A fire at a Brooklyn tenement killed six people, including George Keim, an aspiring playwright and theatrical producer, a day before his musical Ginger premiered on Broadway.[66]
  • Born:

October 16, 1923 (Tuesday)
  • The Walt Disney Company was founded as Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio when 21-year-old Walt Disney, and his 30-year-old brother Roy O. Disney signed a contract to produce the Alice Comedies film series.[67] Walt would later buy out most of Roy's half of the company in 1929.
  • The patent for the dropped ceiling, now universal in room construction, was issued to Eric E. Hall, who had applied for it on May 28, 1919. U.S. Patent No. 1,470,728 for "Suspended Ceiling" was granted to Hall for a system that initially used interlocking tiles and was only accessible by removing tiles one at a time from one of the edges of the ceiling.[68] The modern dropped ceiling would be patented in 1958 by Donald A. Brown.[69]
  • Barsirian Arap Manyei, the last military and spiritual chief (Orkoiyot) of Kenya's Nandi people, was arrested by British East African authorities for planning an uprising against the colonial government. He would be incarcerated for almost 40 years, finally released from Mfangano Island before independence in 1962.
  • Bavarian State Commissioner Gustav von Kahr issued a new decree banning communist organizations and dissemination of communist publications.[70]
  • Born:

October 17, 1923 (Wednesday)

October 18, 1923 (Thursday)

October 19, 1923 (Friday)
  • Germany's Chancellor Gustav Stresemann told the Cabinet that units of the Reichswehr had been ordered to invade Saxony and Thuringia, to "intimidate the extremist elements and restore public order and security."[75]
  • The first and only school shooting in New Zealand took place at the Waikino School in the village of Waikino on the North Island. The gunman shot seven students and the school's headmaster, killing two boys, aged 13 and 9.[76] Five days later, an unknown person burned down the Waikino School The killer was found guilty of murder, but his death sentence was commuted based on his insanity and was committed to a mental hospital in Avondale, Auckland, where he died in 1938.[77]
  • In a luncheon speech in St. Louis, David Lloyd George said that Britain had "a right to give advice" to France. "We've a right to claim that the sacrifice which we made was not made to perpetuate strife and anger and wrong", he stated.[78]
  • The government of Mexican president Álvaro Obregón issued a statement accusing the recently departed Secretary of the Treasury Adolfo de la Huerta of fiscal mismanagement. "The Present Secretary of the Treasury on taking charge of the department found it in a state of complete bankruptcy through the fact that his predecessor had disposed of, without either authorization from those really responsible or on orders from the executive, several million pesos", the statement read.[79]

October 20, 1923 (Saturday)

October 21, 1923 (Sunday)

October 22, 1923 (Monday)

October 23, 1923 (Tuesday)
  • The Hamburg Uprising began.[91] Members of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) attacked 17 police stations in Hamburg before dawn, along with seven elsewhere in the province, to acquire weapons.[86]
  • Oklahoma Governor Jack C. Walton was suspended from office after the Oklahoma House of Representatives voted, 80 to 17, to have him impeached on for misuse of public funds, and 75 to 23 for using the state national guard to disperse a grand jury. In the evening, the Oklahoma Senate voted, 38 to 1, to suspend Walton from office and for Lieutenant Governor Martin E. Trapp to become acting Governor [92] Walton obtained an injunction to prevent his immediate removal,[93] but the Oklahoma Supreme Court ruled, 5 to 4, to uphold the removal order.[94] Walton, who had been Governor for less than 10 months, would be convicted by the Oklahoma Senate on November 19 and removed from office permanently.[7]
  • The F. W. Murnau-directed film The Expulsion premiered in Germany.
  • U.S. Patent No. 1,471,465 was awarded to Sebastian Hinton for the jungle gym.[95]
  • Born: Frank Sutton, U.S. television actor known for portraying "Sergeant Carter" on Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.; in Clarksville, Tennessee (d. 1974)

October 24, 1923 (Wednesday)
  • The Hamburg Uprising ended as hundreds of communists were arrested and hundreds more fled the city.[96] News had reached Ernst Thälmann and the other local communist leaders that the nationwide revolution had been called off and that Hamburg was fighting alone. Orders were given to the communists at the end of the day to retreat.[86] The final death toll was 61 civilians were killed, along with 21 of the KPD members and 17 police.[97]
  • The Sarajevo Philharmonic Orchestra performed its first concert.
  • Born:

October 25, 1923 (Thursday)

October 26, 1923 (Friday)
Steinmetz

October 27, 1923 (Saturday)
  • Vice President Bartolomé Martínez was inaugurated as President of Nicaragua, 15 days after the death of President Diego Chamorro, to fill the remaining 14 months of Chamorro's term. Martínez had been at his remotely-located farm, "El Bosque", at the time of Chamorro's sudden death, with no means of communication except by letter. After receiving a note from the Nicaraguan Congress, Chamorro had traveled by mule to the city of Matagalpa, where he was able to get on a truck that took him on the recently-completed dirt road to the capital at Managua.
  • The United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Sweden signed the "Treaty between Great Britain and Sweden for the Marriage of Lady Louise Mountbatten with His Royal Highness Prince Gustaf Adolf, Crown Prince of Sweden", declaring that the two monarchies, "having judged it proper that an alliance should again be contracted between their respective Royal Houses by a marriage...have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles", declared that the marriage would be celebrated and duly authenticated in both nations and that the couple's financial settlements would be expressed in a separate marriage contract which was to be declared to be "an integral part of the present Treaty."[106] The couple married one week later at London and ratifications were exchanged on November 12.
  • In Iceland, parliamentary voting was held for all 28 seats in the lower house of the Althing and for eight of the 14 seats in the upper house. The new Citizens' Party (Borgaraflokkurinn), led by Jón Magnússon, won most of the seats in both houses, with 16 of 28 in the lower, and 7 of the 14 in the upper house, and Magnússon would succeed Prime Minister Sigurthur Eggerz in March.[107]
  • In the aftermath of the Hamburg Uprising by members of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), Chancellor Gustav Stresemann presented an ultimatum to Saxony's Prime Minister Erich Zeigner, demanding he remove KPD members from his Social Democrat and Communist coalition cabinet.[71] Zeigner had two Communist Party members, Treasury Minister Paul Böttcher and Commerce Minister Fritz Heckert, in his seven-member cabinet.
  • Twenty-three demonstrators were killed in Germany at a demonstration in Freiburg.[75]
  • Born: Roy Lichtenstein, U.S. pop artist; in Manhattan (d. 1997)

October 28, 1923 (Sunday)
Reza Khan standing behind the man whom he would overthrow, Ahmad Shah

October 29, 1923 (Monday)

October 30, 1923 (Tuesday)

October 31, 1923 (Wednesday)

References
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  2. "Italy's New Fiume". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 2, 1923. p. 2.
  3. "Joe Beckett". BoxRec. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  4. "Georges Knocks Out Beckett in 1st Round". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 2, 1923. p. 25.
  5. "Allies Formally Quit Constantinople— Crescent Saluted as Last of Invaders Leave Soil of Turkey", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 3, 1923, p. 1 ("Constantinople, Oct. 2 (by the Associated press)— The Allied occupation of Constantinople formally ended at noon today.")
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  7. Gibson, Arrell Morgan (1984). The History of Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-8061-1883-3.
  8. "Walton Loses in Oklahoma, 4 to 1". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 3, 1923. p. 1.
  9. "Germany – The Republic in Crisis 1920–1923". The World War. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  10. Seldes, George (October 4, 1923). "Stresemann to End 8 Hour Day and Fix Prices". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  11. "Bombard Felons at Bay in Prison". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 4, 1923. p. 1.
  12. "Take Prison Fortress; Find Felons Dead". Chicago Daily Tribune: 1. October 7, 1923.
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  41. "Europe Blind to Hughes' Plan – Lloyd George". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 10, 1923. p. 14.
  42. "New Ruler of China Asks World Friendship", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 12, 1923, p. 2
  43. "U.S.S. Shenandoah at Christening and Fair Sponsor", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 11, 1923, p. 1
  44. "Giants Win by Home Run of Casey at Bat". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 11, 1923. p. 17.
  45. "Four Men Killed in Hold-up of Train 13 Near Tunnel 13", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 12, 1923, p. 1
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  50. "New York Forbids K.K.K. and Kamelia to Incorporate". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 13, 1923. p. 3.
  51. "Twenty-Eight Die in Warsaw When Blast Ruins Fort— Disaster That Injured 128 Believed Due to Plot", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 14, 1923, p. 1
  52. "Dictatorship of Reich Won by Chancellor— Cowed Reichstag Votes Authorization Law as the Nationalists and Reds Bolt House", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 14, 1923, p. 1
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  57. "President of France Pleads for More Babies". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 15, 1923. p. 1.
  58. "Yanks Capture Sixth Tilt and World Pennant", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 16, 1923, p. 1
  59. "Luther, Hans", Deutsche-Biographie
  60. Lewis, Nathan (June 9, 2011). "In Hyperinflation's Aftermath, How Germany Went Back to Gold". Forbes. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  61. "Berlin Public Frantic as Mark Is Quoted at 6,500,000,000 to Dolllar— Bread, at 50 Million Marks a Loaf Yesterday, Will Cost 110 Million Today", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 11, 1923, p.1
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  117. Malone, Jacqui (1996). Steppin' on the Blues: The Visible Rhythms of African American Dance. University of Illinois. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-252-06508-8.
  118. "Republic Voted by Turks with Kemal at Head— National Assembly at Angora Unanimous in Naming Militant Leader President", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 30, 1923, p. 1
  119. "Saxon Red Rule Vanishes Under Guns of Reich— New Federal Dictator Throws Zeigner Cabinet Out, and Reichswehr Occupy Diet", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 30, 1923, p. 1
  120. "Bonar Law Dies from Grief and Throat Malady— Former British Prime Minister Conscious to the End; Developed Pneumonia", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 31, 1923, p. 1
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