Outline of water

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to water:

Faucet dripping water.
Structure of the water molecule (H2O)

Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Under nomenclature used to name chemical compounds, Dihydrogen monoxide is the scientific name for water, though it is almost never used.[1]

History

Chemical properties and use
Seawater.
Boiling water.

Physical properties
Frozen water, that is, ice.

Geography
The Water Cycle
Rapidly flowing river.
Formation of a waterfall
Victoria Falls
  • Origin of water on Earth – Hypotheses for the possible sources of the water on Earth
  • Extraterrestrial liquid water – Liquid water naturally occurring outside Earth
  • List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water – Possible existence of liquid water beyond Earth
  • Hydrosphere – Total amount of water on a planet
    • Hydrology – Science of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets
    • Water cycle – Continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth
    • Groundwater – Water located beneath the ground surface
  • Body of water – Any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface
    • Salt water – Water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts
      • Seawater – Water from a sea or an ocean
      • Ocean – Body of salt water covering the majority of Earth
      • Sea – Large body of salt water
        • Tide – Rise and fall of the sea level under astronomical gravitational influences
      • Brine – Concentrated solution of salt in water
      • Brackish water – Water with salinity between freshwater and seawater
    • Fresh water – Naturally occurring water with low amounts of dissolved salts
      • Aquifer – Underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock
      • River – Natural flowing watercourse
      • Drainage – Removal of water from an area
        • Drainage divide – Elevated terrain that separates neighbouring drainage basins
        • Drainage basin – Area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet
      • Lake – Large body of relatively still water
  • Glacier – Persistent body of ice that is moving under its own weight
  • Geyser – Hydrothermal explosion of hot water
  • Spring – A point at which water emenges from an aquifer to the surface
  • Waterfall – Natural river formation

Weather
A snowflake.
Snow-covered trees.
  • Precipitation (meteorology) – Product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity
    • Rain – Precipitation in the form of water droplets
    • Freezing rain – Rain maintained at temperatures below freezing
    • Drizzle – Light liquid precipitation
    • Snow – Precipitation in the form of ice crystal flakes
    • Snow pellets – Precipitation that forms when supercooled droplets of water freeze on a falling snowflake
    • Snow grains – very small particles of ice, the solid equivalent of drizzle
    • Ice pellets – Precipitation consisting of small, translucent balls of ice
    • Hail – Form of solid precipitation
    • Ice crystals – Solid frozen water molecules
    • Dew – Water in the form of droplets that appears on thin, exposed objects in the morning or evening
    • Frost – Coating or deposit of ice
      • Hoarfrost – Coating or deposit of ice
    • Atmospheric icing – Weather condition in which water droplets freeze onto objects they come in contact with
    • Glaze ice – Coating of ice on objects
  • Cloud – Visible mass of liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in the atmospheres
  • Fog – Atmospheric phenomenon
  • Mist – Phenomenon caused by small droplets of water suspended in air
  • Spindrift – Spray blown from cresting waves in gales
  • Flood – Water overflow submerging usually-dry land
  • Wave – Repeated oscillation around equilibrium
    • Wind wave – Surface waves generated by wind on open water
    • Tsunami – Series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water
  • Drought – Extended period of deficiency in a region's water supply

In nature and life

Marine and aquatic life
  • Underwater – Aquatic or submarine environment
  • Marine biology – Scientific study of organisms that live in the ocean
  • Marine life – Organisms that live in salt water
  • Hydrobiology – Science of life and life processes in water

Politics and issues

Supply and sanitation
An example of a Reservoir, Ladybower Reservoir.
  • Water supply – Provision of water by public utilities, commercial organisations or others
    • Water supply network – System of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components providing water
      • Reservoir – Storage space for water
      • Dam – Barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface or underground streams
      • Water tower – Elevated structure supporting a tank
      • Aqueduct – Structure constructed to convey water
      • Pump – Device that imparts energy to the fluids by mechanical action
      • Water well – Excavation or structure to provide access to groundwater
      • Drinking Fountain – Architecture which pours water into a basin or jets it into the air
      • Water pipe – Systems for conveying fluids
        • Plumbing – Systems for conveying fluids
      • Tap (valve) – Valve controlling the release of a liquid or gas
  • Sanitation – Public health conditions related to clean water and proper excreta and sewage disposal
  • Drinking water – Water safe for consumption
  • Water fluoridation – Addition of fluoride to a water supply to reduce tooth decay

In culture and sport
Poseidon, Greek god of water. The Roman water god, Neptune, was almost identical to Poseidon

Uses
  • Water wheel – Machine for converting the energy of flowing or falling water into useful forms of power
  • Hydroelectricity – Electricity generated by hydropower
  • Hydropower – Power generation via movement of water
  • Marine current power – Extraction of power from ocean currents
  • Marine energy – Energy stored in the waters of oceans
  • Osmotic power – Energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water
  • Tidal power – Technology to convert the energy from tides into useful forms of power
  • Wave power – Transport of energy by wind waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work
  • Drinking – Ingestion of water or other liquids
  • Water clock – Time piece in which time is measured by the flow of liquid into or out of a vessel
  • Irrigation – Agricultural artificial application of water to land
  • Use of water in fire fighting – Actions to protect people, animals, goods, lands, and other objects from fire
  • Professional diving – Underwater diving where divers are paid for their work
  • Water transport – Transport of people or goods via waterways
  • Bathing – Washing or immersing the body with water
    • Sink – Bowl-shaped plumbing fixture
    • Bathtub – Large container for holding water in which a person may bathe
    • Shower – Place in which a person bathes under a spray of water
  • Washing – Method of cleaning
  • Naval warfare – Combat involving sea-going ships

Fishing

Outline of fishing – Overview of and topical guide to fishing

See also

References
  1. Bramer, Scott. "Chemical Nomenclature". Widener University, Department of Chemistry. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
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