Pakubuwono X

Pakubuwono X (also transliterated Pakubuwana X, sometimes abbreviated PB X;[1] Surakarta, November 29, 1866 – Surakarta, February 22, 1939) was the tenth Susuhunan (ruler of Surakarta).

Pakubuwono X
Pakubuwono X, wearing the uniform of a KNIL major-general
Susuhunan of Surakarta
Reign1893 – 1939
CoronationMarch 30, 1893
PredecessorPakubuwana IX
SuccessorPakubuwana XI
BornGusti Raden Mas Sayyiddin Malik-ul-Kusna
November 29, 1866
Surakarta, Surakarta Sunanate
DiedFebruary 22, 1939
Surakarta, Surakarta Sunanate
Burial
Girimulya Tomb, Imogiri Royal Cemetery, Imogiri, Yogyakarta Sultanate
Spouse
  • Queen Pakubuwana
    m. 1890
  • Queen Mas
    m. 1915
IssuePakubuwana XI
Regnal name
Sampeyan Dalem Ingkang Sinuhun Kanjeng Susuhunan Pakubuwana Senapati ing Ngalaga Abdurrahman Sayyidin Panatagama Khalifatullah Ingkang Jumeneng Kaping X
HouseMataram
FatherPakubuwana IX
MotherQueen Pakubuwana
Pakubuwono X of Surakarta poses with the Governor General of Dutch East Indies Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff (center) in 1928.
Group portrait during a visit by King Chulalongkorn of Siam (now Thailand).
Javanese case with the emblem of Surakarta, designed by Pakubuwono X 1930 - Livrustkammaren

Birth

His birth name (Javanese: asma timur) was Raden Mas Sayyidin Malikul Kusna, son of Pakubuwono IX and his wife Kanjeng Raden Ayu Kustiyah.

Politics

His reign corresponded with the political changes happening in the Dutch East Indies at the time, in particular the growth of local indigenous political organizations such as Budi Utomo and Sarekat Islam of which he and the royal family were patrons.[2]

Family

Pakubuwono X was known to have many concubines, but his main consort was GKR Hemas, the daughter of Sultan Hamengkubuwono VII of Yogyakarta. He was also known major contributor to improvements at the Royal Graveyard of Imogiri, where he himself is buried.

Queen Consort
  1. Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Pakubuwana
    born as Bendara Raden Ajeng Sumarti, daughter of Mangkunegara IV by his principal consort, Bendara Raden Ajeng Dunuk.
  2. Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hemas
    born as Gusti Raden Ajeng Mursundariah, daughter of Hamengkubuwana VII by his principal consort, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kencana.

Notable Concubines
  1. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Adipati Sedahmirah
  2. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Himbarukmi
  3. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Riya Suwanda I
  4. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Mandayaratna
  5. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Ratnapurnama
  6. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Riya Mandayarana
  7. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Kiranarukmi I
  8. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Pradaparukmi
  9. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Kiranarukmi II
  10. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Riya Suwanda II
  11. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Riya Ruyastuti
  12. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Suprabhurukmi
  13. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Widiastuti
  14. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Adipati Tasik Wulan

Notable Sons
  1. Bendara Raden Mas Antasena
    son of KRAy. Mandayaratna, styled as Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Harya Hangabehi, then Pakubuwana XI.
  2. Bendara Raden Mas Abimanyu
    son of KRAy. Ratnapurnama, styled as Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Harya Kusumayudha. Married to Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hangger, daughter of Hamengkubuwana VII by his principal consort, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hemas.
  3. Bendara Raden Mas Sudhira
    son of KRAy. Pradaparukmi, styled as Gusti Pangeran Harya Suryahamijaya.
  4. Bendara Raden Mas Subandana
    son of KRAy. Kiranarukmi II, styled as Gusti Pangeran Harya Jatikusuma. He was the first Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army.

Notable Daughter
  1. Gusti Bendara Raden Ajeng Menuk Kinasih
    daughter of KRAy. Ratnapurnama, styled as Gusti Bendara Raden Ayu Ratna Purwasa then Gusti Bendara Raden Ayu Adipati Paku Alam. Married to Paku Alam VII of Yogyakarta.
  2. Gusti Raden Ajeng Kustiyah
    daughter of GKR. Hemas, styled as Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Pembayun.

Motorcar

Even more than women Pakubuono X, loved motorcars. In 1894 he purchased a Benz phaeton for 10,000 guilders,[3] an amount of money a contract coolie  could make in three centuries.[4] So he became the first motorist in the Dutch Colonial Empire, two years in advance of the first one in the Netherlands mainland. In effect it made him a pioneer of the Indonesian automobile industry as the first car driver and owner of the territories that make up the current Republic.

Death and funeral train
The prepared carriage with the coffin of PB X on trip to Yogyakarta

After PB X's death, his coffin was transported between Surakarta and Yogyakarta by a NIS train. The remaining journey between Yogyakarta and Imogiri was by royal carriage. His coffin's trip to Imogiri was one of the most photographed royal funeral processions of rulers of his era.

See also

Notes
  1. "PB XIII Tegaskan Lembaga Adat Sudah Dihapus Sejak PB X" [PB XIII Emphasises that Traditional Institutions Have Been Abandoned since PB X]. Tribun (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  2. Lawson, George D. (George Donald); Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands) (1987), Prelude to revolution : palaces and politics in Surakarta, 1912-1942, Foris Publications, ISBN 978-90-6765-217-9
  3. F.F. Habnit: KRÈTA SÈTAN, ‘s-Gravenhage: Tong Tong 1977.
  4. Jan Breman: Koelies, Planters en Koloniale Politiek, Dordrecht: Foris Publications 1987.

Further reading
  • Miksic, John N. (general ed.), et al. (2006) Karaton Surakarta. A look into the court of Surakarta Hadiningrat, central Java (First published: 'By the will of His Serene Highness Paku Buwono XII'. Surakarta: Yayasan Pawiyatan Kabudayan Karaton Surakarta, 2004) Marshall Cavendish Editions Singapore ISBN 981-261-226-2
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