Park Yu-ha

Park Yu-ha (박유하, 朴裕河; born March 25, 1957) is a professor at the College of Liberal Arts, Sejong University.[1] Her research focuses on Japanese-Korean relations. Her 2013 book Comfort Women of the Empire criticized the Korean interpretation of comfort women as exclusively "sex slaves".[2][3] Her critics point out that she provides intellectual legitimacy to the Japanese historical revisionism.[4]

Park Yu-ha
Hangul
박유하
Hanja
朴裕河
Revised RomanizationBak Yuha
McCune–ReischauerPak Yuha
In this Korean name, the family name is Park.

Academic career

Park graduated from Keio University in 1981. She earned an M.A. from Waseda University in 1989 and a Ph.D. in 1993.[1]

Comfort Women of the Empire

Synopsis

In her most controversial book Comfort Women of the Empire, Park challenged an established description of imperial Japan's military comfort station system.

Based on historical documents and the testimony of comfort women, including several cases of comfort women who fell in love with Japanese soldiers, a soldier who took care of a sick woman, or soldiers who helped comfort women to return their home country, Park asserts the existence of hidden comfort women who have been excluded from the mainstream narrative of comfort women, mainly consisting of "Japanese military coerced Korean women" and "sex-slaves".[5] She describes a more complex relationship between the comfort women and soldiers.[6]

She said this kind of "comrade-like relationship" tragedy, which is basically a co-operative relationship of mobilized weak people by the name of patriotism, was a result of Japan's colonization of Korea. Since Japan and Korea were superficially not distinguished as separate countries during the period of Japan's Korean annexation, the act of forcibly arresting Korean women could not have officially taken place, rather the dealers sold women to the "comfort station" by deception.[5]

Park says requesting Japan take legal responsibility is not effective, considering the colonial status of Korea and the existence of the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea, and criticizes Jong-Dae-Hyup, (정대협, the main comfort women supporting NGO in South Korea) which has focused on the legal responsibility of Japan.[7] Furthermore, excluding other comfort women's stories which do not fit into the pre-existing image of "pure innocent teen girls who were arrested by Japanese soldiers and coerced to be sex-slaves" is actually suppressing the real victims and makes the victim groups separated.[7][8]

Therefore, considering the historical situation, the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea in 1965, and the apology and compensation of Japan in the 1990s, Park claims that requesting responsibility for Japan's colonial domination is required, rather than trying to urge Japan to accept legal liability for the War.[6]

While she does state that Korea must face the truth correctly in order to hold Japan properly responsible for its offences, she also criticizes Japan at the same time, for the rightwing extremists in Japan excuse their responsibility by the treaty between Japan and Korea in 1965 and the compensation in 1990. While Park acknowledges the treaty in 1965, she avers that Japan took legal responsibilities only for the individuals as per the necessary process after the War, and also, she censures the compensation of 1990 for failing to be disseminated throughout Korea due to the Japanese government’s ambiguous attitude.[6]

Park argues that Japan should apologize for their actions of colonial domination and the case for the Korean comfort women, both due to international significance and to allow for the opportunity of Asian integration or co-operation in the near future.[6][9]

Editions

A Japanese language version of the book was published in Japan in November 2014.[10]

On 1 February 2016, Park made the book available online hoping to help solve the comfort women issue.[11]

Pro-Japanese colonialist controversy

Park's book Comfort women of the Empire contains a significantly different narrative about comfort women compared to the previously accepted narratives, as it describes in depth of the imperialistic exploits by Japan, patriarchal system in Korea and also capitalistic exploits of the "dealers". This explanation brought fierce anger from the comfort women supporters, since her explanation were analyzed as "virtually an exoneration to Japan" from the critics. Chong Yung-hwan, Professor at the Meiji Gakuin University criticized "Comfort women of Empire" for misinterpreting and distorting basic source and previous research, and advocating colonialism.[12][13] Nine former comfort women in Nanume-Jip (나눔의 집), seeking to ban sales of the book, filed suit in both civil and criminal court, claiming that the scholar had defamed them.[14] She was asked to pay 10 million won, or $8,262, to each of nine women. She was also accused by a Korean prosecutor.[15] The prosecution against Park Yoo-ha was led by the victims of comfort women.[16]

On 25 November 2015, against the indictment of Park, 54 Japanese scholars and intellectuals including Kenzaburō Ōe (大江 健三郎, Nobel Laureate) Tomiichi Murayama (村山 富市, former Prime minister of Japan), Yōhei Kōno (河野 洋平, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan) and Chizuko Ueno (上野 千鶴子, professor, Tokyo University) addressed statements supporting Park Yu-ha, and asking for the Korean government's withdrawal of the accusation and criticizing South Korean prosecutors for “suppressing the freedom of scholarship and press.”[17][18] 190 Korean intellectuals also followed the statements.[19] On January 17, 2017, Professor Noam Chomsky at MIT and Professor Bruce Cumings at University of Chicago joined in the previous statements addressed by Japanese scholars previously, with requesting immediate withdrawal of presecusion or sentence 'Not guilty', with supporting Park Yu-ha.[20][21]

Park Yu-ha is often regarded as a 'far-right' (극우), 'Japanese far-right' (일본 극우) or 'pro-Japanese treason' (친일매국노) in South Korea.[22] South Korean major scholars argue that it is right to legally ban the book Comfort Women of the Empire. According to them, Park Yu-ha's view on the issue of comfort women should be treated the same as the way Holocaust denial is handled in Europe. Not a few South Koreansl people and South Koreans scholars that Park Yoo-ha's freedom of expression should not be recognized, but rather Park should be punished with criminal punishment or imprisonment. They see it as hypocritical that Westerners and Japanese intellectuals do not view the Holocaust issue and the comport women issue as the same standard.[4] Chizuko Ueno's opposition to criminal punishment for Park Yu-ha was strongly criticized by many South Korean feminists.[23]

On January 25, 2017, the 11th criminal division of Seoul Dongbu District Court acquitted Park on the defamation charges. This is a ruling aimed at quelling international controversy over the infringement of freedom of expression, but victims of comfort women were disappointed by the ruling.[24]

Other

She is an opponent of 'anti-Japanese-based Korean nationalism' (반일 민족주의).[25]

Works
  • 제국의 위안부 - 식민지지배와 기억의 투쟁 [Comfort women of the empire: the battle over colonial rule and memory] (PDF) (in Korean). 뿌리와이파리 [Ppuliwaipali]. 2013. ISBN 9788964620304.
  • 帝国の慰安婦 植民地支配と記憶の闘い [Comfort women of the empire: the battle over colonial rule and memory] (in Japanese). 朝日新聞出版 [Asahi Shimbun Publications Inc.] 2014. ISBN 9784022511737.
  • 화해를 위해서 - 교과서.위안부.야스쿠니.독도 [For reconciliation: Textbook, Comfort women, Yasukuni shrine and Liancourt Rocks] (in Korean). Ban-yangjangbon. 2005. ISBN 9788990024466.
  • 和解のために−教科書・慰安婦・靖国・独島 [For reconciliation: Textbook, Comfort women, Yasukuni shrine and Liancourt Rocks] (in Japanese). Heibonsha Ltd, Pub. 2006. ISBN 9784582702651.

See also

References
  1. "College of Liberal Arts". Sejong University.
  2. "New South Korean Academic Writings on Contemporary Japan and Japanese-Korean Relations". The Asan Institute for Policy Studies. November 22, 2013.
  3. "Korean author issues call for talks on sex slave issue". The Japan Times. 30 September 2013.
  4. Shin Dong-kyu ed. (2016). The logic of Holocaust Negationism and Comport Women of the Empire of PARK Yuha: Challenge against Collective memory and emotion through unhistorical narratives. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information.
  5. Institute, Pursuit Of Truth (2016-04-30). "Comfort Women Articles by Scholars: "Comfort Women of the Empire" by Professor Park Yuha". Comfort Women Articles by Scholars. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  6. "Rightists distort author Park Yu-ha's views on 'comfort women' | The Japan Times". 25 July 2015. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  7. "『제국의 위안부』 삭제판 다운로드 | 박유하 『제국의 위안부』 , 법정에서 광장으로". parkyuha.org. 13 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  8. "Yuha Park, How We Should Consider the Comfort Women Issue Based on Discussions between Ikuhiko Hata and Yoshiaki Yoshimi | 박유하 『제국의 위안부』 , 법정에서 광장으로". parkyuha.org. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  9. "Genichiro Takahashi, 'Comfort women' denied ownership of their memories | 박유하 『제국의 위안부』 , 법정에서 광장으로". parkyuha.org. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  10. Togo, Kazuhiko (14 January 2016). "Park Yuha indictment risks hindering ROK–Japan reconciliation". East Asia Forum. East Asia Forum. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  11. "박유하 교수가 '제국의 위안부'를 온라인에 전격 공개했다" [Professor Park Y-ha made Comfort Women of the Empire available online]. The Huffington Post. 1 February 2016.
  12. Yung-hwan, CHONG (2015). "일본군 '위안부' 문제와 1965년 체제의 재심판" [The issue of Japanese military "Comfort Women" and retrial of 1965-regime: criticism of Park Yuha "Imperial Comfort Women"]. Critical Review of History. 111: 471–495.
  13. Yung-hwan, CHONG (2016). "『제국의 위안부』, 무엇이 문제인가" [Empire’s Comfort Women and its Problems : a Refutation of Criticism by Prof. Yuha PARK.]. MARXISM (Institute for Social Sciences, Gyeongsang National University). 111: 217–234.
  14. "Wartime sex slaves seek sales ban on defamatory book". The Korea Times. 15 June 2014.
  15. Sang-hun, Choe (2016-01-13). "Professor Ordered to Pay 9 Who Said 'Comfort Women' Book Defamed Them". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  16. "위안부 할머니들, 박유하 교수 소송에 네티즌 "패륜적 망언… 학생들 등록금이 아깝다"". 이투데이. 16 June 2014.
  17. "Japanese, U.S. scholars attack Seoul's indictment of professor over 'comfort women' book". The Asahi Shimbun. November 27, 2015.
  18. Yoshino, Taichiro (26 November 2015). "「帝国の慰安婦」朴裕河教授の在宅起訴に学者ら54人抗議声明". The Huffington Post - Japan Edition. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  19. "Statement against the Indictment of Professor Yuha Park | 박유하 『제국의 위안부』 , 법정에서 광장으로". parkyuha.org. 25 November 2015. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  20. "Professor Noam Chomsky's Endorsement (Jan 16, 2017) | 박유하 『제국의 위안부』 , 법정에서 광장으로". parkyuha.org. 16 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  21. "Professor Bruce Cumings' Endorsement (Jan 17, 2017) | 박유하 『제국의 위안부』 , 법정에서 광장으로". parkyuha.org. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  22. "램지어와 '일본 극우' 대변하는 그들, 박유하·류석춘·이영훈·안병직 등은 "극우 아닌, 친일매국노일 뿐" (feat. '위안부' 2차 가해)". 뉴스프리존. 19 February 2021.
  23. KYOUNGHWA LIM ed. (2019). (Im)possibility of Mutual Communication between the Japanese and South Korean Feminisms : Focusing on Ueno Chizuko’s ‘Comfort Women’ Discourse. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information.
  24. Kim, Kyu-nam (January 26, 2017). "Professor found not guilty of defaming former comfort women". The Hankyoreh. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
  25. Park Yu-ha (2004). 반일 민족주의를 넘어서 [Beyond Anti-Japanese Nationalism]. 4 April 2004.
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