Political party strength in Michigan

The tables below indicate the political party affiliation of elected officials in the U.S. State of Michigan from statehood through the results of the November 2022 elections.[lower-alpha 1]

Officials listed include: Governors, Lieutenant Governors, Secretaries of State, Attorneys General/
State Treasurers.[lower-alpha 2] The tables also indicate the historical party composition in the State Senate, State House of Representatives, the names and party affiliations of Michigan's U.S. Senators, and the party composition of Michigan's delegations to the U.S. House of Representatives. For years in which a presidential election was held, the tables show which party's nominees received the State's electoral votes.

1837–1899
YearExecutive offices[1][2]State LegislatureUnited States CongressElectoral votes
GovernorLieutenant
Governor		Secretary
of State		Attorney
General		TreasurerState SenateState HouseU.S. Senator
(Class I)		U.S. Senator
(Class II)		U.S. House
1837 Stevens T. Mason (D) Edward Mundy (D) Kintzing Prichette (D) Peter Morey (D)[3] appointed office 8D, 5W, 3? 24W, 23D, 2?[lower-alpha 3] Lucius Lyon (D) John Norvell (D) 1D [lower-alpha 4]
1838 Randolph Manning (D)[lower-alpha 5] 14D, 2W 30D, 20W
1839 11D, 6W 31D, 21W vacant 1D
1840 William Woodbridge (W)[lower-alpha 6] James Wright Gordon (W) Thomas Rowland (W)[6] 10W, 7D 37W, 15D Augustus Porter (W) Harrison/
Tyler (W) Green tickY
1841 James Wright Gordon (W)[lower-alpha 7] Thomas J. Drake (W) Zephaniah Platt (W) 12W, 5D 31W, 20D, 1 tie William Woodbridge (W) 1W
1842 John S. Barry (D) Origen D. Richardson (D) Robert P. Eldredge (D) [7] 12D, 5W, 1 vac. 47D, 6W
1843 Elon Farnsworth (D) 18D 46D, 7W 3D
1844 47D, 6W Polk/
Dallas (D) Green tickY
1845 Henry N. Walker (D)[8] 46D, 7W Lewis Cass (D) 3D
1846 Alpheus Felch (D)[lower-alpha 6] William L. Greenly (D) Gideon O. Whittemore 20D, 1W 50D, 16W
1847 William L. Greenly (D)[lower-alpha 7] Charles P. Bush (D) Edward Mundy (D) 20D, 2W 51D, 15W Alpheus Felch (D) 3D
1848 Epaphroditus Ransom (D) William M. Fenton (D) George Washington Peck (D)[9] George V. N. Lothrop (D) 21D, 1W Thomas Fitzgerald (D) Cass/
Butler (D) Red XN
1849 18D, 4W 46D, 16W, 3FS, 1 tie Lewis Cass (D) 2D, 1W
1850 John S. Barry (D) George R. Redfield (D)[10] Bernard C. Whittemore (D)[lower-alpha 8] 46D, 20W
1851 Charles H. Taylor (D)[11] William Hale (D) 16D, 5W, 1FSD[lower-alpha 9] 40D, 26W[lower-alpha 10] 2W, 1D
1852 Robert McClelland[lower-alpha 11] Calvin Britain (D) Pierce/
King (D) Green tickY
1853 Andrew Parsons (D) William Graves (D)[12] 25D, 7W 52D, 19W, 1? Charles E. Stuart (D) 4D
Andrew Parsons (D)[lower-alpha 7] George Griswold (D)
1854
1855 Kinsley S. Bingham (R) George Coe (R) John McKinney (R)[lower-alpha 12] Jacob M. Howard (R) Silas M. Holmes (R) [lower-alpha 13] 25R, 7D[15] 48R, 24D 3R, 1D
1856 Frémont/
Dayton (R) Red XN
1857 29R, 3D 63R, 17D Zachariah Chandler (R) 4R
1858
1859 Moses Wisner (R) Edmund Burke Fairfield (R) Nelson G. Isbell (R)[lower-alpha 14] John McKinney (R) 24R, 8D 56R, 25D Kinsley S. Bingham (R) 3R, 1D
1860 Lincoln/
Hamlin (R) Green tickY
1861 Austin Blair (R) James M. Birney (R) James B. Porter (R) [17] Charles Upson (R) John Owen (R)[18] 30R, 2D 72R, 11D 4R
Joseph R. Williams (R)
1862 Henry T. Backus (R) Jacob M. Howard (R)
1863 Charles S. May (R) Albert Williams (R)[19] 18R, 14D 60R, 39D, 1? 5R, 1D
1864 Lincoln/
Johnson (NU) Green tickY
1865 Henry H. Crapo (R) Ebenezer O. Grosvenor (R) 21R, 11D 73R, 27D 6R
1866
1867 Dwight May (R) Oliver L. Spaulding (R)[20] William L. Stoughton (R) Ebenezer O. Grosvenor (R) 30R, 1D, 1? 79R, 21D 6R
1868 Grant/
Colfax (R) Green tickY
1869 Henry P. Baldwin (R) Morgan Bates (R) Dwight May (R) 27R, 5D 75R, 25D 6R
1870
1871 Daniel Striker (R)[21] Victory P. Collier (R)[22] 71R, 29D Thomas W. Ferry (R) 5R, 1D
1872 Grant/
Wilson (R) Green tickY
1873 John J. Bagley (R) Henry H. Holt (R) Byron D. Ball (R)[23] 31R, 1D 95R, 5D 9R
1874 Isaac Marston (R)[24]
1875 Ebenezer G. D. Holden (R)[25] Andrew J. Smith (R)[26] William B. McCreery (R)[27] 17R, 15D 54R, 46D Isaac P. Christiancy (R) 6R, 3D
1876 Hayes/
Wheeler (R) Green tickY
1877 Charles Croswell (R) Alonzo Sessions (R) Otto Kirchner (R) 23R, 9D 75R, 25D 8R, 1D
1878
1879 William Jenney (R)[28] Benjamin D. Pritchard (R)[29] 65R, 35D Zachariah Chandler (R) 9R
1880 Henry P. Baldwin (R) Garfield/
Arthur (R) Green tickY
1881 David Jerome (R) Moreau S. Crosby (R) Jacob J. Van Riper (R)[30] 30R, 2D 86R, 13D, 1I Omar D. Conger (R) 9R
1882
1883 Josiah Begole (D) Harry A. Conant (R)[31] Edward H. Butler (R)[32] 19R, 13D 62R, 38D Thomas W. Palmer (R) 5R, 6D
1884 Blaine/
Logan (R) Red XN
1885 Russell A. Alger (R) Archibald Buttars (R) Moses Taggart (R) [33] 18R, 14D 52R, 48D 4R, 7D
1886
1887 Cyrus G. Luce (R) James H. MacDonald (R) Gilbert R. Osmun (R)[34] George L. Maltz (R)[35] 22R, 10D 63R, 37D Francis B. Stockbridge (R) 6R, 5D
1888 Harrison/
Morton (R) Green tickY
1889 William Ball (R) Stephen V. R. Trowbridge (R)[36] 24R, 8D 70R, 30D James McMillan (R) 9R, 2D
1890 Benjamin W. Huston (R)[37]
1891 Edwin B. Winans (D) John Strong (D) Daniel E. Soper (D)[38] Adolphus A. Ellis (D)[39] Frederick Braastad (D)[40] 17D, 15R 55D, 45R 3R, 8D
1892 Robert R. Blacker (D)[41] 9 – Harrison/
Reid (R) Red XN
5 – Cleveland/
Stevenson (D) Green tickY
1893 John Treadway Rich (R) J. Wight Giddings (R) John W. Jochim (R)[lower-alpha 15] Joseph F. Hambitzer (R)[lower-alpha 16][43] 22R, 9D, 1DP 69R, 28D, 3Pop 7R, 5D
1894 Washington Gardner (R)[lower-alpha 17] James M. Wilkinson (R) [43] John Patton Jr. (R)
1895 Alfred Milnes (R) Fred A. Maynard (R)[lower-alpha 18][43] 32R 99R, 1D Julius C. Burrows (R) 12R
1896 Joseph R. McLaughlin (R) McKinley/
Hobart (R) Green tickY
1897 Hazen S. Pingree (R) Thomas B. Dunstan (R) George A. Steel (R)[46] 26R, 6D 81R, 19D 10R, 2D
1898
1899 Orrin W. Robinson (R) Justus Smith Stearns (R)[47] Horace M. Oren (R)[43] 27R, 5D 92R, 8D 12R
YearGovernorLieutenant
Governor		Secretary
of State		Attorney
General		TreasurerState SenateState HouseU.S. Senator
(Class I)		U.S. Senator
(Class II)		U.S. HouseElectoral votes
Executive officesState LegislatureUnited States Congress

1900–1964
YearExecutive officesState LegislatureUnited States CongressElectoral votes
GovernorLieutenant
Governor		Secretary
of State		Attorney
General		TreasurerAuditor
General		Highway
Commissioner		State SenateState HouseU.S. Senator
(Class I)		U.S. Senator
(Class II)		U.S. House
1900 Hazen S. Pingree (R) Orrin W. Robinson (R) Justus Smith Stearns (R) Horace M. Oren (R) George A. Steel[48] Roscoe D. Dix (R) no such office 27R, 5D 92R, 8D Julius C. Burrows (R) James McMillan (R) 12R McKinley/
Roosevelt (R) Green tickY
1901 Aaron T. Bliss (R) Fred M. Warner (R)[49] Daniel McCoy (R)[43] Perry F. Powers (R) 31R, 1D 90R, 10D 12R
1902
1903 Alexander Maitland (R) Charles A. Blair (R)[50] 100R Russell A. Alger (R) 11R, 1D
1904 Roosevelt/
Fairbanks (R) Green tickY
1905 Fred M. Warner (R) George A. Prescott (R)[51] John E. Bird (R)[52] Frank P. Glazier (R) James B. Bradley (R) Horatio Earle (R) 32R 95R, 5D 12R
1906
1907 Patrick H. Kelley (R) 95R, 5D William Alden Smith (R) 12R
1908 John Treadway Rich (R) Taft/
Sherman (R) Green tickY
1909 Frederick C. Martindale (R)[53] Albert Sleeper (R) Oramel B. Fuller (R) Townsend A. Ely (R) 98R, 2D 12R
1910 Franz C. Kuhn (R)[54]
1911 Chase Osborn (R) John Q. Ross (R) 28R, 4D 88R, 12D Charles E. Townsend (R) 10R, 2D
1912 Roger I. Wykes (R)[55] Roosevelt/
Johnson (Prog) Red XN
1913 Woodbridge N. Ferris (D) Grant Fellows (R)[56] John W. Harrer (R) Frank F. Rogers (R) 21R, 6Prog, 5D 54R, 35D, 11Prog 10R, 2D, 2Prog
1914
1915 Luren Dickinson (R) Coleman C. Vaughan (R)[57] 29R, 3D 95R, 5D 11R, 2D
1916 Hughes/
Fairbanks (R) Red XN
1917 Albert Sleeper (R) Alex J. Groesbeck (R) Samuel Odell 27R, 5D 88R, 12D 11R, 2D
1918
1919 32R 98R, 2D Truman Handy Newberry (R) 12R, 1D
1920 Frank E. Gorman (R)[58] Harding/
Coolidge (R) Green tickY
1921 Alex J. Groesbeck (R) Thomas Read (R) Charles J. DeLand (R)[59] Merlin Wiley (R)[60] 100R 13R
1922
1923 Andrew B. Dougherty (R)[61] 95R, 5D Woodbridge N. Ferris (D) James J. Couzens (R) 12R, 1D
1924 Coolidge/
Dawes (R) Green tickY
1925 George W. Welsh (R) Frank D. McKay[lower-alpha 19] 100R 13R
1926 Clare Retan (R)[63]
1927 Fred W. Green (R) Luren Dickinson (R) John S. Haggerty (R)[64] William W. Potter 98R, 2D 13R
1928 Wilber M. Brucker (R) Arthur Vandenberg (R) Hoover/
Curtis (R) Green tickY
1929 Grover C. Dillard (R) 13R
1930
1931 Wilber M. Brucker (R) Frank Fitzgerald (R)[65] Paul W. Voorhies (R)[66] Howard C. Lawrence (R) 31R, 1D 13R
1932 Roosevelt/
Garner (D) Green tickY
1933 William Comstock (D) Allen E. Stebbins (D) Patrick H. O'Brien (D)[67] Theodore I. Fry (D) John K. Stack Jr. (D) Murray Van Wagoner (D) 17D, 15R 55D, 45R 10D, 7R
1934 Clarke W. Brown (R)[68]
1935 Frank Fitzgerald (R) Thomas Read (R) Orville E. Atwood (R)[69] Harry S. Toy (R)[70] John J. O'Hara (R) 21R, 11D 51R, 49D 11R, 6D
1936 David H. Crowley (R)[71]
1937 Frank Murphy (D) Leo J. Nowicki (D) Leon D. Case (D)[72] Raymond Wesley Starr (D)[73] George T. Gundry (D) 17D, 15R 60D, 40R Prentiss M. Brown (D) 9R, 8D
1938
1939 Frank Fitzgerald (R)[lower-alpha 20] Luren Dickinson (R) Harry Kelly (R)[74] Thomas Read (R) Miller Dunckel (D) Vernon J. Brown (R) 23R, 9D 73R, 27D 12R, 5D
Luren Dickinson (R)[lower-alpha 7] Matilda Dodge Wilson (R)
1940 Willkie/
McNary (R) Red XN
1941 Murray Van Wagoner (D) Frank Murphy (D) Herbert J. Rushton (R)[75] Theodore I. Fry (D) G. Donald Kennedy (R) 22R, 10D 68R, 32D 11R, 6D
1942
1943 Harry Kelly (R) Eugene C. Keyes (R) Herman H. Dignan (R)[76] D. Hale Brake (R) Lloyd B. Reid (D) 25R, 7D 74R, 26D Homer S. Ferguson (R) 12R, 5D
1944 Charles M. Zeigler (R) Roosevelt/
Truman (D) Green tickY
1945 Vernon J. Brown (R) John R. Dethmers (R) John D. Morrison (R) 24R, 8D 66R, 34D 11R, 6D
1946 Foss O. Eldred (R)[77]
1947 Kim Sigler (R) Eugene C. Keyes (R) Frederick M. Alger Jr. (R)[78] Eugene F. Black (R)[79] Murl K. Aten (R) 28R, 4D 95R, 5D 14R, 3D
1948 Dewey/
Warren (R) Red XN
1949 G. Mennen Williams (D) John W. Connolly (D) Stephen John Roth (D)[80] 23R, 9D 61R, 39D 13R, 4D
1950 12R, 5D
1951 William C. Vandenberg (R) Frank Millard (R)[81] John B. Martin (R) 25R, 7D 66R, 34D Blair Moody (D) 12R, 5D
1952 Eisenhower/
Nixon (R) Green tickY
1953 Clarence A. Reid (R) Owen Cleary (R)[82] 24R, 8D Charles E. Potter (R) 13R, 5D
1954
1955 Philip Hart (D) James M. Hare (D)[83] Thomas M. Kavanagh (D)[84] Sanford Brown (D) Victor Targonski (D) 23R, 11D 59R, 51D Patrick V. McNamara (D) 11R, 7D
1956
1957 Frank S. Szymanski (D) John C. Mackie (D) 61R, 49D 12R, 6D
1958 Paul L. Adams (D)
1959 John Swainson (D) Otis M. Smith (D) 22R, 12D 55R, 55D[lower-alpha 21] Philip Hart (D) 11R, 7D
1960 Kennedy/
Johnson (D) Green tickY
1961 John Swainson (D) T. John Lesinski (D) Billie S. Farnum (D) 56R, 54D 11R, 7D
1962 Frank J. Kelley (D)
1963 George W. Romney (R)[lower-alpha 22] 23R, 11D 58R, 52D 11R, 8D
1964 Johnson/
Humphrey (D) Green tickY
YearGovernorLieutenant
Governor		Secretary
of State		Attorney GeneralTreasurerAuditor
General		Highway
Commissioner		State SenateState HouseU.S. Senator
(Class I)		U.S. Senator
(Class II)		U.S. HouseElectoral votes
Executive officesState LegislatureUnited States Congress!

In 1963, the Michigan Constitution was rewritten, modifying the statewide elected positions.

1965–present
YearExecutive officesState LegislatureUnited States CongressElectoral votes
GovernorLieutenant
Governor		Secretary
of State		Attorney
General		State SenateState HouseU.S. Senator
(Class I)		U.S. Senator
(Class II)		U.S. House
1965 George W. Romney (R)[lower-alpha 22] William Milliken (R) James M. Hare (D)[83] Frank J. Kelley (D) 23D, 15R 73D, 37R Philip Hart (D) Patrick V. McNamara (D) 12D, 7R Lyndon B. Johnson/
Hubert Humphrey (D) Green tickY
1966 Robert P. Griffin (R)
1967 20R, 18D[lower-alpha 23] 56R, 54D[lower-alpha 24] 12R, 7D
1968 Hubert Humphrey/
Edmund Muskie (D) Red XN
1969 William Milliken (R)[lower-alpha 25] vacant 57D, 53R
1970 Thomas F. Schweigert (R)
1971 James H. Brickley (R) Richard H. Austin (D) 19R, 19D[lower-alpha 26] 58D, 52R
1972 Richard Nixon/
Spiro Agnew (R) Green tickY
1973 60D, 50R
1974 11R, 8D[lower-alpha 27]
1975 James Damman (R) 24D, 14R 66D, 44R 12D, 7R
1976 Gerald Ford/
Bob Dole (R) Red XN
1977 68D, 42R Donald Riegle (D) 11D, 8R
1978
1979 James H. Brickley (R) 70D, 40R Carl Levin (D) 13D, 6R
1980 Ronald Reagan/
George H. W. Bush (R) Green tickY
1981 64D, 46R 12D, 7R
1982
1983 James Blanchard (D) Martha Griffiths (D) 20D, 18R 63D, 47R 12D, 6R
1984 20R, 18D[lower-alpha 28]
1985 57D, 53R 11D, 7R
1986
1987 64D, 46R
1988 George H. W. Bush/
Dan Quayle (R) Green tickY
1989 61D, 49R
1990
1991 John Engler (R) Connie Binsfeld (R)
1992 Bill Clinton/
Al Gore (D) Green tickY
1993 22R, 16D 55R, 55D[lower-alpha 29] 10D, 6R
1994
1995 Candice Miller (R) 56R, 54D Spencer Abraham (R) 9D, 7R
1996
1997 52R, 58D 10D, 6R
1998
1999 Dick Posthumus (R) Jennifer Granholm (D) 23R, 15D 58R, 52D
2000 Al Gore/
Joe Lieberman (D) Red XN
2001 59R, 51D Debbie Stabenow (D) 9D, 7R
2002
2003 Jennifer Granholm (D) John D. Cherry (D) Terri Lynn Land (R) Mike Cox (R) 22R, 16D 62R, 48D 9R, 6D
2004 John Kerry/
John Edwards (D) Red XN
2005 58R, 52D
2006
2007 21R, 17D 58D, 52R
2008 Barack Obama/
Joe Biden (D) Green tickY
2009 21R, 16D[lower-alpha 30] 67D, 43R 8D, 7R
2010 22R, 16D[lower-alpha 31]
2011 Rick Snyder (R) Brian Calley (R) Ruth Johnson (R) Bill Schuette (R) 26R, 12D 63R, 47D 9R, 6D
2012 64R, 46D[lower-alpha 32]
2013 59R, 50D, 1I 9R, 5D
2014
2015 27R, 11D 63R, 47D Gary Peters (D)
2016 Donald Trump/
Mike Pence (R) Green tickY
2017
2018
2019 Gretchen Whitmer (D) Garlin Gilchrist (D) Jocelyn Benson (D) Dana Nessel (D) 22R, 16D 58R, 52D[92] 7R, 7D
7D, 6R, 1I/L[lower-alpha 33]
2020 Joe Biden/
Kamala Harris (D) Green tickY
2021 7R, 7D
2022
57R, 53D[lower-alpha 34]
2023 20D, 18R 56D, 54R 7D, 6R
YearGovernorLieutenant
Governor		Secretary
of State		Attorney
General		State SenateState HouseU.S. Senator
(Class I)		U.S. Senator
(Class II)		U.S. HouseElectoral votes
Executive officesState LegislatureUnited States Congress
Key to party colors and abbreviations for elected officials
Democratic (D) National Union (NU) Progressive (Prog) Republican (R) Whig (W)
  1. Until 1851, elections were held in odd number years; since that time, they have been held in even number years, on the first Tuesday in November, coincident with other national and state elections. Winners are now sworn in on January 1. Governors were elected to two year terms from 1837 until 1966 when the term was set at four years. Effective with the 2003 retirement of John Engler, governors are subject to a lifetime term limit of two four year terms.
  2. State Treasurers are listed for the time period when it was an elective office, (1850–1963).
  3. Elected a Democratic as Speaker, Charles Whipple.[4]
  4. Michigan accepted into the Union in 1837.
  5. A Democrat until 1854, Manning became a Republican because of the Republican Party's anti slavery position.[5]
  6. Resigned to take an elected seat in the U.S. Senate.
  7. As lieutenant governor, acted as governor for unexpired term.
  8. First elected treasurer
  9. Effective with the Constitution of 1850, terms for Senator were increased to two years.
  10. Effective with the Constitution of 1850, terms for Representative were increased to two years.
  11. After a new state constitution was drafted in 1850, McClelland was elected to a single one-year term in 1851. He was then re-elected to a full two-year term in 1852 but resigned to become United States Secretary of the Interior.
  12. Democrat, then Republican after 1854 [13]
  13. Ran on the first Republican state ticket in 1854[14]
  14. Republican after 1854, Whig before that.[16]
  15. Removed from office.[42][43]
  16. Removed from office[44]
  17. Initially appointed to fill vacancy; later elected in his own right.
  18. Indicted on 48 charges of embezzlement.[45]
  19. Indicted for bribery in 1994 but the case ended when the star witness, Sen. Warren G. Hooper was murdered.[62]
  20. Died in office
  21. Due to a change in rules, Republicans organized the chamber on a 55-54 vote and elected a Speaker, Don R. Pears, of their party when a Democrat, Josephine Hunsinger, left for an emergency appendectomy.[85]
  22. Resigned to become United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
  23. Effective with the Constitution of 1964, senators started to be elected to four-year terms, all at the same election. This went into effect at the 1966 election.
  24. The 1966 Midterms yielded a 55-55 split, but the Republicans prevailed on a Democrat to skip on the vote for Speaker and be able to organize the chamber on a 55-54 vote due to a rule change, like was done in 1959. Robert E. Waldron became Speaker, and the Republicans ran the chamber. The Democrat, E.D. O'Brien, became a Republican for the purposes of composition for the rest of the session.[86]
  25. As lieutenant governor, acted as governor for unexpired term and was later elected in his own right.
  26. The Republicans organized the Senate with the tie-breaking vote of the Lt. Governor.[87]
  27. Donald Riegle switched parties from Republican to Democratic on February 27, 1973.
  28. Two Democratic Senators, David Serotkin and Phil Mastin, were recalled after a tax hike during the legislative session earlier in the year. The recalls flipped the chamber to the Republicans.[88]
  29. A power-sharing agreement was negotiated between the Democrats and Republicans to control the chamber.[89]
  30. Sen. Mark Schauer resigned his 19th District seat to take office as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
  31. Mike Nofs won the special election to take Schauer's seat, flipping the seat to the Republicans.[90]
  32. Rep. Roy Schmidt switched parties from Democratic to Republican on May 15, 2012.[91]
  33. U.S. Rep. Justin Amash switched parties from Republican to Independent on July 4, 2019, then became a Libertarian from April 2020 until the end of his term.[93][94]
  34. Carol Glanville won a special election in the 74th district on May 3, 2022, flipping the seat from Republican to Democratic.[95]

See also

References

  • Party organization and machinery in Michigan since 1890, By Arthur Chester Millspaugh (1917) The Johns Hopkins Press Baltimore
  • Livingstone's history of the Republican party, A history of the Republican party from its foundation to the close of the campaign of 1900
  1. "Former officials" (PDF). 14 January 2004. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  2. "Michigan County Histories Early history of Michigan with biographies of state officers". quod.lib.umich.edu. p. 718. Retrieved 2015-01-04. Democrat
  3. Richard I. Bonner, (1909), Memoirs of Lenawee County, Michigan, Vol. 1, Western Historical Association, p. 611.
  4. p. 685
  5. Biographies: Randolph Manning, Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society.
  6. Chapter 15: politics in mid-nineteenth-century Michigan., (1995) The Free Library, William B. Eerdmans Publishing.
  7. "American biographical history of eminent and self-made men ... Michigan volume", page 8, Collection: Michigan County Histories and Atlases, University of Michigan Digital Library.
  8. Stephen D. Bingham, Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators, pages 665–666, University of Michigan Digital Library
  9. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Peck". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  10. Bingham, Stephen D. "Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887". quod.lib.umich.edu. p. 547. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  11. Bingham, Stephen D. "Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887". quod.lib.umich.edu. p. 629. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  12. Bingham, Stephen D. "Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887". quod.lib.umich.edu. p. 304. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  13. Bingham, Stephen D. "Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887". quod.lib.umich.edu. p. 452. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  14. Bingham, Stephen D. "Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887". quod.lib.umich.edu. p. 349. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  15. "Michigan Manual 2009 -2010 Chapter III – THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH • III-191FORMER STATE LEGISLATURES, 1835-2008" (PDF). 5 November 2009. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  16. Bingham, Stephen D. "Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887". quod.lib.umich.edu. p. 373. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  17. Bingham, Stephen D. "Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887". quod.lib.umich.edu. p. 530. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  18. "The Election To-Morrow.; Names Of The Candidates Before The People. New-York. Massachusetts. Illinois. Michigan. Iowa. New-Jersey. Minnesota. Wisconsin. Delaware". The New York Times. 1860-11-05.
  19. Report of the Attorney General By Michigan. Attorney General's Dept
  20. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Sparky to Spelts". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  21. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Strickler to Strommen". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  22. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Colemer to Collini". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  23. Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1873. p. 538. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  24. Fuller, G.N.; Beeson, L.; Michigan Historical Commission; Michigan State Historical Society; Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society (1917). Michigan History. Michigan Historical Commission. p. 10. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  25. Fisher, E.B. (1918). Grand Rapids and Kent County, Michigan: Historical Account of Their Progress from First Settlement to the Present Time. Vol. 1. Robert O. Law Company. p. 341. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  26. "POLITICAL CONVENTIONS.; MICHIGAN. THE REPUBLICAN STATE CONVENTION AT LANSING THE STATE TICKET AND PLATFORM". The New York Times. 1874-08-27. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
  27. "MICHIGAN FOR ALGER.; THE STATE'S DELEGATES TO THE CHICAGO CONVENTION". The New York Times. 1888-05-09. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
  28. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Jenkins-husband to Jenning". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  29. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Princehouse to Procter". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  30. "American biographical history of eminent and self-made men ... Michigan volume. [Vol. 2]". quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  31. "Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887". quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  32. Livingstone, W. (1900). Livingstone's History of the Republican Party: A History of the Republican Party from Its Foundation to the Close of the Campaign of 1900, Including Incidents of Michigan Campaigns and Biographical Sketches ... W. Livingstone. p. 360. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  33. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Tagaloa to Talbird". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  34. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Osbourn to Ostrowsky". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  35. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Malony to Manly". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  36. Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887.Author: Bingham, S. D. (Stephen D.) – p 645
  37. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Hurliman to Hutchings". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  38. Cleveland, Giover (1890-12-07). "Delaware And Hudson Canal.; Close Of Navigation After A Most Prosperous Season". The New York Times.
  39. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Ellis". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  40. "Cleveland's Name Cheered.; Enthusiastic Convention Of The Michigan Democrats" (PDF). The New York Times. 1890-09-11.
  41. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Blackburne to Blackton". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  42. Political Graveyard
  43. Livingstone, W. (1900). Livingstone's history of the Republican party: A history of the Republican party from its foundation to the close of the campaign of 1900, including incidents of Michigan campaigns and biographical sketches ... W. Livingstone. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
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  45. Political graveyard
  46. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Stebe to Steel". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  47. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Stearns". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  48. "510 CHAPTER IV • THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH FORMER OFFICIALS OF MICHIGAN FRENCH-CANADIAN GOVERNORS, 1603-1760" (PDF). 14 January 2004. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  49. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Warner to Warra". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  50. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Blair". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  51. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Prescott". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  52. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Bird". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  53. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Martin-trigona to Martinelli". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  54. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Kuhn". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  55. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Wyble to Wywiorski". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  56. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Fellows". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  57. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Vaughan". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  58. Johnson, Ray (1922-09-27). "Harmony Key As G.O.P. Meets". Detroit Free Press.
  59. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Dehaan to Deland". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  60. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Wiley to Wiley-segovia". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  61. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Dougherty". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
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  63. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Resa to Reynoldo". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  64. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Haggerty". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  65. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Fitzgerald". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  66. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Voorheis to Vyzral". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  67. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Obrien, O to R". The Political Graveyard.
  68. "Demos May Ask For Recount of Wilson's Vote". The Herald-Press. November 16, 1934. p. 4. Retrieved October 24, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Atwood". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  70. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Townshend to Trachtenberg". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  71. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Crowl to Crowly". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  72. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Case". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
  73. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Starr". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  74. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Kelly, G to I". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
  75. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Rushe to Russel". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  76. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Dickison to Dikis". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
  77. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Elderdice to Eldrich". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
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  79. "Michigan Supreme Court History Society ::". Micourthistory.org. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  80. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Lawyer Politicians in Michigan, Q-R". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  81. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Miles-lagrange to Millentree". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  82. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Cleage to Clementine". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
  83. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Hardy-wrigley to Harju". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
  84. Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Index to Politicians: Kaufmann to Keastner". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
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