Post-Marxism

Post-Marxism is a political philosophy, critical social theory and school of thought which radically deconstructs Marxism, countering classical Marxist materialism, economism, historical determinism, anti-humanism, and class reductionism, whilst remaining committed to the construction of socialism.[1][2] Post-Marxism can be considered a synthesis of post-structuralist[3][4][5] frameworks and neo-Marxist,[6] analysis,[7] in response to the decline of the Left post-protests of 1968.[8] Most notably, post-Marxists are anti-essentialist,[9] rejecting the primacy of class struggle, and instead focus on building 'radical democracy.[10][11][12]

Not to be confused with Postmodern philosophy, Postsocialism, Post-communism, or Post-leftism.
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The term "post-Marxism" first appeared in Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's theoretical work Hegemony and Socialist Strategy,[13][14] although Félix Guattari is often considered (at least an inspiration for) a post-Marxist.[15] Post-Marxism is a wide category not well-defined, containing the work of Laclau and Mouffe[16][17] on the one hand, and some strands of autonomism,[18] post-structuralism,[19] cultural studies,[20] critical pedegogy and Deleuzian-inspired 'politics of difference'[21][22] on the other. Recent overviews of post-Marxism are provided by Ernesto Screpanti,[23] Göran Therborn,[24] and Gregory Meyerson.[25] A prominent post-Marxist journal is New Formations.[26]

History

Post-Marxism dates from the late 1960s and several trends and events of that period influenced its development.[27] The weakness of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc paradigm became evident and Marxism faced a crisis of credibility from the time of the Second International onwards. This happened concurrently with the occurrence internationally of the strikes and occupations of 1968, the rise of Maoist theory and its synthesis with Marxism–Leninism, and the proliferation of commercial television which covered in its broadcasts the Vietnam War.

Subsequently, Laclau and Mouffe address the proliferation of "new subject positions" by locating their analysis on a post-Marxist non-essentialist framework. Simultaneously, radicals in Italy, known as the Workerists, began to theorise against the conservative Italian Communist Party,[28] and radicals such as Félix Guattari redefined old Lacanian models of desire and subjectivity, which had often been tied to the communist project.[29][30]

In the UK, Stuart Hall[31] began to experiment with increasingly aggressive post-structuralist theorists in the wake of New Labour whilst working for Marixsm Today.[32]

Criticism

Post-Marxism has been criticised from both the left and the right. Nick Thoburn has criticised post-Marxism (and its relationship to Eurocommunism) as essentially a rightward shift to social democracy.[33] Ernest Mandel[34] and Sivanandan[35][36] also make this same point. Richard Wolff also claims that Laclau's formulation of post-Marxism is a step backwards.[37] Oliver Eagleton (son of Terry Eagleton) claims that 'radical democracy' has an inherent conservative nature.[38]

Post-Marxism has also been criticised for downplaying or ignoring the role of race, neocolonialism, and Eurocentrism.[39][40]

People

See also

References
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