Neoptera

Neoptera (Ancient Greek néos (“new”) + pterón (“wing”)) is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "Palaeoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.

Neopterans
Temporal range:
Honeybee (order Hymenoptera)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Branch: Metapterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera

Classification

The taxon Neoptera was proposed by А.М. Martynov in 1923 and 1924, in the following classification:[1][2]

Pterygota

The order Thysanoptera originally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera. Other classifications were proposed, subordinating Neoptera either directly to Pterygota (as in Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the cladogram, not fully resolved, according to Kluge 2004, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2019, 2020 using morphological characteristics according to the principles of what he calls cladoendesis.[3][4][5]

This does not agree with the molecular phylogeny of e.g. Song et al 2016 for the Polyneoptera, who include Zoraptera in that clade,[6] nor e.g. with Kjer et al 2016 for the Endopterygota, who offer a fully-resolved tree for that clade.[7]


Neoptera
(Polyneoptera, in part)
Idioprothoraca

Embioptera (webspinners)

Notoptera (ice crawlers)

Rhipineoptera

Plecoptera (stoneflies)

Tegminoptera
Pandictyoptera

Blattodea (cockroaches, termites)

Mantodea (mantises)

Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets)

Phasmatodea (stick insects, including Mantophasmatidae)

Dermaptera (earwigs)

Eumetabola
Parametabola

Zoraptera (angel insects)

Acercaria
Condylognatha

Thysanoptera (thrips)

Arthroidignatha (= "Hemiptera" auct.) (bugs)

Panpsocoptera

Psocoptera (bark lice)

Phthiraptera (lice)

Endopterygota
Elytrophora

Coleoptera (beetles)

Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites)

Coleopteroidea
Neuropteroidea

Neuroptera (net-winged insects)

Raphidioptera (snakeflies)

Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)

Mecopteriformia

Diptera (true flies)

Enteracantha

Mecoptera except Boreidae (scorpionflies)

Calyptroptera

Boreidae (snow scorpionflies)

Siphonaptera (fleas)

Amphiesmenoptera

Trichoptera (caddisflies)

Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)

Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)

References
  1. Martynov, A. V. (1923). "О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых" [On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects]. Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15-21 December 1922: 88–89.
  2. Martynov, A. V. (1924). "О двух типах крыльев насекомых и их эволюции" [There are two types of drug addicts and evolutionists]. Russian Zoological Journal. 4 (1, 2): 155–185.
  3. Kluge, Nikita J. (2004). "Larval/pupal leg transformation and a new diagnosis for the taxon Metabola Burmeister, 1832 = Oligoneoptera Martynov, 1923" (PDF). Russian Entomological Journal. 13 (4): 189–229.
  4. Kluge, Nikita J. (2010). "Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda" (PDF). Bionomina. 1: 15–55.
  5. Kluge, Nikita J. (2012). "General System of Neoptera with Description of a New Species of Embioptera" (PDF). Russian Entomological Journal. 21 (4): 371–384. Further material from Kluge is available at Tegminoptera & Calyptroptera 2013 Tetrastigmoptera 2019 Insect systematics and principles of cladoendesis.
  6. Song, Nan; Li, Hu; Song, Fan; Cai, Wanzhi (26 October 2016). "Molecular phylogeny of Polyneoptera (Insecta) inferred from expanded mitogenomic data". Scientific Reports. 6 (1). doi:10.1038/srep36175. ISSN 2045-2322.
  7. Kjer, Karl M.; Simon, Chris; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). "Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (121): 121. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363. PMC 5014063. PMID 27558853.
  • Media related to Neoptera at Wikimedia Commons
  • Data related to Neoptera at Wikispecies
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