List of active separatist movements in Europe
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.[4]
.jpg.webp)
Supporters of Catalan independence in Barcelona in October 2019
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members;
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy);
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy;
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state;
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession;
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region;
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control;
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession;
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations;
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities;
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.
Azerbaijan
 Current military situation in the region  Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic |
Territory of the former .svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
- People: Armenians in Azerbaijan
- De facto state:
Artsakh (recognised by 3 non-UN members)
- Proposed: recognition of Artsakh status based on self-determination principle[5]
- Political organisation: National Assembly
- Military organisation: Artsakh Defense Army
- De facto state:
Territory of the short-lived 
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
- People: Talysh people
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[6]
- Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
- Government in exile: Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic[7]
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[6]
- Ethnic group: Lezgins
- Proposed: Autonomy or outright independence for
Lezgistan - Political organisation:
Sadval movement,[8] Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy
- Proposed: Autonomy or outright independence for
Belgium
 Communities:
Flemish and French Community
|
- Autonomist movements
German-speaking Community[9][10]
- People: Germans
- Autonomous area: Eastern Belgium
- People: Flemish
- Autonomous area: Flanders[11]
- Movements: Flemish Movement
- Autonomous area: Flanders[11]
- People: Walloons
- Autonomous area: Wallonia
- Movements: Walloon Movement
- Autonomous area: Wallonia
- Secessionist movements
Flanders[13] or Flemish Community (the latter includes 
Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Flemish
- Proposed state: Flanders, unification with the
Netherlands
- Political parties: New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, Vlaams Belang and Flemish-Socialist Movement
- Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen, Taal Aktie Komitee and Voorpost
- Proposed state:
Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Walloons
- Proposed state: Wallonia, unification with
France[14]
- Political parties: Walloon Rally, Rassemblement Wallonie France
- Proposed state:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Secessionist movements
- People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed: unification with
Serbia
- Political organisation: National Assembly of Republika Srpska (Government of Republika Srpska)
- Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party[15]
- Proposed: unification with
- Autonomist movements
Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia[16]
- People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state: Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Political organisation: Croatian National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990, Croatian Christian Democratic Union
- Proposed state:
Croatia
The Istria County in Croatia.
- Autonomist movements
- People: Istrians (Croats, Istrian Italians, Istro-Romanians, and Istriot-speakers)
- Proposed: Autonomy for
Istria within Croatia
- Political party: Istrian Democratic Assembly (factions, not officially)[18][19]
- Proposed: Autonomy for
Cyprus
The northern areas of the island of Cyprus administered by Turkish Cypriots
The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus
- People: Turkish Cypriots
- De facto state:
Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)
- Proposed: re-unification with
Cyprus,[20] unification with 
Turkey[21] or recognition of Northern Cyprus[22] - Political organisation: Government of Northern Cyprus
- Militant organisation: Security Forces Command
- Proposed: re-unification with
- De facto state:
Denmark
.svg.png.webp)
- People: Faroese
- Proposed state:
Faroe Islands
- Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Movement: Faroese independence movement
- Proposed state:
Minor Movements
- Proposed state:
Bornholm - Proposed autonomous area: Bornholm
- Political party: Bornholm's Self-Government Party
Finland
Åland
- People: Åland Swedes
- Proposed state:
Åland
- Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
France
- Secessionist movements
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed state:
Alsace or unification with Germany
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Unser Land (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
Location of the Basque Country
- People: Basque
- Proposed state: unification with the
Basque Country and 
Navarre – Euskal Herria[26][27][28]
- Political parties: Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
- Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
- Militant organisations: Irrintzi
- Proposed state: unification with the
Location of Brittany
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and parts of 
Pays de la Loire
- People: Bretons
- Proposed state: Brittany
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[29]
- Political parties: Breton Democratic Union, Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann
- Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)
- Proposed state:
Location of Corsica
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed state:
Corsica or unification with Italy
- Political party: Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica
- Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica
- Proposed state:
Location of Occitania
- People: Occitans
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Occitania
- Political parties: Partit de la Nacion Occitana
- Political movement: Assemblada Occitana, Libertat
- Proposed state:
The Dutch-language Taalgebied (Sprachraum), including northern French Flanders
- People: Flemings
- Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and Audomarois and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the Netherlands (separatist) or
.svg.png.webp)
Belgium (autonomist)
- Political party: Flemish movement
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Location of Provence
- People: Provençals (Occitans)
- Proposed state:
Provence
- Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença
- Proposed state:
- People: Northern Catalans
- Proposed state:
Catalonia or unification with Catalan Countries (Spain)
- Political parties: Esquerra Republicana- Catalunya del Nord,[32] Oui au Pays Catalan (autonomist)[33]
- Advocacy organisations: Catalunya Nord per la independència,[34] Òmnium Catalunya Nord[35]
- Youth organisations: Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana (Catalunya Nord)[36]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Pieds-Noirs
- Political party: Etat Pied-Noir[37]
- Status: Active (Established in 2016)
- Autonomist movements
Location of Normandy
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed autonomous area: Alsace
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen, Unser Land (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Bretons
- Proposed autonomous area: Brittany
- Political party: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed autonomous area: Corsica
- Political party: Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: French, Occitans, Italians
- Proposed autonomous area:
County of Nice
- Political party: Partit Nissart (Parti niçois (fr))[38]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Normans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Normandy
- Political party: Mouvement Normand
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Savoyans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Savoy
- Political party: Movement Règion Savouè (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Occitans
- Proposed autonomous area: Occitania
- Political parties: Partit Occitan (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- proposed autonomous area:
Franche Comté
- political party: Mouvement Franche-Comté
Georgia
Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.
Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
- People: Abkhazians
- De facto state:
Abkhazia[40] (recognized by 6 UN members)
- Political organisation: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organisation: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state:
Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state:
South Ossetia[41] (recognized by 5 UN members)
- Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state:
- Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Javakhk (Javakheti) - Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance[42]
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Germany
- People: Bavarians, Franconians, Swabians
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
.svg.png.webp)
.svg.png.webp)
Free State of Bavaria
- Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member)[43]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
- People: Sorbs
- Proposed autonomous area or State:
Lusatia
- Political party: Lusatian Alliance[44]
- Proposed autonomous area or State:
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Saxony
- Political party: Free Saxony[45]
- Political party:
Italy
- People: Friulians
- Proposed state:
Friuli
- Political parties:
- Secessionist parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan,[46] Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front,[47]
- Autonomist parties: Pact for Autonomy
- Political parties:
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Republic of Lombardy
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda
- Political parties (secessionist): Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda[48]
- Proposed state:
Padania
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North
- Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly), Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Mezzogiorno[50]
- Political parties (secessionist and autonomist):[51] We the South, Great South
- Political parties (secessionist): Autonomy South, Force of the South and I the South
- People: Sicilians
- Proposed state:
Sicily
- Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians
- Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians[52]
- Groups: Sicilian National Front,[53] Sicilia Nazione,[54] Sicilian National Liberation Movement.[55]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed: independence of South Tyrol or unification with Tyrol in Austria
- Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen (independence), South Tyrolean Freedom (unification)
- Proposed: "Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Liguria and Piedmont into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model."[57]
- Political parties: piemonte stato,[57] partito indipendentista toscano[58]
- Ethnic group: Tuscans
- Proposed: greater autonomy for
Tuscany - Political party: Tuscan Autonomist Movement[59]
- Proposed: greater autonomy for
- Proposed state:
Republic of Venice
- Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, Veneto for Autonomy
- Political parties (secessionist): Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left
Kosovo
North Kosovo/Ibar Kolašin[60][61]
- People: Kosovo Serbs
- Proposed state:
Community of Serb Municipalities within 
Kosovo or re-unification with Serbia[62]
- Political organisations: Assembly of the Community of Municipalities (status unknown), Serb List
- Proposed state:
Lithuania
- ethnic group: Samogitians
- proposed autonomous region:
Samogitia
- political party: Samogitian Party
- proposed autonomous region:
Malta
- People: Gozitan
- Proposed autonomous area:
Gozo
- Political organisation: People's Party (Malta), Gozo Party (Defunct)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Moldova
.svg.png.webp){kind=spacer}
- Breakaway state
- People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
- De facto state:
.svg.png.webp)
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic it is also proposed for Transnistria to unite with 
Russia [66]
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria
- De facto state:
Netherlands
- People: Frisians, West Frisians
- Proposed autonomous area:
West Frisia, or unification with foreign states 
: 
Frisia
- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member)
- Status: Democratic movement seeking greater autonomy for Frisian-speaking people in Friesland[67]
- Proposed autonomous area:
Poland
Silesia on map of Poland, Germany and Czech Republic
Map of Danzig in 1939
- People: Silesians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Silesia
- Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement[68]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Kashubians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Kashubia[69]
- Political party: Kashubian Association
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Free City of Danzig
- Political organisation: Free City of Danzig Government in Exile[70]
Romania
Transylvania and 
Banat[71][72][73]
Location of Transylvania (left) and Banat (right)
- People: Romanians, Hungarians, Transylvanian Saxons
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat
- Political organisations: Transylvania–Banat League[74]
- Advocacy organisations: Liga Pro Europa,[74] Provincia,[74] Autonomy for Transylvania[75] Székely-Hungarian National Guard,[76][77][78] Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată),[71][79] League of Banat (Liga Bănățeană)[72][80]
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat
The historical Székely seats on the map of present-day Romania
- People: Székelys
- Proposed autonomous area: Székely Land
- Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993.[81] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy.[82] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Székely autonomy in Székely Land.[83] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium.[84]
- Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council[85]
- Proposed autonomous area: Székely Land
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
- Advocacy organisations: Hungarian National Council of Transylvania[86]
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
Russia
Map of the Greater Ural Republic as claimed by most modern movements
- People: Russians
- Proposed state:
Ural Republic - Geography: Sverdlovsk Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Kurgan Oblast, Perm Krai, Orenburg Oblast
- Advocacy groups: Ural Democratic Foundation, Free Ural
- Proposed state:
Volga Federal District
Bashkortostan[90]
- People: Bashkirs
- Proposed state:
.png.webp)
.svg.png.webp)
Bashkortostan - Militant organisation: Committee of Bashkir Resistance, Bashkir Company[91]
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort Public Organization, Bashkir Human Rights Movement, Council of Aksakals of Bashkortostan, Bashkir Social Movement
- Political party: The Heavenly Wolf
- Proposed state:
- People: Chuvash
- Proposed state:
Chuvashia or Volga Bulgaria[93]
- Advocacy Movements: Chuvash National Movement, Chuvash Republican Youth
- Organisation: Chuvash Ireklekh Society of National-Cultural Rebirth
- Proposed state:
Map of Idel-Ural
- People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Russians, Tatars, Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Idel-Ural Republic
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural.
- Proposed state:
- People: Komi and Komi-Permyaks
- Proposed federal subject:
Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug
- Proposed federal subject:
- People: Mari
- Proposed State:
.svg.png.webp)
Mari El
- Advocacy group:Mari Ushem, Kugeze mlande, Mari Mer Kagash, the Association of Finno-Ugric Peoples.[98] and Mari paganists[97]
- Proposed State:
- People: Erzyas
- People: Tatars
- Proposed state:
Tatarstan
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Advocacy groups: The Union of Tatar Youth, Tatar Patriotic Front Altyn Urda, Tatar Social Center
- Government in exile: Tatar Government in Exile
- Organisation: Ittifaq Party
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Proposed state:
- People: Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Udmurtia
- Advocacy groups:Udmurt Kenesh, Udmurt National Centre, Udmurt National Progress, Odmort, Congress of the Peoples of Udmurtia
- Organizations: Udmurt Republican National Party, Udmurt National Progress
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Area claimed by Pomor Republicans, some movements exclude Nenetsia or include Murmansk Oblast
Arkhangelsk Oblast[105][106][107]
- People: Pomors
- People: Russian, Germans
- Proposed state:
Baltic Republic/Königsberg[111]
- Advocacy groups: Kaliningrad Public Movement, Respublika Movement[112]
- Proposed state:
- People: Komi
- Proposed state:
Komi Republic
- Political organisations: Komi Republican Organization
- Advocacy groups: Komi Voityr, Finno-Ugric Peoples Consultative Committee
- Organisation: Komi People's Congress
- Proposed state:
- People: Russians
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Pskov Republic or Krivia
- Advocacy groups: Krivian Platform
- Proposed state:
Leningrad Oblast[116][117][118]
- People: Russians, Izhorians, Ingrians, Votes
- Proposed state and federal subject:
Ingria, 
Republic of Saint Petersburg[118]
- Advocacy groups: Free Ingria, Ingria Without Borders[119]
- Proposed state and federal subject:
.svg.png.webp)
Areas claimed by the North Russian Republic
North Russian Republic[121][122]
- People: Russians
- Proposed state and federal subject: North Russian Republic
- Advocacy group: North Russian Republic
- Proposed state and federal subject:
- People: Karelians, Vepsians, Russians, Finns, Pomors
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Karelia, or unification with 
Finland - Militant organisation: Karelian National Battalion
- Political organisation: Karelian Republican Movement, Karelian National Movement[123]
- Advocacy groups: Karelian National Movement
- Proposed state:
- People: Vepsians
- Proposed subdivision:
Veps National Volost
- Advocacy groups: Karelian Congress, Veps Culture Society
- Proposed subdivision:
- People: Astrakhan Tatars, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Nogais, Russians
- Proposed state:
Astrakhan Republic, 
Nogai Republic, Unification with 
Kalmykia
- Advocacy movements: Free Nogai El, Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress
- Proposed state:
- People: Kuban Cossacks
- Proposed state:
Kuban
- Advocacy movements: Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host,
- Political parties: Lapin
- Proposed state:
- People: Don Cossacks
- Proposed state or federal subject:
Don Republic, 
Cossackia or Region of the Don Host Oblast[131]
- Advocacy movements: Don Cossack Host
- Proposed state or federal subject:
Republic of Kalmykia[132][133][134]
- People: Kalmyks
- Proposed state: Kalmykia
- Advocacy group: Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress
- Proposed state:
- People: Crimean Tatars
- Proposed:
Crimean Tatar autonomy within unitary 
Ukraine[135]
- Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People
- Proposed:
- People: Tver Karelians
- Prposed federal subject:
.svg.png.webp)
Tver Karelia
- Advocacy groups: Karelian Revival, Tver Karelia
- Prposed federal subject:
- People: Russians
- Proposed state and federal subject:
Zalessian Rus’
- Advocacy group: Committee of National Democrats
- Organization: National Democratic Alliance
- Proposed state and federal subject:
- People: Abazins
- Proposed state:
Abazinia
- Advocacy groups: Abaza Adkilra, Abaza Yurdu, Abzanhara, Unity (Adgylara)
- Organisation: World Congress of Abkhaz-Abazin People
- Proposed state:
- People: Chechens
- Proposed state:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile)[144][145][146] (Proposed to be recognized by UN member: Ukraine)
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists, Ajnad al-Kavkaz[147]
- Political parties: Vainakh Democratic Party, Party of National Independence, All-National Congress of the Chechen People, Adat People's Movement[148]
- Political organisation: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (Recognised by Ukraine)[149]
- Proposed state:
Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
- People: Peoples of the Caucasus
- Proposed state: Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
- Militant organisation: Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus[150]
- Proposed state:
- People: Circassians, Cherkesogai
- Proposed state:
Circassia
- Movements: Circassian Congress; Circassian Youth Initiative; Adyge Djegi; Adyghe Khase; International Circassian Association (member of UNPO)
- Proposed state:
- People: Peoples of Dagestan
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
.svg.png.webp)
Dagestan
- Proposed state:
- People: Ingush
- Proposed state:
Ingushetia
- Proposed state:
- People: Lezgins
- Proposed state:
Lezgistan
- Movement: Lezgin Movement of Caucasian Albania
- Advocacy movement: Lezgin National Center
- Political party: Lezgin Patriotic Union, Sadval movement
- Organisation: Federal Lezgin National Cultural Autonomy (member of UNPO)
- Proposed state:
North Ossetia-Alania[155][156]
- People: Ossetians
- Proposed state: Ossetia or unification with South Ossetia
- Proposed state:
Serbia
Image Note: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia, proposed by the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina in 1999 – the map also includes an autonomous Sandžak, Kosovo and the metropolitan area of Belgrade as a distinctive administrative unit as well
- Autonomist movements
- Proposals for Hungarian Regional Autonomy[161] in the northern part of Vojvodina:
- People: Bosniaks of Serbia
- Proposed autonomous province:
Sandžak - Advocacy groups (autonomist): Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Islamic Community in Serbia[162]
- Proposed autonomous province:
Slovakia
Linguistic makeup of Slovakia, according to Census 2011
- Autonomist movements
Southern Slovakia:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[163] or unification with
Hungary
- Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community,[164] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy.[165]
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[163] or unification with
Spain
Regions in Spain with autonomist or separatist movements
.svg.png.webp)
.svg.png.webp)
.svg.png.webp)
.svg.png.webp)
.svg.png.webp)
.svg.png.webp)
.svg.png.webp)
- Secessionist movements
Basque Country (autonomous community)
- People: Basques
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[26]
- Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action)
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika] (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak
- Proposed state:
- People: Catalans
- Proposal state: Catalan Republic –
Catalan Countries (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
- Political parties (independentist): Republican Left of Catalonia (33/135), Together for Catalonia (32/135), Popular Unity Candidacy (9/135), supported by other small parties and civil organisations Corròp
- Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú–Podem (8/135)
- Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Catalunya Acció, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Negres Tempestes
- Trade unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Jovent Republicà, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Joventut Comunista de Catalunya
- Proposal state:
- People: Galicians
- Proposed state:
Galiza (possibly containing Galicia irredenta territories in Asturias and Castille and León), or unification with 
Portugal
- Political party: Galician Nationalist Bloc (Galician Nationalist Bloc) (souveranist) (EFA member), Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood (independentist, includes the Galician Popular Front), Compromiso por Galicia (centrist federalist), Terra Galega (Centrist autonomist), Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party)
- Unions: Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG) and Central Unitaria de Traballadores (CUT)
- Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, Xeira, BRIGA and Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza (students)
- Militant organisation: Resistência Galega
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
- People: Valencians – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
- Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend Pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain.[168][169]
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- Proposed: extended autonomy for
Cartagena within Murcia
- Political party: Movimiento Ciudadano de Cartagena
- People: Leonese
- Proposed autonomous area:
Leonese region
- Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL
- Youth movements: RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa[170]
- Proposed autonomous area:
Switzerland
The seven Jura districts in Switzerland
The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map
- Autonomist movements
Jura region
- People: Jurassien (French-speaking)
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the Canton of Jura
- Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement),[171] Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)[172]
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the
Ukraine
Autonomous Republic of Crimea and 
Sevastopol
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entity: Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol within the Russian Federation[174]
- Political organisation: State Council of Crimea, Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol
- De facto entity:
- People: Crimean Tatars
- Proposed: Crimean Tatar autonomy or independence[175] within unitary Ukraine[135]
- Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People
- Proposed:
Donetsk Oblast, 
Luhansk Oblast
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entity:
Donetsk People's Republic, 
Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)
- Political organisations: People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic, People's Council of the Luhansk People's Republic
- paramilitary organisation: Russian people's militias in Ukraine
- De facto entity:
Odesa People's Republic[176][177][178]
- Proposed: unification with Russia/
Novorossiya - Political organisations: Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, Derzhava, Opposition Bloc
- Military organisation: Russian Ground Forces
Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, .svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, 
Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast[179]
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto states: Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast
- Proposed: unification with Russia[180]
- Political organisations: Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, Derzhava, Opposition Bloc
- Military organisation: Russian Ground Forces
- Proposed: unification with
- De facto states:
Carpathian Ruthenia[181][182][183][184]
- People: Russians in Ukraine, Hungarians in Ukraine,
Rusyns[185]
- Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary Ukraine or unification with Hungary[186][187]
- Political organisations: "Subcarpathian republican party", "Volodymyr Saldo Bloc", "Derzhava", "World Congress of Rusyns[188]", "Opposition Bloc","Russkiy dom", "Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement" "Russkiy Mir Foundation", "Association of Zakarpattia democrats", and other pro-Russian organizations.[189][190][191][192][193][194] "Rusyn separatist movement" led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor (now Archbishop of Uzhorod, in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)) [195][196][197][198]
- Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary
United Kingdom
Countries of the United Kingdom
Map of current local administrative units in the United Kingdom
The Kingdom of the Isles about the year 1100
- Major movements
- People: English
- Proposed state:
England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[199] English Constitution Party[200][201]
- Proposed state:
- People: Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists)
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
Ireland
- Political parties: Sinn Féin,[202] Fianna Fáil, Éirígí, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Aontú,[203][204] People Before Profit, Communist Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Republican Network for Unity, Socialist Workers Network, Workers' Party of Ireland
- Militant organisations: RIRA, CIRA[205]
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
- People: Scots
- Proposed state:
Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), Scottish Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, Action for Independence, Alba, Restore Scotland, Red Party of Scotland,[206] Scotland's Independence Referendum Party,[207] Solidarity, Scotia Future, Independence for Scotland Party, Scottish Libertarian Party, Scottish Democratic Alliance, Siol nan Gaidheal
- Advocacy groups: Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Yes Scotland, Labour for Independence, Scottish Liberals for Independence
- Proposed state:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed state:
Wales
- Political parties: Gwlad, Plaid Cymru, Propel, Plaid Glyndŵr, Wales Green Party
- Advocacy groups: YesCymru
- Proposed state:
- Minor movements
- People: Cornish
- Proposed state:
Cornwall
- Political parties: Mebyon Kernow, Cornish Nationalist Party
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- People: Canvey Islanders
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- Political Parties: Canvey Island Independent Party[209][210][211]
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- People: English
- Proposed autonomous area: England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[212] UKIP[213]
- Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Scots
- Proposed autonomous area: Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)[214]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru, Independent Alliance for Reform
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Cynon Valley
- Political parties: The Cynon Valley Party
- Proposed autonomous area: Cynon Valley
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area:
Newport
- Political parties: Newport Independents Party
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area:
Gwynedd
- Political parties: Llais Gwynedd
- Proposed autonomous area:
Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly)
- People: Cornish
- Proposed autonomous area: Cornwall
- Political parties: Green Party of England and Wales,[215] Mebyon Kernow (EFA member), Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats[216][217]
- Advocacy groups: Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament, Wessex Constitutional Convention[218]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People from the Isle of Wight (Vectians)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Isle of Wight
- Political parties: Vectis National Party
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Shetland
- Proposed autonomous area:
Shetland
- Advocacy group: Wir Shetland
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Yorkshire
- People: People of North East England
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England
- Political parties: North East Party[225]
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England
- Ethnic group: People of Wessex
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- Political party: Wessex Regionalists
- Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention[226]
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- Autonomist movements of dependent territories
- People: Vaques
- Proposed State:
Alderney[227]
- Advocacy group: States of Alderney
See also
References
- "Separatism", Free Dictionary
- Merriam; Webster, "Separatism", Dictionary
- "Separatism", The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, Encyclopedia, 2008
- Harris, Jerry (2009). The Nation in the Global Era Conflict and Transformation. Brill. p. 320. ISBN 978-90-04-17690-4.
- "Yerevan Eyes OSCE Role In Final Nagorno-Karabakh Settlement". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 16 March 2021.
- "UNPO: Talysh". unpo.org. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- Regering in ballingschap ondersteunt strijd in Azerbeidzjan. // Vluchtelingen Dag krant. — Netherlands, 20.06.2019. — P. 4.
- Demirdjian, Z. S. Andrew (25 May 2021). "Lezgistan: Lurking threat to Azerbaijan". Keghart. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- De Vries, J.; Tielemans, A. (15 August 2008). "De triangelspeler van België: Duitstalig België" (in Dutch). De Groene Amsterdammer. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.
- "Duitstalige Gemeenschap wil extra bevoegdheden". De Morgen (in Dutch). 15 September 2009.
- "Bart De Wever wants more autonomy in Flanders".
- "Walloons are for greater autonomy, but against separation".
- "Nearly 40% of Flemish would vote for independence".
- "What if Wallonia became French in 2024?".
- Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia. Diane. 2004. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4289-1020-1.
- "The Need to Have Something 'Of Their Own': Croat Parallel Institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina".
- "Istarska autonomija i zagrebački 'histerični centralizam'".
- Boban Valečić, Iva (27 October 2017). "Autonomija Istre kakvu zaziva Jakovčić je neustavna". Večernji list (in Croatian).
- "IDS-ov zastupnik Emil Daus: AUTONOMIJA ISTRE RIJEŠILA BI VEĆINU PROBLEMA NAŠIH GRAĐANA!". Glas Istre (in Croatian). 23 September 2019.
- Top Turkish officials slam Turkish Cypriot leader for remarks
- "Türkiye halkına göre Kıbrıs sorunun çözümü: "KKTC'nin Türkiye'ye bağlanması"". Kıbrıs Postası. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- "Erdogan visits Northern Cyprus, calls for two-state solution for island". Reuters. 15 November 2020.
- "The Faroe Islands: Independence dreams, globalist separatism and the Europeanization of postcolonial home rule".
- "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe".
- Gråsten, Hanna (12 June 2018). "Ahvenanmaan itsenäisyyttä ajavan puolueen johtaja: Suomesta tulossa yhä enemmän yksikielinen: 'Pienillä askelilla ruotsi suljetaan pois'". Iltalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 19 October 2019.
- Zubiaga, M. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Nation-building and institutions, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-421-2.
- Mateos, T. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Citizenship and culture, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-422-9.
- Antiguedad, I. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Territory and socioeconomics, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-423-6.
- "Current Campaigns". Celtic League. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- Sabéran, Haydée (7 July 2008). "Le collège change de nom, le principal est menacé par les extrémistes flamands". Libération.
- "Société : Alors que la Catalogne s'embrase, la Flandre française s'interroge sur elle-même". 19 October 2019.
- "Catalunya del Nord". locals.esquerra.cat. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- "El nou partit 'Oui au Pays Catalan' opta pel regionalisme i la renúncia a la llengua catalana". VilaWeb (in Catalan). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- "Catalunya Nord per la independència". Assemblea Nacional Catalana (in Catalan). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- "Catalunya Nord". Òmnium Cultural (in Catalan). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- "Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana". joventrepublica.cat. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- "Pourquoi un État Pied Noir". Fédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied Noir (in French). Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- Parti niçois [Nice party] (in French)
- "60 % des Francs-Comtois souhaitent que la Franche-Comté se sépare de la Bourgogne (sondage Opinion Way)".
- "Abkhazia profile". BBC News. 13 January 2020.
- "South Ossetia profile". BBC News. 21 April 2016.
- Aghalaryan, Kristine. "Javakhk – Autonomy Is the Only Solution". Hetq Online. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- Satzung der Bayernpartei, 30. October 2011, from: bayernpartei.de, 28 August 2018
- ""We want to have a self-determined, democratically legitimated Sorbian Parliament"".
- "Freie Sachsen für ein freies Sachsen! (Free saxony Main page)".
- "Dopo il Veneto prova anche il Friuli Il "referendum" degli indipendentisti". Corriere della Sera. 27 July 2014.
- "I movimenti per l'autonomia e per l'indipendenza in FVG - Bora.La". 17 April 2013.
- "Cos'è pro Lombardia". pro Lombardia Indipendenza.
- "NORTH ITALIAN SECESSIONISTS RAISE THE FLAG OF PADANIA".
- "crwflags".
- "Great south to merge with Forza Italia. Freedom, justice and a better Italy". Archived from the original on 13 December 2013.
- "Siciliani Liberi" (in Italian). Siciliani Liberi. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
- "Fronte Nazionale Siciliano" (in Italian). Retrieved 25 February 2017 – via Facebook.
- "Sicilia Nazione" (in Italian). Sicilia Nazione. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
- "Vlaskamp van Loo Attorneys". msln.org. Archived from the original on 9 February 2005.
- "South Tyrol: from secessionist to European dreams".
- "Ieri a Torino indipendentisti italiani e francesi han manifestato per un moderno stato di Savoia – Corsica Oggi" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- "Nasce il Partito Indipendentista Toscano". www.quinewsvaldelsa.it (in Italian). Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- Testi, Gabrielle (15 December 2019). "Tuscany joins the train of differentiated autonomy". Swiss Federalism. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- "The Brussels Agreement and Serbia's National Interests: A Positive Balance Sheet?" (PDF). KONRAD -ADE NAUER -ST I FT UNG. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
- Ilić, Jovan (1995). The Serbian question in the Balkans. ISBN 9788682657019 – via Google Books.
- BBC, Could Balkan break-up continue?, 22.02.08
- "Żmudzki niedźwiedź się budzi (The Samogitian bear wakes up )".
- "Regionalism for Gozo?".
- "EXPLAINER: The Moldovan separatist republic of Transnistria".
- "Transnistria separatists set their eyes on possible Russian unification".
- "FNP program for the Provincial Elections 2007". Frisian National Party. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- "Silesian Autonomy Movement". Silesian Autonomy Movement. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
- "Kaszubski Ruch Narodowy | Kaszëbskô Jednota".
- "From Germany, a Group Seeks Recognition of Old Nation".
- "De ce "Liga Transilvania Democrată"" [Why "Transylvania Democratic League"] (in Romanian). Neuerweg. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- "Program" (in Romanian). Liga Banateana. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- "Calls to liberate Transylvania from Romania". Archived from the original on 13 October 2012.
- "Cooperating regionalist and autonomy movements in Europe" (PDF). Central European University. 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
- "Petiție pentru autonomia Transilvaniei, depusă la Prefectura Cluj" [Petition for the autonomy of Transylvania, Cluj filed Prefecture] (in Romanian). Romania libera. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
- "Romania Confronts Transylvanian Separatism". July 1999.
- "letter of protest from the command of the Székely-Hungarian National Guard". 17 May 2010.
- "Székely - Hungarian National Guard".
- "Liga Transilvania Democrată a mai anunțat că se va implica și din punct de vedere logistic pentru a obține numărul necesar de semnături" [Transylvania Democratic League announced that it will involve and logistically to get the required number of signatures] (in Romanian). Nova TV. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- "Bănățenii vor autonomie economică și administrativă: "Acest lucru nu înseamnă independența sau ruperea de România"" [Economic and administrative autonomy of Banat: "This does not mean independence or breaking of Romania"] (in Romanian). Adevărul. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- "Borbély az autonómiatervezet ről: ejnye, hogy megijedtünk!" [Barber's autonomy from the draft: ahem, that scared!] (in Romanian). kronika. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- "Jövő héten egyeztet az MPP és az RMDSZ az autonómia-tervezetről". transindex.ro. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- "Cultural autonomy and territorial federalism: two voting options for Hungarians in Transylvania". Nationalia. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- "Megalakult a Partiumi Autonómia Tanács" [The formation of the Partium Council Autonomy] (in Hungarian). Kitekinto. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- "Szekler National Council". Székely Land. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- "Nyílt pályázat a Partium jelképeinek megtervezésére" [Open tender for the design of the Partium symbols] (in Hungarian). Erdely. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- Andrey, Romanov (28 May 2019). "The Urals will become free, even if the West will save Moscow". Region Expert (in Russian). Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- "Ural Republic is the future". After Empire (in Russian). 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- Bugai, Janusz (9 January 2020). "Uprising of the Russian administrative divisions". Region Expert (in Russian). Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- Eltsov, Peter (3 August 2019). "The Best Way to Deal With Russia: Wait for It to Implode". Politico. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- "В составе ВСУ появилось башкирское воинское подразделение". RFE/RL (in Russian). Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- Ashurov, Alexander (19 January 2016). "Longing for sovereignty of Chuvashia inspired in Ukraine". EADaily (in Russian). Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- "Собираются ли чуваши "на выход" из тюрьмы народов".
- Goble, Paul (24 March 2018). "Free Idel-Ural Movement takes shape in Kyiv". Euromaidan Press. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- Podobed, Pavel (12 April 2019). "Tatarstan is silent, suffering, waiting for an opportunity". ZN UA (in Russian). Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- Subbotin, Ivan (6 May 2015). ""We are patriots, not separatists!" Residents of the Komi District hope that autonomy will be returned to them". RIA URA (in Russian). Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- "Марийское язычество потеснит православную культуру". www.ng.ru. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- "Когда развалится Россия: Почему Йошкар-Оле не нужна Москва – Последние новости мира. Главные мировые новости на портале "Depo.ua"". www.depo.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- "Эрзянь Мастор". Свободный Идель-Урал (in Russian). 2 May 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- "Эрзянский национальный съезд заговорил о независимости для эрзян". RFE/RL (in Russian). Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- "Политики и эксперты обсудят в польском Гданьске независимость Карелии, Ингрии, Кёнигсберга и других регионов России". RFE/RL (in Russian). Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- Alpout, Ramadan (5 June 2019). "Members of the Tatar 'government in exile' ask the Russian opposition to recognize the independence of the Idel-Ural republics" (in Russian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- Shtepa, Vadim (19 June 2019). "Independent Tatarstan will not be a colony or a metropolis". Region Expert (in Russian). Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- "POHC", В Удмуртия появилась организация региональных сепаратистов
- "Что ищут норвежцы на русском Севере?". svpressa.ru (in Russian). 30 May 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- publisher (21 December 2016). "Внимание: подрыв государственности России". Общероссийское общественное движение «Народный Собор» (in Russian). Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- "European court rules Russia violated Arkhangelsk activist's rights". The Independent Barents Observer. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- "Известный политик страны фьордов стал почетным членом Ассоциации поморов России и Норвегии". kp.ru (in Russian). 10 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- "Поморский сепаратизм засудят в зародыше". tvrain.tv. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- Nikonorov, Oleksandr (27 July 2017). "Когда развалится Россия: Воссоединятся ли братские Финляндия и Карелия". Depo.Ua (in Russian).
- "Kaliningrad Separatism Again on the Rise", Jamestown
- "БРП: история с продолжением". Регион.Эксперт (in Russian). Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- "The program of the Komi Republican Association 'Doryam Asnymys' ("Protect Yourself")". Region Expert (in Russian). 16 September 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- "Форум свободных народов России". freenationsrf.org (in Russian). Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- "Причуды псковского сепаратизма". ПАИ Новости Псковской области (in Russian). Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- "The site of the movement 'Free Ingria' is blocked". Meduza (in Russian). 24 July 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- Goble, Paul (30 May 2016). "By Attacking 'Free Ingria' Leader, Moscow Highlights Regionalist Challenge to Itself in Russia's Northwest". Window on Eurasia. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- "Республика Санкт-Петербург". Радио Свобода (in Russian). Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ""Я обязательно выучу названия этих 34 государств" В Европейском парламенте прошел "Форум свободных народов России". Его участники хотят разделить страну на несколько десятков государств. Репортаж "Медузы"". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- "Североморца осудили за мурманский сепаратизм". severpost.ru. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- "Паноптикум регионалистов и сепаратистов — 3. О сторонниках Майдана на Северо-Западе России". Красная весна (in Russian). Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ""Русский сепаратизм" : ориентация - север". www.newkaliningrad.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- https://uueduudised.ee/uudis/maailm/kusimus-karjala-sailitamise-kohta-vene-foderatsiooni-koosseisus-paevakorras-ei-seisa-intervjuu-karjala-iseseisvust-taotleva-organisatsiooni-juhiga/
- Клементьев, Е. И.; Кожанов, А. А.; Строгальщикова, З. И. (2007). Вепсы: Модель этнической мобилизации Сборник материалов и документов (in Russian) (2 ed.). Petrozavodsk: Российская академия наук. pp. 189–192. ISBN 978-5-9274-0306-6.
- "Жителю Астраханской области дали 1,5 года условно за публичные призывы к сепаратизму". Мемориал (in Russian). 15 February 2019.
- "Калмыцкое государство, Ногайская республика или "Поволжский Евросоюз"?". Idel.Реалии (in Russian). 17 November 2022.
- Goble, Paul (15 August 2014). "From Siberia to Kaliningrad: the fledgling independence movements gaining traction in Russia". The Guardian.
- "Kuban People's Republic proclaimed in Russia". Region Expert (in Russian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
- Kramer, Andrew E. (4 August 2015). "Cossacks Face Grim Reprisals From Onetime Allies in Eastern Ukraine". The New York Times.
- Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Cossack Separatism Again on the Rise". Refworld.
- "Журнальный зал | Знамя, 1996 N3 | Андрей Зубов - Будущее российского федерализма". web.archive.org. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- "Kalmyks Protest Donbas Separatist Who Was Appointed Mayor of Republican Capital". Jamestown. 21 October 2019.
- Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Russian Federation : Kalmyks". Refworld.
- Chraibi, Christine (24 May 2022). "League of Free Nations: Indigenous activists from Russia to fight for independence from Moscow". Euromaidan Press.
- "Crimean Tatar autonomy: Mejlis urges to introduce bills to Parliament". Ukrinform. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- Дронь, М. В. (2018). Карельское Государство на тверщине (in Russian). Tver: ЛитРес. ISBN 9785532120624.
- Дронь, Михаил (2021). Тверская Карелия. Заметки на полях (in Russian). Москва: Самиздат. ISBN 978-5-532-09752-0.
- ""Тверская Карелия должна занять свое место в России". Общественный деятель Михаил Дронь — о том, как защищает идентичность исчезающего этноса". semnasem.org (in Russian). Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- Шнирельман, Виктор (2015). Арийский миф в современном мире (in Russian). Новое Литературное Образование. pp. 296–297. ISBN 978-5-4448-0422-3.
- "Проект "Республика Залесская Русь"". shiropaev.livejournal.com. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- "Abhazyam".
- "Search results from Newspaper". Library of Congress.
- "Seldon News".
- Sengupta and Chatterjee. Geographies: Perspectives from Eurasia. 15 December 2014. (page number not shown on page, but is available by text search): "The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria has collapsed and since then only remains a government in exile"
- Julia Wong (6 June 2017). "Facebook blocks Chechnya activist page in latest case of wrongful censorship". The Guardian. quote = "The group is supportive of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, an unrecognized government consisting of exiled leaders from the wars for independence."
- Liz Fuller (6 June 2017). "Facts In Attack On National Guard In Chechnya Questioned". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. quote= "Akhmed Zakayev, the head of the independent Chechen Republic Ichkeria government in exile, similarly told Kavkaz.Realii that he was absolutely certain the Naurskaya attackers had no ties to IS or to any other terrorist group."
- https://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=25309
- https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5458349
- https://itd.rada.gov.ua/billInfo/Bills/Card/40676
- Matsarbidze, David (2012). "Роль Конфедерации Горских Народов Кавказа в конфликте вокруг Абхазии". Кавказ и Глобализация. 6 (2): 44–53.
- "Националисты раскачивают Дагестан: Хамзаев призвал пресечь сепаратизм". Eaurasia Daily (in Russian). 26 October 2022.
- Perevozkina, Marina (6 February 2016). "Как Дагестан стал "внутренним зарубежьем": благополучие элит на деньги Москвы". MKRU (in Russian).
- "Суд освободил от уголовной отвественности экс-редактора "Фортанги" по делу о призыву к сепаратизму". OVD Info (in Russian). 19 January 2021.
- Mutsol'gov, Magomed (6 June 2019). "Провокация сепаратизмом". Кавказский Уезд (in Russian).
- "Рост сепаратизма на Северном Кавказе". Коммерсантъ (in Russian). 9 September 1993.
- Irina, Lagunina (6 August 2008). "Почему все больше осетин не хотят быть россиянами". Радио Свобода (in Russian).
- "Trust and Authoritarianism on Tatarstan's Road to Autonomy" (PDF).
- "Balkar Activists Demand 'Self-Determination'". 6 March 2016. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
- "Some Turkic Balkars Want Their Own Republic in the North Caucasus". Jamestown. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
- Koehler, Jan; Gunya, Alexey; Shogenov, Murat; Tumov, Asker (2020). "Violence and the Dynamics of Political Settlements in Post-Soviet Kabardino-Balkaria". Perspectives on Terrorism. 14 (2): 93–111. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26910410.
- "Hungarian Minority in Serbia Seek Autonomy".
- "Zukorlić: Autonomija Sandžaka sve izvesnija". Večernje novosti.
- "Berényi: A tömbnek területi, a szórványnak kulturális autonómiát". bumm.sk. 20 July 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- "Head of party for ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia says autonomy necessary for minority's survival". politics.hu. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- "A felvidéki önrendelkezés kilátásairól az autonómia albizottság ülésén". mkp.sk. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- "Catalan independence: Five years on from referendum, is there any hope for separatists?".
- "Galicia: Spain's forgotten stateless nation".
- Independència Valenciana (Valencian)
- "Noticias - Valenciafreedom - La web que lucha contra la imposicion catalanista". valenciafreedom.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- Llionesa, Ruchar Mocedá (18 April 2016). "Ruchar Mocedá Llionesa: Presentación RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa". Ruchar Mocedá Llionesa. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- "Mouvement autonomiste jurassien" [Jura autonomist movement] (in French). Maj.ch. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- "Groupe Bélier – Mouvement de lutte pour l'Unité du Jura" [Aries Group – Movement struggling for Jura Unity] (in French). Groupebelier.ch. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- "Nasce in Ticino la Lega sud". tvsvizzera.it (in Italian).
- "Russian Federation Council ratifies treaty on Crimea's entry to Russia". ITAR TASS. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- "Gelil Eserghep, președintele UDTTMR, despre situația tătarilor din Crimeea: "Nu ne dorim ca Peninsula Crimeea să devină a doua Transnistria"". ZIUA de Constanța (in Romanian). 28 February 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
- Calcea, Nicu (19 November 2015). "Russia behind the "Budjak Republic" separatist project in Moldova and Ukraine". Moldova.org. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
- "The Republic of Budjak: Next in line?". New Eastern Europe - A bimonthly news magazine dedicated to Central and Eastern European affairs. 2 January 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
- Council, Atlantic (6 May 2015). "The Dog That Finally Barked? Separatism and Hybrid Warfare in Ukraine". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
- Pro-Russian Protesters Declare 'People's Republic' In Kharkiv, retrieved 16 July 2022
- "Russian senator hints at possible annexation of Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions".
- "Ukraine Accuses Hungarian Advocacy Org of Separatism". Hungary Today. 19 July 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- "Ukrainian Statehood at Risk: The Kremlin's Secessionist Plans | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- "ranews.com/eng/article/". Archived from the original on 29 October 2008.
- "Foreign interference in the Zakarpattia region of Ukraine: The 2019 elections and beyond". New Eastern Europe - A bimonthly news magazine dedicated to Central and Eastern European affairs. 6 May 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- "Rusyn National Symbology" (PDF).
- Higgins, Andrew (5 October 2018). "At War With Russia in East, Ukraine Has Worries in the West, Too". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- "Zakarpattia – together, but separated". OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- "Русины Закарпатья требуют признания своей национальности и автономии края через диалог - ТАСС". TACC. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
- "Гибридная война: этнический фактор русинов Закарпатья. Аналитика ИС » Інтернет-видання Світловодськ". 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- "Дмитрий Сидор отказался давать показания СБУ и "наехал"на журналистов | УЖГОРОД - ОКНО В ЕВРОПУ - UA-REPORTER.COM". 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- "ПОЛІТИЧНЕ РУСИНСТВО І ЙОГО СПОНСОРИ НАДЗВИЧАЙНО ЦІКАВІ НЕ ТІЛЬКИ ДЛЯ ЗАКАРПАТТЯ | УЖГОРОД - ОКНО В ЕВРОПУ - UA-REPORTER.COM". 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- "Україна в лещатах російських спецслужб". 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- "The Rusyn Question in Ukraine: Sorting out Fact from Fiction" (PDF). 27 March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- "Political and Ethno-Cultural Aspects of the Rusyns' Problem" (PDF). 10 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- "Hybrid war: the ethnic factor of the Rusyns of Transcarpathia".
- "'Nobody here is asking to leave Ukraine': Minorities see Russian meddling". america.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- "A new deepened conflict in the heart of Europe? – TudományON" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- Mirovalev, Mansur (3 August 2020). "More Separatist Rumblings Cloud Ukraine's Future". WhoWhatWhy. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- English Democrats seek independence for England, BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- "English independence group campaign for English parliament in York".
- "Watch: English nationalists march through the city demanding a parliament in York". 27 August 2022.
- Fenton, Siobhan (24 June 2016). "Northern Ireland's Deputy First Minister calls for poll on united Ireland after Brexit". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
- "SDLP councillor quits to join Aontú". News Letter. 27 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- Kelly, Ben (11 February 2019). "The Irish parties reaching across the border towards a new era for nationalism". The Independent. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- Connla Young (26 January 2018). "Republican groups have no plans for ÓNH-style ceasefire". The Irish News. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- "@redpartyscot" on Twitter
- "About | Scottish Independence Referendum Party".
- "Why Cornish independence could be no joke".
- "Residents of Canvey Island in Essex plot 'Catalan-style' revolt from mainland". 17 October 2017.
- "First Catalonia, next Canvey Island".
- "Canvey Island wants independence from mainland Britain". The Independent. 16 October 2017.
- Northern Independence Party: the new campaign for an independent North of England explained, BBC News. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- "Section 5: Solutions – Economic, Legal and Political Measures", Restoring Britishness: UKIP Policy, UK Independence Party, archived from the original on 28 September 2011, retrieved 6 April 2010
- "Scottish government renews call for extra powers on tax and welfare". The Guardian. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
- "Green Party will support calls for a Cornish Assembly". The Cornish Guardian. 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- Graeme Demianyk (10 March 2014). "Liberal Democrats vote for Cornish Assembly". The Western Morning News. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- "Spring Conference 2014". Liberal Democrats. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- Robins, David; Xylas, Nick (15 March 2003). The Case for Wessex (PDF). Wessex Constitutional Convention. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-9544667-0-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- Mark Stead (24 March 2012). "We want devolution, says York council leader". The York Press. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- "The official website of the "Yorkshire Independence – Campaign for devolution"". 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.
- The Yorkshire devolution movement, Facebook Account
- "David Blunkett MP suggests 'Yorkshire Parliament'". News. BBC. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
- The Yorkshire devolution movement, Word press
- Yorkshire devolution
- Smith, Dominic (10 June 2014). "Ex Labour MP forms The North East Party". The Guardian.
- "The Case for Wessex" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2006.
- "Alderney warned on independence from Guernsey". BBC News. 22 November 2010.
External links
- "Manifest" (PDF), Politiskaprogram [Political program], AX: Ålands framtid, 2011.
- From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won't work
- Disintegration of Britain and Spain both possible
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.