Soil and grain
Soil and grain was a common political term in the Sinosphere for the state. Shejitan, the altars of soil and grain, were constructed alongside ancestral altars. Chinese monarchs of the Ming and Qing dynasties performed ceremonies of soil and grain to affirm their sovereignty at the Beijing Shejitan, while Korean monarchs of the Joseon dynasty did so at the Seoul Sajikdan.[1] It has also been rendered "gods of soil and grain" in English, owing to its associations of prayer and supernatural possibilities.[2] In Vietnam, corresponding soil and grain altars (đàn Xã Tắc) were established at historical capital of Hoa Lư, Thăng Long (Hanoi) and Huế.
| Chinese name | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 社稷 | ||||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||||
| Vietnamese | xã tắc | ||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||
| Hangul | 사직 | ||||||||
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| Japanese name | |||||||||
| Kanji | 社稷 | ||||||||
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During the Chinese Warring States period, ministers defied their rulers by claiming a greater loyalty to the "soil and grain".[3]
A similar concept to sheji is that of the earth deities Tudi and Houtu.[4] It is also linked to Sheshen or deities which are sometimes directly called soil (社)
Houtu is the overlord of all the Tudigongs ("Lord of Local Land"), Sheji ("the State"), Shan Shen ("God of Mountains"), City Gods ("God of Local City"), and landlord gods world wide.
See also
References
Citations
- A comparative study of thirty city states
- Hymes: Way and Byway (Google Books)
- Envisioning eternal empire: Chinese political thought of the Warring States era
- Yang, C. K. Religion in Chinese Society : A Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors (1967 [1961]). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. page 97