List of monarchs of Sindh

This is a list of known rulers of Sindh, in present-day Sindh, Pakistan. This list starts from the establishment of the Rai dynasty around 489 AD until the conquest of the Sindh from Talpur dynasty by East India Company in 1843 AD.

Sultan (Arabic: سلطان Sulṭān) is a title used by Muslim Sindhi dynasties in Sindh, modern day Pakistan.

Rai dynasty (480 – 632 AD)

Known rulers of the Rai dynasty are:

Coinage of Sind of the mid-6th century CE, on the model of the Sasanian coinage of Sindh. Obverse: Crowned bust right; sun-wheel symbol to right. Reverse: Fire altar; Ranadityasatya in Brahmi around. [1][2]
Rule (CE)Raja
480 AD – Unknown  Ranaditya Satya
UnknownRai Diwaji
UnknownRai Sahiras II
Unknown – 632 ADRai Sahasi II

Brahmin dynasty (632 – 712 AD)

The known rulers of the Brahmin dynasty are:[3]

  • Chach (r. c. 632 – c. 671– )
  • Chandar (r. c. 671 – c. 679– )
  • Dāhir (r. c. 679 – c. 712–  from Alor)
Sindh in 700 CE, under Raja Dahir.

Under the Umayyad Caliphate:

  • Dahirsiya (r. c. 679 – c. 709–  from Brahmanabad)
  • Hullishāh (r. c. 712 – c. 724– )
  • Shishah (r. 724– )

Vilayet As-Sindh (caliphate)

In 712, Sind was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate. The emirs appointed by the caliphate are as below;

Name Years Nature of
termination		 Notes
Muhammad ibn Qasim al-Thaqafi 711–715 Dismissed Conquered Sind. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi[4]
Habib ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdi 715–717 Dismissed(?) Appointed either by the caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik or by Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman[5]
Abd al-Malik ibn Misma from 717 Dismissed Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the governor of Basra, Adi ibn Artah al-Fazari[6]
Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili to 720 Overthrown Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Adi ibn Artah[7]
Ubaydallah ibn Ali al-Sulami from 721 Dismissed Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari[8]
Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri to 726 Dismissed Appointed by Umar ibn Hubayra[9]
Tamim ibn Zaid al-Utbi from 726 Died(?) Appointed by the governor of Iraq, Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri[10]
Al-Hakam ibn Awana to 740 Killed Appointed by Khalid ibn Abdallah[11]
Amr ibn Muhammad al-Thaqafi 740–744 Dismissed Son of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi[12]
Yazid ibn Irar al-Kalbi(?) 740s Overthrown Name and details of governorship given variously in the sources. See especially this note[13]
Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi 747–751 Revolted Initially took Sind as an anti-Umayyad rebel, then confirmed as governor by the Abbasids[14]
Mughallis al-Abdi 751(?) Killed Appointed either by the caliph al-Saffah or by the governor of Khurasan, Abu Muslim[15]
Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi 752–754 Resigned Appointed either by al-Saffah or by Abu Muslim[16]
'Uyaynah ibn Musa al-Tamimi 754–760 Revolted Son of Musa ibn Ka'b, who appointed him[17]
Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard 760–768 Dismissed Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by the caliph al-Mansur[18]
Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi 768–774 Dismissed Appointed by al-Mansur[19]
Bistam ibn Amr al-Taghlibi 774(?) Dismissed Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Brother of Hisham ibn Amr, who appointed him[20]
Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil al-Tamimi 774-775/6 Died Variant name given by Ibn Khayyat. Appointed by al-Mansur[21]
Muhammad ibn Ma'bad al-Tamimi 775(?) Dismissed Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil, who he succeeded as governor[22]
Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 776–778 Dismissed Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by the caliph al-Mahdi[23]
Nasr ibn Muhammad al-Khuza'i 778–781 Died Appointed by al-Mahdi[24]
Al-Zubayr ibn al-'Abbas 781(?) Dismissed Not listed by Ibn Khayyat. Never went to Sind. Appointed by al-Mahdi[25]
Sufyah ibn Amr al-Taghlibi(?) 781–782 Dismissed Name given variously in the sources. Brother of Hisham ibn Amr. Appointed by al-Mahdi[26]
Layth ibn Tarif 782–785 Dismissed Appointed by al-Mahdi[27]
Muhammad ibn Layth 785–786 Dismissed Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Layth ibn Tarif. Appointed during the caliphate of al-Hadi[28]
Layth ibn Tarif from 786 Dismissed Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Re-appointed, this time by the caliph al-Rashid[29]
Salim al-Yunusi/Burnusi 780s Died Salim's nisbah is given variously in the sources. Appointed by al-Rashid[30]
Ibrahim ibn Salim al-Yunusi/Burnusi 780s Dismissed Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Salim, who he succeeded as governor[31]
Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi from 790 Dismissed First cousin twice removed of al-Rashid, who appointed him[32]
Muhammad ibn Tayfur al-Himyari(?) 790s Dismissed Name given variously in the sources. Appointed by al-Rashid[33]
Kathir ibn Salm al-Bahili 790s Dismissed Grandson of Qutayba ibn Muslim. Deputy governor for his brother Sa'id ibn Salm[34]
Muhammad ibn Adi al-Taghlibi 790s Resigned Nephew of Hisham ibn Amr. Appointed by the governor of Basra, 'Isa ibn Ja'far al-Hashimi[35]
Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman 790s Resigned Appointed either by al-Rashid or by Muhammad ibn Adi[36]
Abdallah ibn Ala al-Dabbi 790s Unspecified Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman[31]
Ayyub ibn Ja'far al-Hashimi to 800 Died Second cousin once removed of al-Rashid, who appointed him[36]
Dawud ibn Yazid al-Muhallabi 800–820 Died Last governor listed by Ibn Khayyat. Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by al-Rashid[37]
Bishr ibn Dawud al-Muhallabi 820–826 Revolted Son of Dawud ibn Yazid, who he succeeded as governor. Confirmed in office by the caliph al-Ma'mun[38]
Hajib ibn Salih 826 Expelled Appointed by al-Ma'mun[39]
Ghassan ibn Abbad 828–831 Resigned Appointed by al-Ma'mun[40]
Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki 831–836 Died Member of the Barmakid family. Appointed by Ghassan ibn Abbad[41]
Imran ibn Musa al-Barmaki from 836 Killed Son of Musa ibn Yahya, who he succeeded as governor[42]
Anbasah ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi 840s Dismissed Deputy governor for Itakh al-Turki[43]
Harun ibn Abi Khalid al-Marwrudhi to 854 Killed Appointed by the caliph al-Mutawakkil[44]
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari 854–861
(as autonomous Governor 861–884)		 He became autonomous during decline of Abbasids and established Habbari dynasty after al-Mutawakkil assassination on 861. Died in 884 Appointed by the caliph al-Mutawakkil

Habbari dynasty (855 – 1010 AD)

The Habbari rulers stylised themselves as Emirs. Note: the dates below are only approximate.[45]

  • Umar ibn'Abd al-Aziz al'Habbari (855–884)
  • Abdullah ibn Umar (884–913)
  • Umar ibn-Abdullah (913–943)
  • Muhammad ibn Abdullah (943–973)
  • Ali ibn Umar (973–987)
  • Isa ibn Ali
  • Manbi ibn Ali ibn Umar (987–1010)

Soomra dynasty (1011 – 1336 AD)

The list of Soomra rulers is as follows;

1011 – 1026: Khafif I bin Rao Soomar Parmar Soomra

1026 – 1053: Soomar bin Rao Soomar Parmar

1053 – 1068: Bhungar I bin Khafif I Soomro

1068 – 1092: Dodo I bin Bhungar Soomro

1092 – 1098: Zenav Tari Sultana bint Dodo I Soomro (d/o Sardar Dodo I)

1098 – 1107: Sanghar bin Dodo I Soomro

1107 – 1107 : Hamun Sultana (w/o Sardar Sanghar)

1107 – 1142: Khafif II bin Soomar bin Dodo I Soomro

1142 – 1181: Umar I bin Soomar bin Dodo I Soomro

1181 – 1195: Dodo II Bin Khafif II Soomro

1195 – 1222: Bhungar II bin Chanesar bin Hamir bin Dodo I Soomro

1222 – 1228: Chanesar I bin Bhungar II Soomro (first reign)

1228 – 1236: Ganhwar I bin Bhungar II Soomro (first reign)

1236 – 1237: Chanesar I bin Bhungar II Soomro (second reign)

1237 – 1241: Ganhwar I bin Bhungar II Soomro (second reign)

1241 – 1256: Muhammad Tur bin Ganhwar I Soomro

1256 – 1259: Ganhwar II bin Muhammad Tur Soomro

1259 – 1273: Dodo III bin Ganhwar II Soomro

1273 – 1283: Tai bin Dodo III Soomro

1283 – 1300: Chanesar II bin Dodo III Soomro

1300 – 1315: Bhungar III bin Chanesar II Soomro

1315 – 1333: Khafif III bin Chanesar II Soomro[46]

Samma dynasty (1336–1527)

The Samma dynasty which was a Muslim dynasty of Sindh who succeeded Soomras took the title Jam, the equivalent of Sultan. The main sources of information on the Samma dynasty are Nizammud-din, Abu-'l-Fazl, Firishta and Mir Ma'sum, all lacking in detail, and with conflicting information. A plausible reconstruction of the chronology[47] is given in the History of Delhi Sultanate by M.H. Syed:[48]

Jam Nizamuddin II's tomb features a jharoka that displays Gujarati influences.[49]
Rule (CE)JamakaDescent
1335–1339  JunanJunoFounder of dynasty
1339–1352UnarBrother of 'Junan
1352–1367BanhbinaBabinho Sadr al-DinSon of Junan
1367–1379TamachiTamachi Rukn al-Din
1379–1389Salah-ud-dinSaláhuddínSon of Tamachi (usurper)
1389–1391Nizam-ud-dinNizámuddínSon of Salah-ud-din
1391–1398Ali SherSon of Tamachi
1398KarnKaran
1398–1414Fath KhanFateh Khán bin SikandarNephew of Karn
1414–1442TughluqTaghlak bin SikandarBrother of Fath Khan
1442Mubarak(usurper)
1442–1444SikandarSon of Tughluq
1444–1453Raidhan
1453–1461SanjarSanjar (Radhan) Sadr al-Din
1461–1508Nizamuddin IINizámuddín
1508–1527FiruzSon of Nizamuddin II


Jam Titular name Reign Descent
From Until
Juno Jam Junan Ibn Bambhina 1336 1340 Founder of Dynasty
Unar Jam Feroz Shah Unar 1340 1352 Brother of Junan
Banhabina Jam Babinoh Sadr al-Din 1352 1367 Son of 'Junan
Tamachi Jam Khair al-Din Tamachi 1367 1379 Son of 'Unar
Salahuddin Jam Salah-ad-Din 1379 1389 Son of Jam Tamachi
Nizamuddin Jam Nizam al-Din I 1389 1391 Son of Jam Salahuddin
Ali Sher Jam Ali Sher 1391 1398 Son of Jam Tamachi
Karn Karan 1398 1398
Fath Khan Jam Fateh Khan bin Sikandar 1398 1415 Nephew of Karan
Tughlaq Jam Tughlaq bin Sikandar 1415 1442 Brother of Fath Khan
Mubarak 1442 1442 (usurper)
Sikandar 1442 1444 Son of Jam Tughlaq
Raidhan 1444 1453
Sanjar Jam Sanjar Sadr al-Din 1453 1461
Nizamuddin II Jam Nizam al-Din II 1461 1508
Ferozuddin Jam Nasir al-Din Firuz Shah 1508 1527 Son of Jam Nizamuddin II

Arghun dynasty (1520 – 1554 AD)
Rule (CE)ShahDescent
1520–1524  Shah Beg ArghunFounder of dynasty
1524–1554Shah HusaynSon

Tarkhan dynasty (1554 – 1591 AD)
Coinage of the Tarkhan dynasty, from the time of Mirza Muhammad Baqi (1567–1585). Thatta mint. Dated AH 985 (1577–8).
Title Personal Name Reign
After civil war in Sindh between the King Shah Husayn Arghun and his nobles under Mirza Muhammad 'Isa Tarkhan the Tarkhan dynasty was victorious and began to rule over Sindh.
Mirza
میرزا		 Muhammad 'Isa Tarkhan
محمد عیسیٰ ترخان 		1554–1567 AD
Mirza
میرزا		 Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan
محمد بقی ترخان 		1567–1585 AD
Mirza
میرزا		 Jani Beg Tarkhan
جانی بیگ ترخان 		1585–1599 AD
Mirza
میرزا		 Ghazi Beg Tarkhan
غازی بیگ ترخان 		1599–1612 AD
Mirza
میرزا		 Abul-Qasim Sultan Tarkhan
ابوالقاسم سلطان ترخان 		1612–? AD
Sindh was conquered by the Mughal Empire in 1591 AD. by the general Abdul-Rahim Khan better known as Khan-e-Khanan (Khan of Khans). The green rows signify Mughal Rule.

Thatta Subah (Mughal Empire)

Kalhora dynasty (1701 – 1783 AD)

  1. Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro 1657–1692
  2. Mian Deen Muhammad Kalhoro 1692–1699
  3. Mian Yar Muhammad 1701–1719
  4. Mian Noor Muhammad 1719–1755
  5. Muhammad Muradyab Khan 1755–1757
  6. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro 1757–1772
  7. Mian Sarfraz Kalhoro (Khudayar Khan) 1772–1775
  8. Mian Haji Abdul Nabi Kalhoro 1775–1783

Talpur dynasty (1783 – 1843 AD)
  • Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur 1783–1801
  • Mir ghulam Ali khan (1801–1811)
  • Mir karam ali (1811–1828)
  • Mir murad ali (1828–1833)
  • Mir noor Muhammad (1833–1841)
  • Mir Muhammad Naseer khan (1841–1843)

See also

References
  1. Senior, R.C. (1991). "The Coinage of Sind from 250 AD up to the Arab Conquest" (PDF). Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter. 129: 3–4.
  2. Senior, R.C. (1996). "Some new coins from Sind" (PDF). Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter. 149: 6.
  3. Wink, André (1991). Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2. BRILL. pp. 152–153. ISBN 9004095098.
  4. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 345–7, 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 304–7, 310, 318; al-Baladhuri, pp. 216–25; al-Tabari, v. 23: p. 149; Crone, p. 135
  5. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; al-Baladhuri, p. 225; Crone, p. 141. Habib either was dismissed or resigned, since he remained alive until 102/720; al-Tabari, v. 24: pp. 134–7
  6. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 322
  7. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 322, 333; al-Baladhuri, p. 225
  8. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 333; Crone, p. 146
  9. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 379–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 333, 359; al-Baladhuri, pp. 226–7; Crone, pp. 98; 147
  10. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 380; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 359; al-Baladhuri, p. 227-8; Crone, p. 148. Al-Ya'qubi and al-Baladhuri both give his nisbah as al-'Utbi. According to Khalifah ibn Khayyat, he was dismissed from office
  11. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 380, 388–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359; al-Baladhuri; pp. 228–9; Crone, p. 147
  12. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 389–90, 399–400; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359, 366; al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200
  13. In al-Ya'qubi, pp. 399–400, 407, this individual is named as Yazid ibn Irar (although the editor, p. 389, notes variant readings, including Izzan) and is said to have replaced 'Amr ibn Muhammad as governor in the reign of al-Walid ibn Yazid; he remained as governor until Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi arrived in Sind and killed him. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 357, calls him Muhammad ibn Irar al-Kalbi and claims he became governor on an interim basis, after the death of al-Hakam ibn Awana; subsequently he was dismissed in 122/740 by the governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, and replaced with Amr. All this is said to have taken place during the reign of Hisham. Al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200, calls him "Muhammad ibn Ghazzan – or Izzan – al-Kalbi" and states that he was appointed to succeed Amr in 126/744 by the governor of Iraq, Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi, in the reign of Yazid ibn al-Walid; he does not specify Muhammad's fate.
  14. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 407, 429; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 195, 198, 203; Crone, p. 158
  15. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 407; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230
  16. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 429, 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 413, 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 27: p. 203-04; v. 28: p. 75; Crone, p. 186
  17. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 447-8; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 75, 77–8; Crone, p. 186. According to both al-Ya'qubi and al-Tabari, 'Uyaynah's rebellion occurred in the year 142/759
  18. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 231, who however places 'Umar's governorship after Hisham ibn 'Amr's; al-Tabari, v. 28: p. 78; v. 27: pp. 51–55; Crone, p. 134
  19. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 448–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, pp. 230–1; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 51, 54–6, 68, 77, 79; Crone, pp. 167–8
  20. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; Crone, p. 168. Al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 180, 193, however, says that Bistam was governor after the death of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil until the arrival of Rawh ibn Hatim to Sind, although he also claims (p. 172) that Rawh was appointed as governor immediately following Ma'bad's death. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448, mentions Bistam as Hisham ibn Amr's deputy in al-Mansurah, but makes no mention of him as a full governor.
  21. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 449; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433, where however he is named as Sa'id ibn al-Khalil (which the editor notes is a possible error); al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 79, 80, 172. Ibn Khayyat says that he died in the reign of al-Mansur, while al-Tabari claims that he died in 159/776, in the reign of al-Mahdi.
  22. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 433 (where he is named as Muhammad ibn Sa'id), 440 (where he is Muhammad ibn Ma'bad)
  23. al-Ya'qubi, p. 479; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 195, 203, who however places Rawh's appointment in 160/777; Crone, p. 134
  24. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 479–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 203, 216, 218; Crone, p. 185
  25. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480
  26. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari v. 29: p. 219, who all give different names for this individual; Crone, p. 168
  27. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: p. 222; Crone, p. 192
  28. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 446
  29. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 192
  30. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 194
  31. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463
  32. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 109
  33. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 493–4, where however he is named as Tayfur ibn 'Abdallah ibn Mansur al-Himyari; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; p. 195
  34. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 137
  35. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 168
  36. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463
  37. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 494, 532; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 173; v. 32: p. 106; Crone, p. 135
  38. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557–8; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 106, 175, 179, 189; Crone, p. 135
  39. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 175
  40. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 179–80, 189
  41. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231
  42. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557, 585; al-Baladhuri, pp. 231–2. Al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 189, says that Imran was appointed as chief financial officer of Sind by Ghassan, and does not mention Imran's father Musa
  43. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 585, 593, who says that 'Anbasah was appointed in the caliphate of al-Wathiq (842–847) and stayed in Sind for nine years; al-Baladhuri, p. 218, who claims that he was governor during the reign of al-Mu'tasim (833–842)
  44. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 593, 599; al-Baladhuri, p. 219
  45. "Chapter No. 1: History and Geography of al-Mansurah" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2014-01-27.
  46. Siddiqui, Dr. Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule" (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
  47. Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI: The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 224.
  48. [History of Delhi Sultanate by M.H. Syed (p240), 2005 ISBN 81-261-1830-X, 9788126118304]
  49. Ephrat, Daphna; Wolper, Ethel Sara; Pinto, Paulo G. (7 December 2020). Saintly Spheres and Islamic Landscapes: Emplacements of Spiritual Power across Time and Place. BRILL. p. 276. ISBN 978-90-04-44427-0.
  50. "Hunters, saints, nobles and lovers". The Friday Times. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
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