Thomas of Monmouth

Thomas of Monmouth (fl. 1149–1172) was a Benedictine monk who lived in the Priory at Norwich Cathedral, England during the mid-twelfth century. He was the author of The Life and Miracles of St William of Norwich, a hagiography of William of Norwich that is considered an antisemitic text.

Thomas of Monmouth
Borntwelfth century
Monmouth, Wales
Diedafter 1172
Norwich, England
Occupation(s)monk, writer
Known forThe Life and Passion of William of Norwich

Career

Thomas was presumably born in Monmouth, since he is identified by the town's name. Historian Gavin I. Langmuir says that he appears to have been "respectably educated".[1] He arrived in Norwich in 1149–50, a few years after the 1144 death of William of Norwich, a child whose unsolved death was blamed on the local Jewish community. Thomas quickly devoted himself to the promotion of William's claims to sainthood, by collecting evidence of his holiness and by arguing that he had been martyred by the Jews in a ritual murder.

Thomas of Monmouth unsuccessfully tried to get William of Norwich canonized as a saint, but did succeed in creating a cult around him in Norwich. He contended that he had received visions from the founding Bishop of Norwich, Herbert de Losinga, who had died in 1119. Losinga told him that William's body should be moved into the chapter house of the priory. Thomas had to battle the sceptical prior Elias, who was unconvinced of William's sanctity. But the body was moved in 1150, the year in which Elias died, and by then the cult of William was established.

Life of William
Main article: William of Norwich
The crucifixion of William as described by Thomas, depicted on a rood screen in Holy Trinity church, Loddon, Norfolk

Thomas heard from a converted Jew named Theobald of Cambridge that every year there is an international council of Jews at which they choose the country in which a child will be killed during Easter. Monmouth claimed that in 1144 England was chosen, and the leaders of the Jewish community delegated the Jews of Norwich to perform the killing. They then abducted and crucified William.[2]

This is the earliest recorded ritual murder accusation against the Jews.[1] According to Langmuir, the evidence strongly suggests that Thomas had discovered that the Jews had crucified William in a manner designed to mimic the death of Jesus. In his own account, this specific claim is never made by any of the earlier accusers, who only say that Jews were responsible for William's death. Thomas was also supposedly seen by his aunt's daughter entering a Jew's house shortly before his death.[3] Even Theobald only speaks of sacrifice.[1] Thomas of Monmouth's account helped inflame antisemitic sentiment in England, resulting in the eventual expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290. Even though Jews were suspected of killing William, there was no in depth investigation at the time of William's death. This is because at the time of William's death, there was a Civil War between Henry 1's two children. Due to the conflict, resources were not going towards the investigation of William's death, but rather the Civil war.[4]

Folklorist Gillian Bennett says of the book that "The tone throughout is intemperate, and the gloating description of William's martyrdom quite sick. In Thomas's eyes, there is nothing that Jews will not stoop to, and they are constantly referred to as 'our enemies'."[5]

Thomas continued to add material to his book after the first volume came out in 1150. Thomas claimed that he visited Norwich shortly after William's death, however, he did not visit the town of Norwich until a few years prior to William's death. This enhanced his credibility and lead Christian Scholars to accept his story even though he did not visit the scene of William's death until years later.[6] In his first volume, Thomas expresses that the Jews killed William because he charged less than his contemporaries (he was a tanner) or simply because some Jews were wealthy merchants who could afford to pay lots of money for skilled work.[7] Thomas concluded that the death of William was meant to mock the death of Christ, since William was crucified.[8] The second volume, probably written up in 1155, is even more "strident" in tone, according to Bennett, suggesting that Thomas' claims had met with considerable scepticism and opposition. He marshals evidence to support his assertions. It is only in this volume that the claims about an annual crucifixion ritual are made.[5] Later volumes concentrate on accumulating evidence of miraculous cures effected by William. A final volume was completed in 1172 and a preface was added.

Nothing else is known about his life after this date.

The single surviving manuscript of Thomas' work was discovered by M. R. James and published in 1896 with historical essays by James and Augustus Jessopp.

Works
  • Thomas of Monmouth. (1896), Jessopp, Augustus; James, M. R. (eds.), The Life and Miracles of St William of Norwich (in Latin and English) (1896 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 1172), OL 7250037M

References
  1. Langmuir, Gavin I (1996). Toward a Definition of Antisemitism, University of California Press, pp. 216ff
  2. Langham, Raphael. "Paper on William of Norwich". Jewish Historical Society of England. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  3. Rose, E. M. (2015-06-01). The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-021963-5.
  4. Rose, E. M. (2015-06-01). The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-021963-5.
  5. Gillian Bennett, Bodies: Sex, Violence, Disease, and Death in Contemporary Legend, University of Mississippi Press, Jackson, 2005, pp.255 ff.
  6. Rose, E. M. (2015-06-01). The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-021963-5.
  7. Rose, E. M. (2015-06-01). The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-021963-5.
  8. Rose, E. M. (2015-06-01). The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-021963-5.
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