Vietnamese calendar

The Vietnamese calendar (Vietnamese: âm lịch; Hán-Nôm: 陰曆) is a lunisolar calendar that is mostly based on the lunisolar Chinese calendar. As Vietnam's official calendar has been the Gregorian calendar since 1954,[1] the Vietnamese calendar is used mainly to observe lunisolar holidays and commemorations, such as Tết Nguyên Đán and Tết Trung Thu.

A calendar issued for the year Bảo Đại 19 (1944) showing all the national holidays and observations of the Nguyễn dynasty.

Historical developments

After Vietnam regained independence following the third Chinese dominion of Viet-Nam, monarchs established their own calendars based on Chinese prototypes, and every subsequent dynasty had appointed officers to man and create the calendar to be used in the realm.[1] According to the Đại Việt sử lược historical chronicles, the Vietnamese rulers started building astronomical/astrological facilities in the capital Thăng Long (Chữ Hán: 昇龍; i.e. modern Hanoi) as early as 1029.[2] Beginning in 1324, the Chinese Yuan dynasty introduced the Thụ Thời (Chinese: 授時; pinyin: shòu shí) calendar to the Vietnamese Trần dynasty.[3]

Calendar nameYear in useNotes
Thụ Thời (Chinese: 授時; pinyin: shòu shí)1324–1339Introduced by the Chinese Yuan dynasty to the Vietnamese Trần dynasty.
Hiệp Kỷ (Chữ Hán: 協紀)1339–1401Probably a name change with no changes to calculation methods.[3]
Thuận Thiên (Chữ Hán: 順天)1401–1413Hiệp Kỷ calendar abolished, with Thuận Thiên replacing it. There was no documentation on the difference between the two.[3]
Đại Thống (Chinese: 大統; pinyin: dà tǒng)1413–1813Introduced by the Chinese Ming dynasty in 1369, during the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam, the Ming administration in Vietnam used the Datong calendar. At the start of the Vietnamese Lê dynasty in 1428, the end of Chinese domination over Vietnam, there was no evidence that the calendar was changed.[3]
Hiệp Kỷ (Chữ Hán: 協紀) —Shíxiàn (Chinese: 時憲; pinyin: shí xiàn)1813–1840Hiệp Kỷ is not to be confused with its earlier namesake. It was essentially the Shíxiàn calendar introduced by the Chinese Qing dynasty to the Vietnamese Nguyễn dynasty.[3]
Gregorianearly 19th centuryThe Gregorian calendar was introduced by the French, and was used in Vietnamese administrative offices at the same time as the Hiệp-kỷ calendar, which remained in use by the Vietnamese royal court.[1]
Hiệp Kỷ (Chữ Hán: 協紀)1841–1954Beginning in 1841, Hiệp Kỷ began to differ from Shíxiàn due to longitudinal differences between Vietnam and China.[3]

Beginning in 1954, Vietnamese administrative offices officially used the Gregorian calendar, while the civilian populace continued to use a variety of local calendars derived from French, Chinese and Japanese sources, including the Hiệp Kỷ calendar.[1] On 8 August 1967, the North Vietnamese government issued a decree to change Vietnamese standard time from UTC+8 to UTC+7, as well as make the Gregorian calendar the sole official calendar, restricting lunisolar calendar use to holidays and commemorations. South Vietnam would later join this change at the end of the Vietnam War in 1975.

Differences from the Chinese calendar

The Chinese calendar is based on astronomical observations and is therefore dependent on what is considered the local standard time. North Vietnam switched from UTC+8 to UTC+7 on 8 August 1967, with South Vietnam doing likewise in 1975 at the end of the Vietnam War. As a result of the shift, North and South Vietnam celebrated Tết 1968 on different days.[4] This effect would see the solstice falling on 21 December in Hanoi, while it was 22 December for Beijing.

As the 5th month of the Chinese calendar must contain the summer solstice, it is not the month from 24 May 1986 to 21 June 1986 as per the Vietnamese calendar, but rather the one from 22 June to 20 July 1986. The two calendars agreed again after a leap month lasting from 22 June to 20 July of that year was inserted into the Vietnamese calendar.

As the 3th month of the Chinese calendar must contain the corn rain, it is not the month from 22 March to 19 April 2008 as per the Vietnamese calendar, but rather the one from 20 April to 19 May 2008. The two calendars agreed again after a leap month lasting from 20 April to 19 May of the year was inserted into the Vietnamese calendar

In the Vietnamese zodiac, the cat replaces the Rabbit in the Chinese zodiac. So, a child born in the Chinese year of the Rabbit will be born in the Vietnamese year of the Cat (mẹo/mão). The Vietnamese zodiac uses the same animals as the Chinese zodiac for the remaining 11 years, though the Ox of the Chinese zodiac is usually considered to be a water buffalo (sửu/trâu) in the Vietnamese zodiac.

See also

References
  1. Kendall, Laurel (2003). Vietnam: Journeys of Body, Mind, and Spirit. University of California Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 9780520238725.
  2. Volkov, Alexei (2013). "Astrology and Hemerology in Traditional Vietnam". Extrême-Orient Extrême-Occident (35): 113–140. doi:10.4000/extremeorient.282. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  3. Selin, Helaine (2008). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer. pp. 356–359. ISBN 9781402045592.
  4. Mathematics of the Chinese calendar, pp. 29–30. (Internet Archive copy)
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