Xiongguanlong

Xiongguanlong ("Grand Pass dragon") is a genus of tyrannosauroid dinosaur that lived in the Early Cretaceous of what is now China. The type species is X. baimoensis, described online in 2009 by a group of researchers from China and the United States, and formally published in January 2009. The genus name refers to the city of Jiayuguan, a city in northwestern China. The specific name is derived from bai mo, "white ghost", after the "white ghost castle", a rock formation near the fossil site. The fossils include a skull, vertebrae, a right ilium and the right femur. The rocks it was found in are from the Xiagou Formation which preserves fossils from the late Aptian stage.[1]

Xiongguanlong
Temporal range: late Aptian,
Mounted skeleton cast
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Superfamily: †Tyrannosauroidea
Clade: †Pantyrannosauria
Genus: †Xiongguanlong
Li et al., 2009
Type species
†Xiongguanlong baimoensis
Li et al., 2009

Description
Size compared to a human

Xiongguanlong was a bipedal animal which balanced its body with a long tail, like most other theropods. It was a small tyrannosaur, measuring 5 m (16 ft) long and weighing 170–270 kg (370–600 lb).[2][3] The vertebrae were more robust than in other basal tyrannosauroids, possibly to better support a big skull which had a long muzzle resembling that of Alioramus.[4]

Phylogeny
Life restoration
Diagram of known elements

The describers concluded that Xiongguanlong split off from the main branch of the Tyrannosauroidea before Appalachiosaurus, being the sister taxon of a clade consisting of Appalachiosaurus and the Tyrannosauridae. It has been found to be closely related to Alectrosaurus.[5]

Below is a cladogram by Loewen et al. in 2013 including most tyrannosauroid species.[5]

Tyrannosauroidea
Proceratosauridae

Proceratosaurus bradleyi

Kileskus aristotocus

Guanlong wucaii

Sinotyrannus kazuoensis

Juratyrant langhami

Stokesosaurus clevelandi

Dilong paradoxus

Eotyrannus lengi

Bagaraatan ostromi

Raptorex kriegsteini

Dryptosaurus aquilunguis

Alectrosaurus olseni

Xiongguanlong baimoensis

Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis

Alioramus altai

Alioramus remotus

Tyrannosauridae

See also

References
  1. Suarez, Marina B.; Milder, Timothy; Peng, Nan; Suarez, Celina A.; You, Hailu; Li, Daqing; Dodson, Peter (2018-12-13). "Chemostratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous dinosaur-bearing Xiagou and Zhonggou formations, Yujingzi Basin, northwest China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (sup1): 12–21. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1510412. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 202865132.
  2. Stephen L. Brusatte, Alexander Averianov, Hans-Dieter Sues, Amy Muir and Ian B. Butler (2016). "New tyrannosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan clarifies evolution of giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (13): 3447–3452. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.3447B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1600140113. PMC 4822578. PMID 26976562.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. Paul, Gregory S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-78684-190-2. OCLC 985402380.
  4. Li, Daqing; Norell, Mark A.; Gao, Ke-Qin; Smith, Nathan D.; Makovicky, Peter J. (2009). "A longirostrine tyrannosauroid from the Early Cretaceous of China". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1679): 183–190. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0249. PMC 2842666. PMID 19386654.
  5. Loewen, M.A.; Irmis, R.B.; Sertich, J.J.W.; Currie, P. J.; Sampson, S. D. (2013). Evans, David C (ed.). "Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans". PLoS ONE. 8 (11): e79420. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...879420L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079420. PMC 3819173. PMID 24223179.


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