Calymene

Calymene; Temporal range: Tremadocian-Pragian; ~
	Calymene clavicula 32mm, Henryhouse Formation, Oklahoma, Cayugan
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	†Trilobita
Order:	†Phacopida
Family:	†Calymenidae
Genus:	†Calymene; Brongniart, 1822
Type species
	Calymene blumenbachii; Brongniart, 1822 [1]

Calymene Brongniart, 1822, is a genus of trilobites in the order Phacopida, suborder Calymenina, that are found throughout North America, North Africa, and Europe in primarily Silurian outcrops.[2] Calymene is closely related to Flexicalymene, and both genera are frequently found enrolled.[3] Calymene trilobites are small, typically 2 cm in length. The cephalon is the widest part of the animal and the thorax usually has 13 segments.[4]

The correct genus authorship is Brongniart (1822).[5] A previously published genus description in Desmarest (1816)[6] (often mis-cited as "Calymena" Desmarest, 1817) was suppressed by ICZN Opinion 1433.

Etymology

Calymene - meaning beautiful crescent as a reference to the glabella.

Known species and locations

†Calymene blumenbachii, Dudley, England - Type[1]
†Calymene brevicapitata, N. and S. Wales
†Calymene breviceps, Indiana and Illinois
†Calymene celebra, Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin.[7][8]
†Calymene clavicula, Oklahoma
†Calymene daviesii, Radnorshire, Wales
†Calymene duplicata, Wales and Ireland
†Calymene hopkinsoni, Wales
†Calymene niagarensis, New York
†Calymene parvifrons, Wales
†Calymene senaria, N. Wales and Ireland
†Calymene tristani, Cornwall, England
†Calymene tuberculata, Gotland, Sweden
†Calymene vogdesi, Ohio
†Calymene sp. in the Silurian–Ordovician of Morocco

Reassigned species

Since the genus Calymene was established early on in paleontology, a number of species previously assigned to it have since been transferred to other genera:[9]

C. aculeata = Parasolenopleura aculeata
C. aequalis = Archegonus aequalis
C. anchiops = Anchiopella anchiops
C. arachnoides = Asteropyge arachnoides
C. arago = Colpocoryphe arago
C. articulata = Crotalocephalus articulatus
C. baylei = Metacalymene baylei
C. bellatula = Cybele bellatula
C. bufo rana = Phacops rana
C. calicephala = Orimops calicephala
C. canaliculata = Solenopleura canaliculata[10]
C. cambrensis = Flexicalymene cambrensis
C. caractaci = Flexicalymene caractaci
C. clavifrons = Cyrtometopus clavifrons
C. concinna = Proetus concinnus
C. diademata = Diacalymene diademata
C. downingiae = Acaste downingiae
C. frontiloba = Pliomera fischeri
C. granulata = Phacops granulatus
C. holometopa = Solenopleura holometopa[10]
C. marginata = Perliproetus marginata
C. odini = Chasmops odini
C. ornata = Ceraurinella ornata[11]
C. papillata = Papillicalymene papillata
C. platycephala = Platycoryphe platycephala
C. polytoma = Pliomera fischeri
C. sclerops = Pterygometopus sclerops
C. sinensis = Blackwelderia sinensis
C. speciosa = Parapilekia speciosa
C. stenometopa = Acrocephalites stenometopus
C. stokesii = Phacopidae, generic assignment uncertain[12]
C. tingi = Calymenesun tingi
C. tournemini = Placoparia tournemini
C. tristani = Synhomalonotus tristani
C. unicornis = Reedocalymene unicornis
C. variolaris = Balizoma variolaris
C. verrucosa = Atractopyge verrucosa
C. volborthi = Ptychometopus volborthi

References

Derek J. Siveter (1985). "The type species of Calymene (Trilobita) from the Silurian of Dudley, England" (PDF). Palaeontology. 28 (4): 783–792. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
"†Calymene Muenster 1840 (trilobite)". The Paleontology Database. Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
John P. Rafferty, ed. (2010). The Paleozoic Era: Diversification of Plant and Animal Life. Geologic History of Earth. Britannica Educational Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61530-196-6.
Milson, C.; Rigby, S. (2004). Fossils at a Glance. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Brongniart, A. 1822. Les Trilobites. pp. 1-65, pls. 1-4 in: Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés Fossiles. Paris. F.-G. Levrault, Libraire. 154 pp. 11 pls.
Desmarest, A-G. 1816. Calymène. pp. 49-50 in: Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Edition, Tome 5.
"Calymene celebra Raymond 1916 (trilobite)". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
Alex J. Chestnut. "Using morphometrics, phylogenetic systematics and parsimony analysis to gain insight into the evolutionary affinities of the Calymenidae Trilobita". OhioLINK ETD Center. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
Moore, R. C. (1959). Arthropoda I - Arthropoda General Features, Proarthropoda, Euarthropoda General Features, Trilobitomorpha. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part O. Boulder, Colorado/Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America/University of Kansas Press. pp. 1–560. ISBN 0-8137-3015-5.
Esteve, Jorge (2015). "Systematic revision of the genus Solenopleura Angelin, 1854, Ptychopariida, Trilobita, Cambrian Series 3". Annales de Paléontologie. 101 (3): 185–192. Bibcode:2015AnPal.101..185E. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2015.05.001.
Pärnaste, Helje (2004). "Revision of the Ordovician cheirurid trilobite genus Reraspis with the description of the earliest representative" (PDF). Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Geol. 53 (2): 125–138. doi:10.3176/geol.2004.2.03. S2CID 55808470.
Ramskjöld, L.; Werdelin, L. (1991). "The phylogeny and evolution of some phacopid trilobites". Cladistics. 7: 29–74. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00021.x.

External links

Media related to Calymene at Wikimedia Commons
Henry Woodward (1877). A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms and the Range in Time of Each Genus and Order. Taylor and Francis. pp. 28–29.

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[Siveter-1] Derek J. Siveter (1985). "The type species of Calymene (Trilobita) from the Silurian of Dudley, England" (PDF). Palaeontology. 28 (4): 783–792. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2017-10-16.

[2] "†Calymene Muenster 1840 (trilobite)". The Paleontology Database. Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved April 29, 2012.

[3] John P. Rafferty, ed. (2010). The Paleozoic Era: Diversification of Plant and Animal Life. Geologic History of Earth. Britannica Educational Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61530-196-6.

[4] Milson, C.; Rigby, S. (2004). Fossils at a Glance. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.

[5] Brongniart, A. 1822. Les Trilobites. pp. 1-65, pls. 1-4 in: Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés Fossiles. Paris. F.-G. Levrault, Libraire. 154 pp. 11 pls.

[6] Desmarest, A-G. 1816. Calymène. pp. 49-50 in: Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Edition, Tome 5.

[7] "Calymene celebra Raymond 1916 (trilobite)". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 20 August 2011.

[8] Alex J. Chestnut. "Using morphometrics, phylogenetic systematics and parsimony analysis to gain insight into the evolutionary affinities of the Calymenidae Trilobita". OhioLINK ETD Center. Retrieved August 21, 2011.

[Treatise-9] Moore, R. C. (1959). Arthropoda I - Arthropoda General Features, Proarthropoda, Euarthropoda General Features, Trilobitomorpha. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part O. Boulder, Colorado/Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America/University of Kansas Press. pp. 1–560. ISBN 0-8137-3015-5.

[Esteve-10] Esteve, Jorge (2015). "Systematic revision of the genus Solenopleura Angelin, 1854, Ptychopariida, Trilobita, Cambrian Series 3". Annales de Paléontologie. 101 (3): 185–192. Bibcode:2015AnPal.101..185E. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2015.05.001.

[11] Pärnaste, Helje (2004). "Revision of the Ordovician cheirurid trilobite genus Reraspis with the description of the earliest representative" (PDF). Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Geol. 53 (2): 125–138. doi:10.3176/geol.2004.2.03. S2CID 55808470.

[12] Ramskjöld, L.; Werdelin, L. (1991). "The phylogeny and evolution of some phacopid trilobites". Cladistics. 7: 29–74. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00021.x.