Chamdo languages
The Chamdo languages are a group of recently discovered, closely related Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Chamdo Prefecture, Tibet.[1][2][3] Their position within the Sino-Tibetan language family is currently uncertain.
| Chamdo | |
|---|---|
| Chamdoic | |
| Geographic distribution | Chamdo Prefecture, Tibet |
| Linguistic classification | Sino-Tibetan
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| Subdivisions |
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| Glottolog | cham1336 |
Classification
Jiang (2022) provides the following computational phylogenetic classification of the Chamdo languages.[5]
| Chamdo |
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Lexical comparison
Nyima & Suzuki (2019)
Lexical comparisons of numerals in four Chamdo languages from Nyima & Suzuki (2019):[4]
| Gloss | Larong | Drag-yab | gSerkhu | Lamo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | ˊte khɯ | ˊtɛ | ˊtɕɛ | ˉdə |
| two | ˊne | ˊne | ˊna | ˉna |
| three | ˊsɔ̃ | ˊsɔ̃ | ˊsɔ̃ | ˉsɔ̰̃ |
| four | ˊɣə | ˉʑe | ˊli | ˉlə̰ |
| five | ˉŋa | ˊŋɑ | ˊɴɑ | ˉɴwə̰˞ |
| six | ˊtɕhu | ˉntɕho | ˊtɕhu | ˊtɕi |
| seven | ˊn̥i | ˉȵ̊e | ˊȵ̊ɛ | ˉn̥i |
| eight | ˊɕe | ˉɕe | ˊɕɛ | ˉɦdʑə |
| nine | ˊɦgɯ | ˉɴɢo | ˊku | ˉŋgo |
| ten | ˉʔa qõ | ˊɦa̰ qo | ˉχɑ | |
| eleven | ˉʔa’ tə | ˊɦa̰ tɛ | ˉhtɕo htɕiʔ | |
| twelve | ˉʔa’ ne | ˊɦa̰ ne | ˉhtɕo ɦȵi | |
| thirteen | ˉʔɔ’ sɔ̃ | ˊɦa̰ sɔ̃ | ˉhtɕu hsɔ̃ | |
| fourteen | ˉʔɔ’ ɣə | ˊɦa̰ ʑe | ˉhtɕʉ ɦʑə | |
| fifteen | ˉʔɑ’ ɴɑ | ˊɦa̰ ɴɑ̰ | ˉhtɕɛ ɦŋa | |
| sixteen | ˉʔo’ tɕhu | ˊɦa̰ntɕho | ˉhtɕu ʈuʔ | |
| seventeen | ˉʔɔ’ ȵ̊e | ˊɦa̰ȵ̊e | ˉhtɕu ɦdʉ̃ | |
| eighteen | ˉʔɔ’ ɕɛ | ˊɦa̰ ɕe | ˉhtɕu ɦdʑɛʔ | |
| nineteen | ˉʔɛ’ ɴɢə | ˊɦa̰ɴɢo | ˉhtɕu ɦgu | |
| twenty | ˉnɑ | ˊnɑ | ˊȵi ɕu |
Suzuki & Nyima (2018)
Suzuki & Nyima (2018: 4-6) provide the following lexical items for Lamo, Larong, and Drag-yab.[1]
The lexical data below is based on the following dialects.
- Kyilwa 格瓦 dialect of Lamo
- Tangre Chaya 达日 (sMarkhams) and Phagpa 坝巴 (mDzogang) dialects of Larong
- Razi 热孜 dialect of Drag-yab
- Cognates
| no. | gloss | Lamo | Larong | Drag-yab |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | bitter | qa˥ qʰɛ˥ | n̥tsʰə˥ | tsʰə˥ |
| 2 | cry | qo˧˥ | qo̰˧˥ | qə˧˥ |
| 3 | earth | ndzɔ̰˧˥ | ndzɑ˧˥ | ndza˧˥ |
| 4 | eat | ndzə˥ | ndzə˥ | ndzə˥ |
| 5 | house | tɕi˥ | tɕo˥ | tɕẽ˧˥ |
| 6 | blood | se˥ | se˥ | sɛ˥ |
| 7 | needle | ʁɑ˧˥ | ʁɑ˧˥ | ʁɑ˧˥ |
| 8 | cow | ŋʉ˧˥ | ŋʉ˧˥ | ŋu˧˥ |
| 9 | wait | ɦlḭ˥ | ɦle˥ | ɦli˥ |
| 10 | horse | re˧˥ | re˥ | re˧˥ |
| 11 | salt | tsʰo˥ | n̥tsʰə˥ | tsʰə˥ |
| 12 | six | tɕi˧˥ | tɕʰu˧˥ | tɕʰu˥ |
| 13 | meat | tɕʰi˧˥ | ɲtɕʰi˥ | ɲ̥tɕʰə˧˥ |
| 14 | you | nə˥ | ɲe˥ | ɲa˥ |
| 15 | seven | n̥i˥ | n̥i˧˥ | ɲ̥e˥ |
| 16 | hand | lu˧˥ | ndi˥ | nde˧˥ |
| 17 | butter | jwɚ̰˥ | wa˥ | we˧˥ |
| 18 | head | wɔ̰˥ | wɔ̰˥ | ʁo̰˧˥ |
| 19 | eye | məʔ˥ do˧ | ɦɲi˥ | ɲə˥ |
| 20 | nose | n̥ʉ˥ | ɲ̥u˥ | n̥a˥ rə˧ |
| 21 | tongue | ʰl̥ə˥ | ndə̰˥ | mda˧˥ |
| 22 | tooth | xʉ˧˥ | ʰl̥i˧˥ | xɯ˧˥ |
| 23 | milk | χɔ̰˧˥ | ʰl̥ɔ̰˥ | χl̥ɔ̰˧ |
| 24 | moon | le˥ | ɦli˥ | ɦla̰˧ jḭ˧ |
- Non-cognates
| no. | gloss | Lamo | Larong | Drag-yab |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | mouth | ɲ̥tɕʰu˥ to˧ (< Tibetan) | mu˧˥ | ɕi˧˥ |
| 26 | foot | siʔ˥ ka˧ | ŋɡɯ˧˥ | pʰə˥ ndɯ˧ |
| 27 | liver | se˥ | je˥ | ɲ̥tɕʰĩ˥ mbi˧ (< Tibetan) |
| 28 | laugh | ɦɡɛ (< Tibetan) | n̥tsʰə˧˥ | ʁə˥ |
| 29 | sleep | nə˥ ɦgɯ˧ | jṵ˧˥ | nə˧˥ mḛ˧ |
| 30 | child | no˥ no˧ | n̥tʰe˥ | ɲa˧˥ |
| 31 | take | le˧˥ | ɣi˧˥ | tɕʰõ˥ |
| 32 | search | xɯ˥ | ɦzɔ̃˥ | ɲə˧˥ ŋo˧ |
| 33 | forget | nɛ˧˥ tʰa˥ | ɦmɛ˥ | ɣə˧˥ ɦmu˧ se˧ |
| 34 | sky | ɦnɑ˥ (< Tibetan) | ŋo˥ | mo˧˥ |
| 35 | sun | nə˥ | ɲi˧˥ | ɲi˧˥ me˧ (< Tibetan) |
| 36 | red | ɦmaʔ ɦma˧ (< Tibetan) | nḛ˥ nḛ˧ | ndja̰˥ |
| 37 | body hair | ʰpu˥ (< Tibetan) | mɔ˧˥ | mo̰˧˥ |
| 38 | urine | qo˥ | pi˧˥ | bi˧˥ |
| 39 | look | ʈu˥ | ŋi˧˥ | tʰa˧˥ ŋɛ̃˧ |
| 40 | person | mə˧˥ | ŋʉ˥ nɛ̰˧ | ɦŋɯʔ˥ ɲi˧ |
| 41 | male | no˥ | zə˧˥ | zə˧˥ |
| 42 | daughter | nu˧˥ mo˧ | m̥e˧˥ | m̥ə˧˥ |
| 43 | road | tɕə˥ | rɛ˥ | ra˧˥ |
| 44 | fear | ɦlɛ˥ | ɦɣe˥ | ɣe˧˥ |
| 45 | be born | no˥ mbə˧ | ndzə˧˥ | ndzɑ˧˥ |
| 46 | go | xɯ˥ | n̥tʰõ˥ | n̥tʰɛ̃˥ |
| 47 | shout | kəʔ˥ ɕi˧ | rɛ˥ | rḛ˧˥ |
| 48 | four | lə̰˥ | ɦɣə˧˥ (< Tibetan) | ɦɣe˧˥ (< Tibetan) |
| 49 | eight | ɦdʑə˥ (< Tibetan) | ɕe˧˥ | ɕa˥ |
| 50 | ten | ʁɑ˧˥ | ʔa˥ qõ˧ | ɦa̰˧˥ ʁõ˧ |
| 51 | twenty | ɲe˧˥ qɑ˧ | nɑ˧˥ | nɑ˧˥ |
| 52 | be sick | ŋo˥ | nø̰˧˥ | nɛ˧˥ ŋa˧ |
| 53 | rain | mo˧˥ | tsu˥ | mo˧˥ |
| 54 | wear | to˧˥ ŋɡʉ˧ | ŋɡu˥ | qe˧˥ |
| 55 | wind | mɛ̰˥ | ŋɑ˧˥ mi˧ | ɦdʑa˧˥ ɦɡə˧ rə˧ |
| 56 | wipe | nə˥ ɕə˧ | ɕḛ̃˥ | xɔ̰˧˥ |
Changdu Gazetteer (2005)
The Changdu Gazetteer (2005: 819)[6] provides the following comparative data in Tibetan script. The table below uses Wylie romanization. English translations for the Chinese glosses are also provided.
| English gloss | Chinese gloss | Lhasa Tibetan | Khams Tibetan (Chamdo) | Lamo (Dongba 东坝话) | Larong (Rumei 如美话) | Drag-yab (Zesong 则松话) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| house | 房子 | ཁང་པ (khang pa) | ཁོང་པ (khong pa) | ཅིས (cis) | ཅོང (cong) | ཅིམ (cim) |
| chhaang (Tibetan alcohol) | 青稞酒 | ཆང (chang) | ཆོང (chong) | ཨོས (os) | ཆང (chang) | དགེས (dges) |
| hand | 手 | ལག་པ (lag pa) | ལག་པ (lag pa) | ལུའུ (lu'u) | འདིས ('dis) | འདིས ('dis) |
| ride horse | 骑马 | རྟ་བཞོན (rta bzhon) | རྟ་ཀྱ (rta kya) | རིས་གྱིས (ris gyis) | རེ་གག (re gag) | རེའུ་ན་ཚེམ (re'u na tshem) |
| hat | 帽子 | ཞྭ་མོ (zhwa mo) | ཞ་མགོ (zha mgo) | ཇའ (ja'a) | དེའུ (de'u) | དེའུ (de'u) |
| eat rice | 吃饭 | ཁ་ལག་ཟས (kha lag zas) | ཟ་མ་ཟ (za ma za) | ཆོག་ཅོག་ཏོས (chog cog tos) | གཟིས་མའི་མཛད (gzis ma'i mdzad) | གཟིན་ཐོ་འམ (gzin tho 'am) |
| sheep | 绵羊 | ལུག (lug) | ལུག (lug) | ཡིས (yis) | ལའ (la'a) | ལྭའུ (lwa'u) |
| beautiful | 漂亮 | སྙིང་རྗེ་མོ (snying rje mo) | གཅེས་ལི་མ (gces li ma) | ཀ་ཞིས་ཉིས (ka zhis nyis) | དངེས་ཡིས (dnges yis) | དངུད་ལུ (dngud lu) |
| donkey | 毛驴 | བོང་བུ (bong bu) | ཀུ་རུ (ku ru) | བ་ཅི (ba ci) | ཅོའུ (co'u) | གུའུའུ (gu'u'u) |
| salt | 盐 | ཚྭ (tshwa) | ཚྭ (tshwa) | ཚོག་ཏི (tshog ti) | ཚེའུ (tshe'u) | ཚྭའུ (tshwa'u) |
| swell | 肿 | སྐྲངས་པ (skrangs pa) | སྐྲོང་པ (skrong pa) | སྐྲེ་བེ (skre be) | དུ་རགས (du rags) | དུའུ་རམས (du'u rams) |
| head | 头 | མགོ (mgo) | མགོ (mgo) | དབུ (dbu) | དབོག (dbog) | གཞོག (gzhog) |
| child | 小孩 | སྤུ་གུ (spu gu) | ཉོག (nyog) | ཉོག་ཉོག (nyog nyog) | ཐད (thad) | ཆ་ཆོག (cha chog) |
| dry beef | 干牛肉 | ཤ་སྐམ (sha skam) | ཤ་སྐམ (sha skam) | བྱིས་རོ (byis ro) | ཆེས་རོང་རོང (ches rong rong) | ཆོའུ་རིམ་རིམ (cho'u rim rim) |
| What is this? | 这是什么 | དེ་ག་རེ་རེད (de ga re red) | འདི་ཆི་རེད་ལས ('di chi red las) | ཏེ་ཧ་ཆོས (te ha chos) | ཨེ་ཏི་ཐོའུ (e ti tho'u) | ཙེ་དུ་ཁྱི (tse du khyi) |
| Where are you going? | 你去哪里 | རང་ག་བ་འགྲོ་ག (rang ga ba 'gro ga) | ཁྱོད་ག་ན་འགྲོ་ཇི (khyod ga na 'gro ji) | ནི་རི་ཧི་ལོ་ཤས (ni ri hi lo shas) | གནད་མདོ་ཧུ་ནུ་ངོག (gnad mdo hu nu ngog) | འདེ་རུ་ཧེན ('de ru hen) |
| crazy person | 疯子 | སྨྱོན་པ (smyon pa) | མྱོན་པ (myon pa) | འ་རོ ('a ro) | སྨྱོན་འབས (smyon 'bas) | ཡ་རོག (ya rog) |
| crow (bird) | 乌鸦 | པུ་རོག (pu rog) | ཁ་ཏ (kha ta) | ཕོ་རོག (pho rog) | ཁ་གཏེ (kha gte) | ཕུའུ་རོག (phu'u rog) |
| Thank you. | 谢谢 | ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ (thugs rje che) | ཡག་བྲུང (yag brung) | བྱུ་ནུ་པུ་ང་ཉིད་གུ་ནི་ད (byu nu pu nga nyid gu ni da) | དེ་སྒྲ་དགེ (de sgra dge) | ཏི་སྒྲ་དགེ (ti sgra dge) |
References
- Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Tashi Nyima. 2018. Historical relationship among three non-Tibetic languages in Chamdo, TAR. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018). Kyoto: Kyoto University.
- Zhao, Haoliang. 2018. A brief introduction to Zlarong, a newly recognized language in Mdzo sgang, TAR. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018). Kyoto: Kyoto University.
- Jacques, Guillaumes. 2016. Les journées d'études sur les langues du Sichuan.
- Tashi Nyima; Hiroyuki Suzuki (2019). "Newly recognised languages in Chamdo: Geography, culture, history, and language". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 42 (1): 38–81. doi:10.1075/ltba.18004.nyi. ISSN 0731-3500. S2CID 198090294.
- Jiang, Huo 江荻 (2022). "Linguistic diversity and classification in Tibet 西藏的语言多样性及其分类". Zhongguo Zangxue 中国藏学. 6. Retrieved 2023-03-16 – via Chinese Tibetology Center 中国藏学研究中心.
- Xizang Changdu Diqu Difangzhi Bianzuan Weiyuanhui 西藏昌都地区地方志编纂委员会 (2005). Changdu Diquzhi 昌都地区志. Beijing: Fangzhi Chubanshe 方志出版社.
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
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| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
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| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
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| East and Southeast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings |
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| Proto-languages |
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Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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