Leader of the Opposition (South Africa)
The Leader of the Opposition in South Africa is the leader of the largest political party in the National Assembly that is not in government. The House of Assembly was the most important House from 1910 to 1994 and the National Assembly from 1994. The leader of the opposition acts as the public face of the opposition, leading the Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet and the challenge to the government on the floor of Parliament. They thus act as a chief critic of the government and ultimately attempt to portray the opposition as a feasible alternate government.
| Leader of the Opposition of the Republic of South Africa | |
|---|---|
List
| |
| Style | The Honourable |
| Term length | While leader of the largest political party in the National Assembly that is not in government |
| Inaugural holder | Leander Starr Jameson |
| Formation | 15 September 1910 |
| This article is part of a series on the |
| Politics of South Africa |
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The position of Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly is currently held by John Steenhuisen of the Democratic Alliance, who was appointed on 27 October 2019.
In the list below, when the office is said to be vacant, there was no opposition party with more than ten seats and no clear Leader of the Opposition has been identified. This was the case between the formation of the Hertzog-Smuts coalition in 1933 and the breakaway of the Purified National Party in 1934. It was also the case during the Government of National Unity between 1994 and 1996, when the National Party withdrew.[1]
In the case of the Democratic Alliance, the Leader of the Opposition may have been the Parliamentary leader only, during a vacancy in the party leadership and the first part of their own tenure, before being confirmed as party leader by a party congress. Athol Trollip and Lindiwe Mazibuko (and Mmusi Maimane for a short period) have been Parliamentary leaders only, whilst the incumbent Federal Leader of the Democratic Alliance, Helen Zille, was not a member of Parliament.
Legal definition
Section 56 of the South Africa Act 1909, was amended by Section 1 (b) of the South Africa Act Amendment Act 1946. A salary was provided for the Leader of the Opposition and the office was given an official definition.
"For the purposes of this section the expression 'Leader of the Opposition' shall mean that member of the House of Assembly who is for the time being the Leader in that House of the party in opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength in that House and if there is any doubt as to which is or was at any material time the party in opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength in that House of Assembly, or as to who is or was at any material time the Leader in the House of such a party, the question shall be decided for the purposes of this section by the Speaker of the House of Assembly, and his decision, certified in writing under his hand, shall be final and conclusive".[2]
The current Constitution of South Africa makes provision for recognition of the Leader of the Opposition in Section 57(2):
"The rules and orders of the National Assembly must provide for … the recognition of the leader of the largest opposition party in the Assembly as the Leader of the Opposition."
Rule 21 of the rules of the National Assembly provides in similar words that:
"The leader of the largest opposition party in the Assembly must be recognised as the Leader of the Opposition."[3]
List of leaders of the opposition in South Africa (1910–present)
| No. | Portrait | Leader (Birth–Death) |
Political party | Term of office |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  |
Leander Starr Jameson (1853–1917) |
Unionist Party | 1910–1912[4] |
| 2 |  |
Thomas Smartt (1858–1929) |
Unionist Party | 1912–1920[5] |
| 3 |  |
James Barry Munnik Hertzog (1866–1942) |
National Party | 1920–1924 |
| 4 |  |
Jan Christiaan Smuts (1870–1950) |
South African Party | 1924–1933 |
| vacant[lower-alpha 1] | 1933–1934 | |||
 |
Walter Madeley (1873–1947) |
Labour Party | ||
| 5 | .jpg.webp) |
Daniel François Malan (1874–1959) |
Purified National Party | 1934–1940 |
| (3) | |
James Barry Munnik Hertzog (1866–1942) |
Reunited National Party | 1940 |
| (5) | |
Daniel François Malan (1874–1959) |
Reunited National Party | 1940–1948 |
| (4) | |
Jan Christiaan Smuts (1870–1950) |
United Party | 1948–1950 |
| 6 | .jpg.webp) |
Jacobus Gideon Nel Strauss (1900–1990) |
United Party | 1950–1956 |
| 7 |  |
Sir De Villiers Graaff (1913–1999) |
United Party | 1956–1977 |
| 8 |  |
Radclyffe Cadman (1924–2011) |
New Republic Party | 1977 |
| 9 |  |
Colin Eglin (1925–2013) |
Progressive Federal Party | 1977–1979 |
| 10 | |
Frederik van Zyl Slabbert (1940–2010) |
Progressive Federal Party | 1979–1986 |
| (9) | |
Colin Eglin (1925–2013) |
Progressive Federal Party | 1986–1987 |
| 11 |  |
Andries Treurnicht (1921–1993) |
Conservative Party | 1987–1993 |
| 12 | |
Ferdi Hartzenberg (1936–2021) |
Conservative Party | 1993–1994 |
| vacant[lower-alpha 2] | 1994–1996 | |||
 |
Constand Viljoen (1933–2020) |
Freedom Front | ||
| 13 |  |
Frederik Willem de Klerk (1936–2021) |
National Party | 1996–1997 |
| 14 |  |
Marthinus van Schalkwyk (born 1959) |
New National Party | 1997–1999 |
| 15 |  |
Tony Leon (born 1956) |
Democratic Party (until 2000) |
1999–2007 |
| Democratic Alliance (from 2000) | ||||
| 16 | |
Sandra Botha (born 1945) |
Democratic Alliance | 2007–2009 |
| 17 |  |
Athol Trollip (born 1964) |
Democratic Alliance | 2009–2011 |
| 18 | .jpg.webp) |
Lindiwe Mazibuko (born 1980) |
Democratic Alliance | 2011–2014 |
| 19 | .jpg.webp) |
Mmusi Maimane (born 1980) |
Democratic Alliance | 2014–2019 |
| — |  |
Annelie Lotriet (born 1960) Acting |
Democratic Alliance | 2019 |
| 20 | .jpg.webp) |
John Steenhuisen (born 1976) |
Democratic Alliance | 2019–present |
- Notes
- During this interval, Walter Madeley of the Labour Party served as de facto leader of the opposition, being leader of the largest party outside government coalition.
- During this interval, Constand Viljoen of the Freedom Front Plus served as de facto leader of the opposition, being leader of the largest party outside government coalition.
References
- The South African Constitution, by H.J. May (3rd edition 1955, Juta & Co)
- Keesing's Contemporary Archives, various volumes
- Smuts: A Reappraisal, by Bernard Friedman (George, Allen & Unwin 1975) ISBN 0-04-920045-3
- South Africa 1982 Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa, published by Chris van Rensburg Publications
- Schreiber, Leon A. "'Reconciling The Impossible': South Africa's Government of National Unity, 1994–1996".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - The South African Constitution, pages 596–597
- "Rules of the National Assembly: 7th Edition" (PDF). Parliament of South Africa. September 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- The Times, edition of 24 May 1911, a review of the first session of the Union Parliament. South Africa 1982, Jameson first leader of the Unionist Party in 1910; Unionist Party second largest party in the 1st Union Parliament
- The Unionists gave some support to the South African Party government, so it could continue in office as a minority government from 1915 to 1920. The Times, article of 21 March 1916 confirms that Smartt was still considered to be the leader of the opposition in the 2nd Parliament of the Union. South Africa 1982, page 166.