Nepenthes bongso

Nepenthes bongso /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˈbɒŋsoʊ/ is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it has an altitudinal distribution of 1000–2700 m above sea level.[10][11] The specific epithet bongso refers to the Indonesian legend of Putri Bungsu (literally "youngest daughter"), the spirit guardian of Mount Marapi.[10]

Nepenthes bongso
A freshly opened lower pitcher
An upper pitcher of a variant sometimes distinguished as N. carunculata, from a minor peak near Solok, West Sumatra
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Nepenthaceae
Genus: Nepenthes
Species:
N. bongso
Binomial name
Nepenthes bongso
Korth. (1839)[2]
Distribution of N. bongso
Synonyms
  • Nepenthes carunculata
    Danser (1928)
  • Nepenthes carunculata var. robusta
    Nerz & Wistuba (1994)
  • Nepenthes singalana
    auct. non Becc.: Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986)[3] [=N. bongso/N. densiflora?/N. gymnamphora/
    N. lavicola/N. singalana/N. spathulata    ]
  • Nepenthes bongso
    auct. non Korth.: Ridl. (1908)[4]
    [=N. alba]
  • Nepenthes bongso
    auct. non Korth.: Guillaum. (1911)
    [=N. vieillardii]
  • Nepenthes bongso
    auct. non Korth.: Danser (1928);[5]
    Sh.Kurata (1973)[6]
    [=N. bongso/N. ovata/N. talangensis]
  • Nepenthes bongso
    auct. non Korth.: Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986)[3]
    [=N. bongso/N. dubia/N. inermis]
  • Nepenthes bongso
    auct. non Korth.: Hopkins, Maulder & B.R.Salmon (1990)[7]
    [=N. talangensis]
  • Nepenthes bongso
    auct. non Korth.: Jebb & Cheek (1997);[8]
    Cheek & Jebb (2001)[9]
    [=N. bongso/N. talangensis]

The species was formally described by Pieter Willem Korthals in his 1839 monograph, "Over het geslacht Nepenthes".[2]

Nepenthes carunculata[note a] is considered a heterotypic synonym of N. bongso by most authorities.[8][9][10][12] The infraspecific taxon Nepenthes carunculata var. robusta was described in 1994 by Joachim Nerz and Andreas Wistuba.[13] It is an extreme variety of this taxon with a large, flared peristome.[13]

In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats N. junghuhnii (sensu Macfarlane) as a possible synonym of N. bongso.[14]

Morphological differences between N. bongso, N. dubia, N. talangensis and N. tenuis (Nerz & Wistuba, 1994)[13]
CharacterN. bongsoN. dubiaN. talangensisN. tenuis
Shape of upper pitcherstubulate - infundibulatetubulous in the lower part, infundibulate above the middletubulous to narrow infundibuliform in the lower half, ovate in the upper halfwide infundibulate, contracted below the mouth
Lidorbiculatenarrow cuneatebroad-ovatevery narrow elliptical
Length/width ratio of upper pitchers3.31.92.31.75
  • A typical lower pitcher of N. bongso
    A typical lower pitcher of N. bongso
  • Lower pitchers (developing, open, and dried)
    Lower pitchers (developing, open, and dried)
  • Lower pitchers of N. carunculata, which is often treated as a synonym
    Lower pitchers of N. carunculata, which is often treated as a synonym

Natural hybrids

The following natural hybrids involving N. bongso have been recorded.

  • N. bongso × N. gymnamphora[10]
  • N. bongso × N. singalana[10]
  • N. bongso × N. talangensis[10]

In his 1928 monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies", B. H. Danser mentioned what he thought was the hybrid N. bongso × N. pectinata;[5] however, this plant material is now known to represent N. densiflora,[10] a species described by Danser 12 years later.[15]

Notes
a.^ Nepenthes carunculata is pronounced /nɪˈpɛnθiːz kəˌrʌŋkjʊˈlɑːtə/. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word caruncula, a diminutive of caro (flesh), and refers to the fleshy seed appendages of this taxon.

References
  1. Clarke, C.M. (2018). "Nepenthes bongso". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T39625A143957450. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39625A143957450.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. (in Dutch) Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
  3. (in Indonesian) Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986. Nepenthes di Sumatera: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers. Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 75–109.
  4. Ridley, H.N. 1908. Nepenthaceæ. [p. 320] In: On a collection of plants made by H. C. Robinson and L. Wray from Gunong Tahan, Pahang. The Journal of the Linnean Society: Botany 38(266): 301–336. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1908.tb02454.x
  5. Danser, B.H. 1928. 5. Nepenthes Bongso KORTH.. In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
  6. Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
  7. Hopkins, M., R. Maulder & B.[R.] Salmon 1990. A real nice trip to Southeast Asia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 19(1–2): 19–28.
  8. Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
  9. Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
  10. Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  11. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  12. McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  13. Nerz, J. & A. Wistuba 1994. Five new taxa of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North and West Sumatra Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 23(4): 101–114.
  14. Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes junghuhnii Archived 2014-03-01 at the Wayback Machine. Carnivorous Plant Database.
  15. Danser, B.H. 1940. A new Nepenthes from Sumatra. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 16: 268–271.

Further reading
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