Oroko language
Oroko, also Bakundu-Balue or Balundu-Bima, is a Sawa Bantu dialect cluster spoken in Cameroon.
| Oroko | |
|---|---|
| Balondo | |
| Native to | Cameroon |
| Region | Southwest and Kribi |
Native speakers | 110,000 (2000)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bdu |
| Glottolog | orok1266 |
A.101 (ex-A.11,12)[2] | |
Varieties are Kundu/Nkundu (Lokundu, Bakundu), Lue (Lolue, Balue), Mbonge, Ekombe, Londo (Londo ba Nanga; cf. Londo), Londo ba Diko, Ngolo (Longolo; cf. Ngolo dialect), Bima, Tanga (Lotanga, Batanga), and Koko (Lokoko, Bakoko: distinct from Bakoko language). Maho (2009) treats these as ten distinct languages.
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Labial- velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | kʷ[lower-alpha 1] | k͡p | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡʷ | ||||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮd͡ʒ | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡʷ[lower-alpha 2] | ᵑᵐɡ͡b | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | ɸ[lower-alpha 3] | f | s | ||||
| voiced/pren. | β[lower-alpha 4] | ᶬf, ᶬv[lower-alpha 5] | ||||||
| prenasal | ⁿf[lower-alpha 6], ⁿv[lower-alpha 7] | |||||||
| Liquid | l ~ r | |||||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||||
- is heard in the dialects of Londo, Lokundu, Longolo, Lokoko, Lotanga.
- is heard in the Lotanga dialect.
- is a realization of /f/ across dialects.
- is a realization of /b/ across dialects.
- is heard in the Longolo dialect.
- is heard in the Lokoko dialect.
- is heard in the Bima and Londo dialects.
- [r] is used interchangeably with /l/ among speakers.[3]
Writing system
| a | b | c | ɗ | e | ɛ | f | i | j | k | kp | m | mb | n | nd | ng | ngb | nj | ny | ŋ | o | ɔ | s | t | u | w | y |
References
- Oroko at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- Friesen, Dan T. (2002). Oroko orthography development: Linguistic and sociolinguistic factors. University of North Dakota.
- Oroko Language Development Committee (OLDC) (November 2004). ABC wa Oroko - The Oroko alphabet chart. OLDC.
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