Phacelia

Phacelia (phacelia, scorpionweed, heliotrope) is a genus of about 200 species of annual or perennial herbaceous plants in the borage family, native to North and South America. California is particularly rich in species with over 90 recorded in the region. [1]

Phacelia
Phacelia tanacetifolia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Boraginales
Family: Boraginaceae
Subfamily: Hydrophylloideae
Genus: Phacelia
Juss.
Type species
Phacelia secunda
Diversity
About 200 species
Synonyms

Eutoca R.Br.

The genus is traditionally placed at family rank with the waterleafs (Hydrophyllaceae) in the order Boraginales. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, recognizing that the traditional Boraginaceae and Hydrophyllaceae are paraphyletic with respect to each other, merges the latter into the former and considers the family basal in the Euasterids I clade. Other botanists[2] continue to recognize the Hydrophyllaceae and Boraginales after analysing the secondary structure of the ITS1 genetic region rather than its sequence for these higher taxonomic levels. This placed Phacelia within the Hydrophyllaceae.[2] Further molecular taxonomic analysis of the Boraginales has divided the Boraginales in two and placed Phacelia among the monophyletic herbaceous Hydrophyllaceae in Boraginales II.[3]

The genus includes both annual and perennial species.[1] Many have been cultivated as garden and honey plants.

There are reports that glandular hairs of stems, flowers and leaves of some species of Phacelia secrete oil droplets that can cause an unpleasant skin rash (contact dermatitis) in some people, specifically from P. brachyloba,[4] P. campanularia,[5] P. crenulata,[4][6] P. gina-glenneae,[7] P. grandiflora,[4] P. ixodes,[5] P. minor,[8] and P. pedicellata.[4][5] The major contact allergen of P. crenulata has been identified as geranylhydroquinone and of P. minor as geranylgeranylhydroquinone.[8]

The mining bee Andrena phaceliae is a specialist pollinator of this genus in the Eastern United States

Selected species

  • Phacelia adenophora
    Glandular Yellow Phacelia
  • Phacelia affinis
    Limestone Phacelia
  • Phacelia anelsonii
    Aven Nelson's Phacelia
  • Phacelia argentea
    Sand Dune Phacelia
  • Phacelia argillacea
    Attwood's Phacelia, Clay Phacelia (endangered)
  • Phacelia austromontana
    Southern Sierra Phacelia
  • Phacelia bicolor
    Trumpet Phacelia
  • Phacelia bolanderi
    Bolander's Phacelia
  • Phacelia brachyloba
    Shortlobe Phacelia
  • Phacelia breweri
    Brewer's Phacelia
  • Phacelia californica
    California Phacelia
  • Phacelia calthifolia
    Caltha-leaved Phacelia
  • Phacelia campanularia
    California Bluebell, Desertbells
  • Phacelia cicutaria
    Caterpillar Phacelia
  • Phacelia ciliata
    Great Valley Phacelia
  • Phacelia coerulea
    Skyblue Phacelia
  • Phacelia congdonii
    Congdon's Phacelia
  • Phacelia cookei
    Cooke's Phacelia
  • Phacelia corymbosa
    Serpentine Phacelia
  • Phacelia covillei
    Coville's Phacelia, Buttercup Scorpionweed
  • Phacelia crenulata
    Notch-leaved Phacelia, Cleftleaf Wild Heliotrope
  • Phacelia cryptantha
    Hiddenflower Phacelia
  • Phacelia curvipes
    Washoe Phacelia
  • Phacelia dalesiana
    Scott Mountain Phacelia
  • Phacelia davidsonii
    Davidson's Phacelia
  • Phacelia distans
    Distant Phacelia
  • Phacelia divaricata
    Divaricate Phacelia
  • Phacelia douglasii
    Douglas' Phacelia
  • Phacelia egena
    Kaweah River Phacelia
  • Phacelia eisenii
    Eisen's Phacelia
  • Phacelia exilis
    Transverse Range Phacelia, Lavender Windows
  • Phacelia fimbriata
    Fringed Phacelia
  • Phacelia floribunda
    San Clemente Island Phacelia, Southern Island Phacelia
  • Phacelia formosula
    North Park Phacelia (endangered)
  • Phacelia fremontii
    Frémont's Phacelia
  • Phacelia grandiflora
    Largeflower Phacelia
  • Phacelia greenei
    Scott Valley Phacelia
  • Phacelia grisea
    Santa Lucia Phacelia
  • Phacelia gymnoclada
    Nakedstem Phacelia
  • Phacelia hastata
    Silverleaf Phacelia
  • Phacelia humilis
    Low Phacelia
  • Phacelia hydrophylloides
    Waterleaf Phacelia
  • Phacelia imbricata
    Imbricate Phacelia
  • Phacelia insularis
    Coast Phacelia
  • Phacelia inundata
    Playa Phacelia
  • Phacelia inyoensis
    Inyo Phacelia
  • Phacelia ivesiana
    Ives' Phacelia
  • Phacelia lemmonii
    Lemmon's Phacelia
  • Phacelia leonis
    Siskiyou Phacelia
  • Phacelia linearis
    Threadleaf Phacelia
  • Phacelia longipes
    Longstalk Phacelia
  • Phacelia malvifolia
    Stinging Phacelia
  • Phacelia marcescens
    Persistentflower Phacelia
  • Phacelia minor
    Whitlavia, Wild Canterbury Bells
  • Phacelia mohavensis
    Mojave Phacelia
  • Phacelia monoensis
    Mono Phacelia
  • Phacelia mustelina
    Weasel Phacelia, Death Valley Round-leaved Phacelia
  • Phacelia mutabilis
    Changeable Phacelia
  • Phacelia nashiana
    Charlotte's Phacelia
  • Phacelia neglecta
    Alkali Phacelia
  • Phacelia nemoralis
    Shade Phacelia
  • Phacelia orogenes
    Mountain Phacelia
  • Phacelia pachyphylla
    Blacktack Phacelia
  • Phacelia parishii
    Parish's Phacelia
  • Phacelia parryi
    Parry's Phacelia
  • Phacelia pedicellata
    Pedicellate Phacelia
  • Phacelia perityloides
    Panamint Phacelia
  • Phacelia phacelioides
    Mt. Diablo Phacelia
  • Phacelia platyloba
    Broadlobe Phacelia
  • Phacelia pringlei
    Pringle's Phacelia
  • Phacelia procera
    Tall Phacelia
  • Phacelia purpusii
    Purpus' Phacelia
  • Phacelia purshii
    Miami Mist
  • Phacelia quickii
    Quick's Phacelia
  • Phacelia racemosa
    Racemose Phacelia
  • Phacelia ramosissima
    Branching Phacelia
  • Phacelia rattanii
    Rattan's Phacelia
  • Phacelia rotundifolia
    Roundleaf Phacelia
  • Phacelia saxicola
    Stonecrop Phacelia
  • Phacelia sericea
    Silky Phacelia
  • Phacelia stebbinsii
    Stebbins' Phacelia
  • Phacelia stellaris
    Star Phacelia, Brand's Phacelia
  • Phacelia tanacetifolia
    Lacy Phacelia
  • Phacelia thermalis
    Heated Phacelia
  • Phacelia vallicola
    Mariposa Phacelia
  • Phacelia vallis-mortae
    Death Valley Phacelia
  • Phacelia viscida
    Tacky Phacelia

See also

  • List of Phacelia species

References

  1. Gilbert, Cynthia; Dempcy, John; Ganong, Constance; Patterson, Robert; Spicer, Greg S (2005). "Phylogenetic Relationships within Phacelia subgenus Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae) Inferred From Nuclear rDNA ITS Sequence Data". Systematic Botany. 30 (3): 627–634. doi:10.1600/0363644054782251. S2CID 85948949. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  2. Gottschling, M; Hilger, H H; Wolf, M; Diane, N (2001). "Secondary Structure of the ITS1 Transcript and its Application in a Reconstruction of the Phylogeny of Boraginales". Plant Biology. 3 (6): 629–636. doi:10.1055/s-2001-19371. S2CID 260252906. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  3. Weigend, Maximilian; Luebert, Federico; Gottschling, Marc; Couvreur, Thomas L.P.; Hilger, Hartmut H.; Miller, James S. (2013). "From capsules to nutlets—phylogenetic relationships in the Boraginales". Cladistics. 30 (5): 508–518. doi:10.1111/cla.12061. PMID 34794245. S2CID 11954615. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  4. Munz, Phillip A (1932). "Dermatitis produced by Phalecia (Hydrophyllaceae)". Science. 74 (1965): 194–195. doi:10.1126/science.76.1965.194.a. PMID 17795320. S2CID 239784768. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  5. Reynolds, Gary W.; Epstein, William L. (1986). "Unusual contact allergens From plants in the family Hydrophyllaceae". Contact Dermatitis. 14 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01150.x. PMID 3948508. S2CID 30674931.
  6. Berry, C. Z., et al. (1962). Dermatitis venenata from Phacelia crenulata. Archives of Dermatology 85(6), 737-39.
  7. Edgar, Leith. "Service Botanist Discovers Native Colorado Flower". US Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  8. Reynolds, Gary; Epstein, William; Terry, Diane; Rodriguez, Eloy (1980). "A potent contact allergen of Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae)". Contact Dermatitis. 6 (4): 272–274. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1980.tb04929.x. PMID 7398286. S2CID 42561206.

Further reading

  • Olmstead, R.G.; Kim, K-J.; Jansen, R.K. & Wagstaff, S.J. (2000): The phylogeny of the Asteridae sensu lato based on chloroplast ndhF gene sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 16: 96–112.
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